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BIO2242 > Lecture 19 senses > Flashcards

Lecture 19 senses Flashcards

1
Q

What senses are part of Chemoreception?

A

smell

taste

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2
Q

What senses are part of Mechanoreception?

A

Touch
Proprioception
Lateral line system
Balance

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3
Q

What is the threshold membrane voltage?

A

Voltage at which the action potential is triggered (55mV)

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4
Q

The vertebrate nervous system transmits

information in what aspect of action potentials?

A

Frequency(number per second).

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5
Q

What is an afferent neuron?

A

the sensory neuron

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6
Q

describe the sensory - Motor response pathway?

A

Sensory (afferent) neuron -> receptor
Interneurons
Motor (efferent) neuron -> effector

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7
Q

what are the types of Detectable information?

A

Light
Chemicals
Temperature
Movements

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8
Q

What is transduction?

A

The process of converting one form of energy into another form i.e converting information into the Language of the nervous system.

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9
Q

What are the steps in a stimulus response?

A 
Detection
Transduction
Amplification
Transmission
Integration
Response
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10
Q

What are the different types of sensory cells?

A

Neurons
- Short single dendrite
-Long branched dendrites
Specialised epithelial cells

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11
Q

What types of receptors are present internally?

A

Enteroceptors

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12
Q

What is the most widespread sense?

A

Chemoreception

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13
Q

What are the two primary forms of chemoreception?

A

Taste (gustation)

Smell (olfaction)

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14
Q

What are the areas of the brain specialised for olfaction in insects and vertebrae?

A 
Antennal lobe (insect)
Olfactory bulb (vertebrate)
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15
Q

What are the sensory structures of insect olfaction?

A

Sensory ‘hairs’ or sensilla, on their antenna.

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16
Q

Three main components of insect olfaction

A 
Cuticular structure (hair)
with many small pores
 Support cells produce
lymph (mucus)
 Sensory neurons
with cilia
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17
Q

how do male moths increase olfaction?

A

Larger surface area through:
Antennal branches
Longer sensilla

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18
Q

What are the parts of the Olfactory epithelium?

A

Mucus
Sensory neurons
Cilia

19
Q

How do axons reach the olfactory bulb in brain?

A

they pass through cribriform plate

20
Q

What are the Glomeruli?

A

processing areas

21
Q

Where is the Shortest cranial nerve?

A

Olfactory epithelium

22
Q

how many different odours can Mammals differentiate?

A

~10,000

23
Q

How are the chemicals differentiated in olfaction?

A

Its unique combination of

receptors

24
Q

Where are Olfactions primary receptor cells located?

A

Olfactory epithelium

25
Q

What are the Receptor proteins on?

A

The cilia of olfactory neurons

26
Q

How may traduction methods does Olfaction have?

A

one

27
Q

do molecules bind to multiple or single receptors?

A

Each molecule can bind to
several different receptors
Each receptor detects several
different odorants

28
Q

what is Gustation?

A

Contact chemoreception (Taste)

29
Q

is taste more or less sensitive to than smell?

A

less

30
Q

What kind of receptor cells does Gustation (Taste) have?

A

Epithelial receptor cells (not neurons)

31
Q

What locations on the body does Taste occur?

A

Taste buds in oral cavity (amniotes)

Also on rest of the body in fish (e.g. barbels) and aquatic amphibians

32
Q

What tastes can be discriminated?

A

Five tastes: Salty, Sour, Bitter, Sweet and Umami

33
Q

How many tastes can each receptor detect?

A

one

34
Q

What are the components of flavour?

A

taste and smell

35
Q

What are the Distinctions between taste & smell in vertebrates?

A

Smell: Distance, many qualities, centralised location (nose)
Taste: Contact, only five qualities, diffuse location

36
Q

What are the Specialised Mechanoreception systems?

A

Lateral line system
Hearing
Equilibrium
Echolocation

37
Q

What sensations are included in Mechanoreception?

A

touch, vibration, pressure & pain

38
Q

how do Mechanoreception receptors function?

A

Receptors are ion channels
respond to physical motion of cell membrane
changes membrane permeability to Na+ & K+

39
Q

how do Insect bristle function?

A

Hard exoskeleton impedes mechanical deformation
Movement of bristle in socket
Signal depends on direction
of bend

40
Q

What is Somatosensory?

A

Touch

41
Q

how is the Depth of pressure recognised?

A

Light touch: outer
layers deform
Strong pressure: deep
layers deform

42
Q

What are Proprioceptors used for?

A

What is the body doing?

Orientation and movement of own body

43
Q

What does the Lateral line systems detect?

A

how body is positioned relative to water flow

44
Q

What does Electroreception detect?

A

muscle potentials

BIO2242 (33 decks)

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