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BIO2242 > Practical 6 > Flashcards

Practical 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What are circulatory systems used for?

A

They are sued for the internal transport of a wide range of materials

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2
Q

What do electrocardiograms (ECGs) show

A

They show the fluctuations in the potential that represent the coordinated waves of electrical potential moving through the heart muscle

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3
Q

What does the height of the wave indicate in an ECG diagram?

A

The height of the wave is an indication of the amount of electrical activity.

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4
Q

What effect does standing up have on heart rate?

A

Very slight increase in heart rate

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5
Q

In the dive response did the heart rate change?

A

Heart rate initially increases due to shock of diving into water, but then decreases below-average heart rate to conserve oxygen

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6
Q

What circulatory changes have occurred to cause the heart rate change in a dive response?

A

Vasoconstriction occurs due to an increased pressure under water, making it harder for blood to travel around the body

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7
Q

Intracellular transport

A

usually protoplasmic movement, which supplements diffusion

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8
Q

Movement of external medium through animal (circulatory system)

A

Water passes through body channels and may be propelled by ciliary, flagella or muscular activity

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9
Q

What animals have a movement of external medium circulatory system?

A

Sponges and cnidarians

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10
Q

Movement of body fluids by somatic musculature (circulatory system)

A

It is quite literally a circulation of body fluid

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11
Q

Nematodes, bryozoans and rotifers circulaotory system?

A

Circulation of body fluids in a pseudocoelom

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12
Q

Echinoderms, annelids, sipunclids and chordates circulatory system?

A

Some transport, associated with body movements in mesodermally lied coelom

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13
Q

Circulatory system in molluscs and arthropods with an open haemocoel?

A

Much fluid propulsion is by movement of body musculature

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14
Q

movement of haemolymph in open systems (circulatory system)

A

A circulatory system in which a heart pumps haemolymph through vessels and a haemocoel derived from the primary body cavity.
Haemolymph passes from the vessels into tissue spaces and returns via sinuses to the heart.

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15
Q

The movement of Haemolymph in open systems is used by which animals?

A

Most arthropods, many molluscs and ascidians

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16
Q

Movement of blood in a closed vascular system (circulatory system)

A

A closed system of tubes, with one or more pumps.
Blood comes into close association with the body tissues via capillary networks

17
Q

Movement of blood i a closed vascular system is used by which animals?

A

Oligochaetes, many polychaetes, leechs, nemerteans, cephalopod, molluscs, holothurian echinoderms and vertebrates

18
Q

How do oxygen and food pass from the external medium into the cells of sponges and cnidarians?

A

Through diffusion

19
Q

In which direction does the blood flow through the dorsal vessel of the polychaete worm?

A

Blood flows forward in the dorsal vessel, and returns down the body in the ventral vessel

20
Q

How does transported material get in and out of the closed circulatory system?

A

Through a specific exchange site.
Lungs or gills for oxygen, gut for nutrients

21
Q

What is the relationship between the efficiency of a circulatory system and metabolic rate?

A

Higher efficiency allows for higher metabolic rate, as there is no mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenetated blood

22
Q

Difference between mammalian hearts and python hearts?

A

Mammalian hearts are a lot more muscular and fatter filled.
Four chambered in mammals whilst the python has a 3 chambered heart.

23
Q

What is the foramen of Panizza?

A

It is the hole the connects the right and left aorta in the heart of crocodillia.

24
Q

What is the function of the foramen of Panizza?

A

When it opens, it allows the mixing of pulmonary and systemic circuits.
May allow blood to bypass heart during diving to lengthen time croc can be underwater.

25
Q

What changes besides holding your breath occurring during the dive response that increases the amount of time spent underwater?

A

A cessation of breathing
Decreased heart rate
An increase in peripheral vascular resistance leading to a redistribution of blood flow to adequately perfuse the brain and heart while limiting the flow to non-essential muscles

26
Q

In addition to storing oxygen attached to haemoglobin in red blood cells, where else can marine mammals store oxygen for use during long underwater dives?

A

Stored in 3 places, muscles, blood and lungs
Stored within myoglobin within their muscles

27
Q

what are the consequences of switching to anaerobic respiration during a dive?

A

Leads to build-up of lactic acid, which when built up in muscles causes pain and tiredness, which leads to cramps

28
Q

Sea birds excrete salt from glands around their eyes, what other tetrapods passes salt excreting glands that would enable them to survive drinking seawater?

A

marine reptiles

29
Q

Beyond their role in osmoregulation, what is the main function of the Malpighian tubules?

A

They help remove waste from the body by making urine and solid nitrogenous waste, which are then excreted

30
Q

Marine mammals often catch seawater in their mouths along with prey, how do they limit the amount of salt water consumed during feeding?

A

Have specialised organs called reniculte kidneys with multiple lobes, increasing urine-concentrating efficiency beyond that of humans

31
Q

Freshwater is rarely available to marine mammals living at sea. How then do these species access the freshwater required to maintain homoeostasis?

A

Their kidneys are so effective that they excrete urine that has a higher salt concentration than the seawater itself and are thus able to access a supply of fresh water by ingesting saltwater.
Can also obtain water from their food by producing it internally from the metabolic breakdown of food.

32
Q

What is the name of the part of the ECG that corresponds to each number?

A
  1. P wave
  2. PR interval
  3. QRS complex
  4. Q wave
  5. R wave
  6. S wave
  7. QT interval
  8. ST segment
  9. T wave
33
Q

What do each of these numbers correspond to?

A
  1. Tidal Volume
  2. IC
  3. Expiratory reserve volume
  4. Inspiratory reserve volume
  5. Forced Expiratory Volume in One second
  6. VC

BIO2242 (33 decks)

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