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Anatomy And Pysiology > Practical 4 > Flashcards

Practical 4 Flashcards

1
Q

three major divisions of brain

A

forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain

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2
Q

most superior portion of the brain

A

cerebral hemispheres

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3
Q

elevated ridges of tissue

A

gyri

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4
Q

shallow grooves that separate gyri

A

sulci

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5
Q

deeper grooves

A

fissures

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6
Q

divides the frontal and parietal lobes

A

central sulcus

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7
Q

fissure that divides the cerebral hemispheres

A

longitudinal fissure

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8
Q

divides the temporal and parietal lobes

A

lateral sulcus

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9
Q

impulses traveling from the body’s sensory receptors are loaclaized in this area of the brain

A

primary somatosensory cortex in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe

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10
Q

Where the meaning of incoming stimuli is analyzed and allows you to become aware of pain, cold, touch etc

A

somatosensory association cortex

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11
Q

responsible for conscious or voluntary movement of skeletal muscles

A

primary motor cortex in the precentral gyrus of the fronal love

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12
Q

specialized motor speech area; damage to this area reduces the ability ot articulate words

A

brocas area

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13
Q

areas involved in intellect, complex reasoning, and personality

A

prefrontal cortex

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14
Q

area where unfamiliar words are sounded out, only located in one hemisphere

A

wernickes area

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15
Q

embryologically part of the forebrain

A

diencephalon

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16
Q

synapse point of cranial nerve 1

A

olfactory bulbs

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17
Q

cranial nerve 2

A

tracts and optic nerves

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18
Q

optic chiasma

A

where the fibers of the optic nerves partially cross over

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19
Q

fiber tracts in the midbrain connecting the pons below with cerebrum above

A

cerebral peduncles

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20
Q

consist of primarily of motor and sensory fiber tracts connecting the brain with lower CNS centers

A

pons

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21
Q

lowest brainstem region

A

medulla oblongata

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22
Q

second major control system of the body

A

endocrine system

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23
Q

chemical messengers that enter the blood to be transported throughout the body

A

hormones

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24
Q

organs that respond to a particular hormone

A

target organs

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25
Q

pituitary gland is also called

A

hypophysis

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26
Q

adenohypophysis also called

A

anterior pituitary

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27
Q

consists of the posterior pituitary and the infundibulum

A

neurohypophysis

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28
Q

the tropic hormones include

A

FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH

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29
Q

regulate gamete production and hormonal activity of the gonads

A

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone(LH)

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30
Q

regulates the endocrine activity of the adrenal cortex

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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31
Q

influences the growth and activity of the thyroid gland

A

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) or thyrotropin

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32
Q

general metabolic hormone that plays an important role in determining body size

A

growth hormone (GH)

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33
Q

overgrowth of bones in the hands, feet, and face

A

acromegaly

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34
Q

stimulates milk production by the breasts

A

prolactin (PRL)

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35
Q

a complex vascular arrangement of two capillary beds that are connected by the hypophyseal portal veins

A

hypophyseal portal system

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36
Q

this is not an endocrine gland because it does not synthesize the hormones it releases;acts as storage area

A

posterior pituitary

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37
Q

stimulates powerful uterine contractions during birth and also causes milk ejection in the lactating mother

A

oxytocin

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38
Q

causes the tubules of the kidneys to reabsorb more water from the urinary filtrate which reduces urine output and conserving body water

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

39
Q

hyposecretion of ADH results in dehydration from excessive urine output

A

diabetes insipidus

40
Q

small cone shaped gland located in the roof of the third ventricle in the brain; major product is melatonin; plays role in mating

A

pineal gland

41
Q

exhibits a daily cycle

A

melatonin

42
Q

composed of two lobes joined by a central mass; located in the throat and produces thyroid hormone and calcitonin

A

thyroid gland

43
Q

two active hormones of T4 and T3

A

thyroid hormone

44
Q

affects virtually every cell in the body; controls the rate of body metabloism and cellular oxidation

A

thyroid hormone

45
Q

hyposecretion of TH leads to a condition of mental and physical sluggishness

A

myxedema

46
Q

released in response to high blood calcium levels

A

calcitonin

47
Q

found embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland; they secrete parathyroid hormone

