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BIO2242 > Lecture 10 - Invertebrate Life History part 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 10 - Invertebrate Life History part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The ideal animal

A
  1. Mature at birth and reproduces immediately
  2. Continually produce large numbers of high-quality offspring
  3. Live indefinitely
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2
Q

What if life history?

A

An individual’s pattern of allocation, throughout life, of time and energy to various fundamental activities such as growth, maintenance and reproduction

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3
Q

Life History traits

A

Traits that affect an organism’s schedule of reproduction and survival.

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4
Q

Life History trait examples

A 
Clutch/litter size
Incubation/gestation length
Offspring size
Sex ratio
Presence, degree of length of parental care
Growth rate
Age and size at maturity
Adult body size
Frequency of reproduction
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5
Q

Life History constraints

A

Genetic architecture
Phylogenetic history
Biophysical and mechanical factors
Life style

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6
Q

Darwinian demon

A

A hypothetical organism that could maximise all aspects of fitness simultaneously, if the evolution of a species was entirely constrained

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7
Q

life history trade offs

A

negative relationships among growth, reproduction, and survival

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8
Q

Life history trade off examples

A 
Age vs size of maturity
Current vs future reproduction
Reproduction vs survival
Reproduction vs growth
Growth rate vs lifespan
Clutch size vs egg size
Parental vs mating effort
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9
Q

Life History strategies

A

r/K selection theory

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10
Q

r-selected individuals

A

Production of a large number of offspring as early in life as possible
Live fast, die young

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11
Q

K-selected individuals

A

Production of a smaller number of fitter offspring with higher chances of survival

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12
Q

Reproductive strategies

A

Iteroparity and Semelparity

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13
Q

Iteroparity

A

Where organisms produce offspring in a series of separate events during and after which the organisms maintain themselves in a condition that favours survival to subsequently reproduce again (K-selected)

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14
Q

Iteroparity in simple terms

A

They ** multiple times, have small amounts of offspring but large
K-selected individuals

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15
Q

Semelparity

A

Where organisms produce all their offspring in a single reproductive event over one relatively short period (r-selected)

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16
Q

Bet-hedging model

A

Iteroparity favoured in unpredictable environments single reproductive event risky

17
Q

Reproductive effort model

A

Semelparity favoured where marginal returns for increased reproductive effort grow and/or costs shrink

18
Q

Demographic model

A

Semelparity favoured when additional young produced are of greater value than parent

19
Q

Invertebrate life history Marine environments

A

External fertilisation and planktonic larvae
Internal fertilisation and planktonic larvae
Internal fertilisation and direct development

20
Q

Invertebrate life history Terrestrial environments

A

External fertilisation unlikely on land

Internal fertilisation widespread

21
Q

Marine environment

A

Stable and predictable environment
Most common environment in the world
R-selected species widespread

22
Q

Majority of marine invertebrates in regard to fetilisation have:

A

External fertilisation and planktonic larvae

23
Q

Internal fertilisation and planktonic larvae is common where:

A

Mating/cross fertilisation are uncertain

Larvae unlikely to be able to feed on planton

24
Q

Internal fertilisation and direct development

A

Copulation and often sperm storage

Rare in marine invertebrates

25
Q

Terrestrial environment

A

Diverse and unpredictable environment
Avoid desiccation
External fertilisation unlikely
R or K selected species

26
Q

Problem: Protect the gametes

A 
Solutons:
Return to water (crabs)
use sperm droplets (Millipedes)
Use spermatophores (Arachnids)
Internal fertilisation (Most insects, spiders)
27
Q

Problem: protect the young

A

Solutions:
Shelled yolky egg (worms, insects, arachnids, snails)
Viviparity (insects)
Postnatal parental care (some insects and arachnids)

28
Q

Terrestrial representatives of largely marine lineages

A

Internal fartilisation
Loss of planktonic larvae
Tendency towards hermaphroditism (Annelids, Molluscs, Crustaceans)

29
Q

Flying insects with aquatic life stages

A

Internal fertilisation
Large eggs
Aquatic larval stages
(dragonflies, mayflied, stoneflies)

30
Q

Hemimetabolous

A

Incomplete metamorphosis where the immature resemble the adults but some features are missing or different (wings, reproductive organs, color, shape, etc.).
Egg -> nymph -> adult

31
Q

Holometabolous

A

Complete metamorphosis; egg, larva, pupa, adult

Egg-> Larvae -> pupa -> adult

BIO2242 (33 decks)

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