Practical 4 Flashcards
three major divisions of brain
forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain
most superior portion of the brain
cerebral hemispheres
elevated ridges of tissue
gyri
shallow grooves that separate gyri
sulci
deeper grooves
fissures
divides the frontal and parietal lobes
central sulcus
fissure that divides the cerebral hemispheres
longitudinal fissure
divides the temporal and parietal lobes
lateral sulcus
impulses traveling from the body’s sensory receptors are loaclaized in this area of the brain
primary somatosensory cortex in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe
Where the meaning of incoming stimuli is analyzed and allows you to become aware of pain, cold, touch etc
somatosensory association cortex
responsible for conscious or voluntary movement of skeletal muscles
primary motor cortex in the precentral gyrus of the fronal love
specialized motor speech area; damage to this area reduces the ability ot articulate words
brocas area
areas involved in intellect, complex reasoning, and personality
prefrontal cortex
area where unfamiliar words are sounded out, only located in one hemisphere
wernickes area
embryologically part of the forebrain
diencephalon
synapse point of cranial nerve 1
olfactory bulbs
cranial nerve 2
tracts and optic nerves
optic chiasma
where the fibers of the optic nerves partially cross over
fiber tracts in the midbrain connecting the pons below with cerebrum above
cerebral peduncles
consist of primarily of motor and sensory fiber tracts connecting the brain with lower CNS centers
pons
lowest brainstem region
medulla oblongata
second major control system of the body
endocrine system
chemical messengers that enter the blood to be transported throughout the body
hormones
organs that respond to a particular hormone
target organs
pituitary gland is also called
hypophysis
adenohypophysis also called
anterior pituitary
consists of the posterior pituitary and the infundibulum
neurohypophysis
the tropic hormones include
FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH
regulate gamete production and hormonal activity of the gonads
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone(LH)
regulates the endocrine activity of the adrenal cortex
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
influences the growth and activity of the thyroid gland
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) or thyrotropin
general metabolic hormone that plays an important role in determining body size
growth hormone (GH)
overgrowth of bones in the hands, feet, and face
acromegaly
stimulates milk production by the breasts
prolactin (PRL)
a complex vascular arrangement of two capillary beds that are connected by the hypophyseal portal veins
hypophyseal portal system
this is not an endocrine gland because it does not synthesize the hormones it releases;acts as storage area
posterior pituitary
stimulates powerful uterine contractions during birth and also causes milk ejection in the lactating mother
oxytocin
causes the tubules of the kidneys to reabsorb more water from the urinary filtrate which reduces urine output and conserving body water
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
hyposecretion of ADH results in dehydration from excessive urine output
diabetes insipidus
small cone shaped gland located in the roof of the third ventricle in the brain; major product is melatonin; plays role in mating
pineal gland
exhibits a daily cycle
melatonin
composed of two lobes joined by a central mass; located in the throat and produces thyroid hormone and calcitonin
thyroid gland
two active hormones of T4 and T3
thyroid hormone
affects virtually every cell in the body; controls the rate of body metabloism and cellular oxidation
thyroid hormone
hyposecretion of TH leads to a condition of mental and physical sluggishness
myxedema
released in response to high blood calcium levels
calcitonin
found embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland; they secrete parathyroid hormone
parathyroid glands
the most important regulator of calcium balance of the blood
parathyroid hormone
prolonged muscle spasms that can result in respiratory paralysis and death
tetany
produces several different hormones including thymulin, thymosins, thymopoietins
thymus
what are the thymus hormones associated with
development of T lymphocytes and the immune response
directly controlled by the sympathetic nervous system
adrenal medulla
which two hormones mix and act with the sympathetic nervous system to elicit fight or flight response to stressor
epinephrine (80%) and norepinephrine (20%)
produces three major groups of steroid hormones
adrenal cortex
what are the three groups of steroid hormones collectively called
corticosteroids
regulate water and electrolyte balance in the extracelluar fluid, regulating sodium ion re-absorption by kidney tubules
mineralocorticoids
only cortisol is secreted in significant amounts, it enables the body to resist long term stressors(ex increasing blood glucose levels)
glucocorticoids
another word for sex hormones
gonadocorticoids
produced by adrenal cortex and are chiefly androgens but some estrogens are also formed
gonadocoricoids
gonadocoricoids are produced throughout life but hypersecretion of these hormones produces abnormal hairlines
hirsutism
located parially behind the stomach in the abdomen
functions as both an endocrine and exocrine gland
Produces digestive enzymes, insulin and glucagon
pancreas
elevated blood glucose levels stimulate release of this
insulin
decreases blood sugar levels, accelerates the transport of glucose into the body cells
insulin
hyposecretion of insulin or some deficiency in the insulin receptors leads to this
Characterized by inability of body cells to utilize glucose and the subsequent loss of glucose in the urine
diabetes mellitus
low blood sugar
symptoms include: anxiety, nervousness, tremors, and weakness
glucagon
produce two steroid hormone groups
ovaries
hormones that the ovaries produce
estrogens and progesterone
responsible for the development of the secondary sex characteristic of the female at puberty
estrogens
testes produce what hormone
testosterone
chewed up gland under gray apple on neck(Butterfly?)
thyroid gland
small circles on thyroid gland
parathyroid gland
on top of brown beans(kidneys)
adrenal glands
not identifiable on human model
thymus
in between kidneys(beans) and has ducts
pancreas
two almonds inside
ovaries
underneath penis
testes
in the thyroid gland: these store thyroid hormone
Big cirlces
colloid filled follicles
in the thyroid gland: these make thyroid hormone
Small circles
follicular cells
in parathyroid gland: lighter circular sections
Unknown function
oxyphil cells
in parathyroid gland: darker circles
Make parathyroid hormone and help conduct calcium reabsorption
parathyroid cells
this has digestive and endocrine functions
pancreatic islet
in pancreatic islet:
Produce glucagon
Darker circles
Endocrine function
a cells
in pancreatic islet:
Produce insulin
Lighter circles
Endocrine function
b cells
in pancreatic islet
Make digestive juices
Exocrine function
pancreatic acinar cells
anterior pituitary:
make prolactin
Dark bigger circles
acidophils
anterior pituitary:
dont produce anything\
Smallest circles
chromophobe
anterior pituitary:
make tropic hormones(TSH, FSH, LH, ACTH)
medium circles
basophil
nothing made here; stores ADH and oxytocin
posterior pituitary
posterior pituitary:
supportive neuroglia
circles
pituicytes
posterior pituitary:
long fibers
nerve fibers
outer to inner layers in cortex surrounding medulla in adrenal gland
capsule, glomerulosa, fasciculata, reticularis, medulla
in adrenal gland:
produces mineralo corticoids
top area with spread out cells
glomerulosa
in adrenal gland:
produces gluco corticoids
middle area with obvious nucli
fasciculata
in adrenal gland:
produces sex hormones and some glucocorticoids
more condensed darker area
reticularis