A

parathyroid glands

48
Q

the most important regulator of calcium balance of the blood

A

parathyroid hormone

49
Q

prolonged muscle spasms that can result in respiratory paralysis and death

A

tetany

50
Q

produces several different hormones including thymulin, thymosins, thymopoietins

A

thymus

51
Q

what are the thymus hormones associated with

A

development of T lymphocytes and the immune response

52
Q

directly controlled by the sympathetic nervous system

A

adrenal medulla

53
Q

which two hormones mix and act with the sympathetic nervous system to elicit fight or flight response to stressor

A

epinephrine (80%) and norepinephrine (20%)

54
Q

produces three major groups of steroid hormones

A

adrenal cortex

55
Q

what are the three groups of steroid hormones collectively called

A

corticosteroids

56
Q

regulate water and electrolyte balance in the extracelluar fluid, regulating sodium ion re-absorption by kidney tubules

A

mineralocorticoids

57
Q

only cortisol is secreted in significant amounts, it enables the body to resist long term stressors(ex increasing blood glucose levels)

A

glucocorticoids

58
Q

another word for sex hormones

A

gonadocorticoids

59
Q

produced by adrenal cortex and are chiefly androgens but some estrogens are also formed

A

gonadocoricoids

60
Q

gonadocoricoids are produced throughout life but hypersecretion of these hormones produces abnormal hairlines

A

hirsutism

61
Q

located parially behind the stomach in the abdomen
functions as both an endocrine and exocrine gland
Produces digestive enzymes, insulin and glucagon

A

pancreas

62
Q

elevated blood glucose levels stimulate release of this

A

insulin

63
Q

decreases blood sugar levels, accelerates the transport of glucose into the body cells

A

insulin

64
Q

hyposecretion of insulin or some deficiency in the insulin receptors leads to this
Characterized by inability of body cells to utilize glucose and the subsequent loss of glucose in the urine

A

diabetes mellitus

65
Q

low blood sugar

symptoms include: anxiety, nervousness, tremors, and weakness

A

glucagon

66
Q

produce two steroid hormone groups

A

ovaries

67
Q

hormones that the ovaries produce

A

estrogens and progesterone

68
Q

responsible for the development of the secondary sex characteristic of the female at puberty

A

estrogens

69
Q

testes produce what hormone

A

testosterone

70
Q

chewed up gland under gray apple on neck(Butterfly?)

A

thyroid gland

71
Q

small circles on thyroid gland

A

parathyroid gland

72
Q

on top of brown beans(kidneys)

A

adrenal glands

73
Q

not identifiable on human model

A

thymus

74
Q

in between kidneys(beans) and has ducts

A

pancreas

75
Q

two almonds inside

A

ovaries

76
Q

underneath penis

A

testes

77
Q

in the thyroid gland: these store thyroid hormone

Big cirlces

A

colloid filled follicles

78
Q

in the thyroid gland: these make thyroid hormone

Small circles

A

follicular cells

79
Q

in parathyroid gland: lighter circular sections

Unknown function

A

oxyphil cells

80
Q

in parathyroid gland: darker circles

Make parathyroid hormone and help conduct calcium reabsorption

A

parathyroid cells

81
Q

this has digestive and endocrine functions

A

pancreatic islet

82
Q

in pancreatic islet:
Produce glucagon
Darker circles
Endocrine function

A

a cells

83
Q

in pancreatic islet:
Produce insulin
Lighter circles
Endocrine function

A

b cells

84
Q

in pancreatic islet
Make digestive juices
Exocrine function

A

pancreatic acinar cells

85
Q

anterior pituitary:
make prolactin
Dark bigger circles

A

acidophils

86
Q

anterior pituitary:
dont produce anything\
Smallest circles

A

chromophobe

87
Q

anterior pituitary:
make tropic hormones(TSH, FSH, LH, ACTH)
medium circles

A

basophil

88
Q

nothing made here; stores ADH and oxytocin

A

posterior pituitary

89
Q

posterior pituitary:
supportive neuroglia
circles

A

pituicytes

90
Q

posterior pituitary:

long fibers

A

nerve fibers

91
Q

outer to inner layers in cortex surrounding medulla in adrenal gland

A

capsule, glomerulosa, fasciculata, reticularis, medulla

92
Q

in adrenal gland:
produces mineralo corticoids
top area with spread out cells

A

glomerulosa

93
Q

in adrenal gland:
produces gluco corticoids
middle area with obvious nucli

A

fasciculata

94
Q

in adrenal gland:
produces sex hormones and some glucocorticoids
more condensed darker area

A

reticularis

Anatomy And Pysiology (20 decks)

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