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Anatomy And Pysiology > Ch 11 Nervous System > Flashcards

Ch 11 Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Information gathered by sensory receptors about internal and external changes

A

Sensory input

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2
Q

Processing and interpretation of sensory input

A

Integration

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3
Q

Activation of effector organs produces a response

A

Motor output

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4
Q

Muscles and glands

A

Effector organs

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5
Q

Divisions of the nervous system

A

Central and peripheral nervous systems

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6
Q

Brain and spinal cord of dorsal body cavity

Integration and control center(interprets sensory input and dictates motor output)

A

Central nervous system

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7
Q

Consists mainly of nerves that extend from brain and spinal cord
Spinal and cranial nerves

A

Peripheral nervous system

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8
Q

To and from spinal cord

A

Spinal nerves

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9
Q

To and from the brain

A

Cranial nerves

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10
Q

Two functional divisions of peripheral nervous system

A

Sensory and motor

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11
Q

Afferent

A

Sensory

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12
Q

Efferent

A

Motor

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13
Q

Somatic fibers and visceral fibers

A

Sensory

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14
Q

Conveys impulses from skin, skeletal muscles, and joints to CNS

A

Somatic sensory fibers

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15
Q

Convey impulses from visceral organs to CNS

A

Visceral sensory fibers

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16
Q

Transmits impulses from CNS to effector organs

Somatic and autonomic

A

Motor

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17
Q

Skeletal muscle(voluntary)

A

Somatic nervous system

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18
Q

Glands(involuntary)

A

Autonomic nervous system

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19
Q

Small cells that surround and wrap delicate neurons

A

Neurolgia

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20
Q

Excitable cells that transmit electrical signals

A

Neurons

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21
Q

Most abundant neuroglia, versatile, and highly branched
Cling to neurons and synaptic endings
Functions: support and brace neurons,guide migration of neurons, control chemical environment, respond to nerve impulses, influence neuronal functioning

A

Astrocytes

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22
Q

Small ovoid cells with thorny processes that touch and monitor neurons
Migrate toward injured neurons
Can transform to phagocytize microorganisms and neuronal debris

A

Microglial cells

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23
Q

Squamous or columnar
May be ciliated(produces and circulates spinal fluid)
Lines the central cavities of brain/spinal column

A

Ependymal cells

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24
Q

Branched with cells

Processes wrap CNS nerve fibers and form insulating myelin sheaths

A

Oligodendrocytes

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25
Q 
Surround neuron cell bodies in PNS
function similar to astrocytes of CNS
A

Satellite cells

26
Q

Surround all peripheral nerve fibers and form myelin sheaths in thicker nerve fibers
Vital to regeneration of damaged peripheral nerve fibers

A

Schwann cells

27
Q 
Structural units of nervous system
Large highly specialized cells that conduct impulses
Extreme longevity
Amitotic
High metabolic rate
All have cell body and process
A

Neurons

28
Q

Lie along nerves in PNS

A

Ganglia

29
Q

Clusters of neuron cell bodies in CNS

A

Nuclei

30
Q

Biosynthesis center of neuron
Spherical nucleus with nucleolus
Some contain pigments
Plasma membrane is a part of receptive region

A

Neuron cell body

31
Q

Bundles of neuron processes in CNS

A

Tracts

32
Q

Bundles of neuron processes in PNS

A

Nerves

33
Q

Two types of processes

A

Dendrites and axons

34
Q

In motor neurons
Receptive region of neuron
Convey incoming messages toward cell body as graded potentials

A

Dendrites

35
Q

Appendages with bulbous spiky ends

A

Dendritic spines

36
Q

Come shaped area of cell body

A

Axon hillock

37
Q

Long axons

A

Nerve fibers

38
Q

Occasional branches

A

Axon collaterals

39
Q

Distal endings

A

Axon terminals

40
Q

Functions of axon:

A

Conduct region of neuron, generates nerve impulses, transmits them along axolemma to axon terminal, lacks rough ER

41
Q

Released into extra cellular space

A

Neurotransmitters

42
Q

Neuron cell membrane

A

Axolemma

43
Q

Composed of myelin. Segmented sheath,

A

Myelin sheath

44
Q

Myelination in PNS

A

Formed by Schwann cells

45
Q

Myelin sheath gaps between adjacent Schwann cells

Sites where axon collaterals can emerge

A

Nodes of ranvier

46
Q

Thin fibers not wrapped in myelin

Surrounded by schwann cells but no coiling

A

Nonmyelinated fibers

47
Q

Regions of brain and spinal cord with dense collections of myelinated fibers
Usually fiber tracts

A

White matter

48
Q

Mostly neuron cell bodies and nonmyelinated fibers

A

Gray matter

49
Q

Toward CNS

A

Sensory

50
Q

Away from CNS

A

Motor

51
Q

Within CNS

A

Interneurons

52
Q

Approx resting membrane potential

A

-70 mV

53
Q

Short distance signal

A

Graded potential

54
Q

Long distance signal

A

Action potential

55
Q

Short lived localized changes in membrane potential
Depolarization or hyperpolarization
Triggered by stimulus that opens gates ion channels
Current flows but dissipates quickly and decays

A

Graded potentials

56
Q

Principle way neurons send signals
Principle means of long distance neural communication
Brief reversal of membrane potential with a change in voltage of 100 mV
Do not decay over distance as graded potentials do

A

Action potential

57
Q

All gated Na and K channels are closed

Only leakage channels for Na and K are open

A

Resting state

58
Q

Depolarizing local currents open voltage gates Na channels
Na influx causes more depolarization which opens more Na channels
At threshold positive feedback causes opening of all Na channels

A

Depolarizing phase

59
Q

Na channel slow inactivation gates close
Membrane permeability to Na declines to resting state
Slow voltage gates K channels open

A

Repolarizing phase

60
Q

Some K channels remain open, allowing excessive K effkux
This causes a slight dip below resting voltage
Na channels begin to reset

A

Hyperpolarization

61
Q

An AP either happens completely or it does not happen at all

A

The all or none phenomenon

62
Q

Time from opening of Na channels until resetting of the channels
Ensures that each AP is an all or bone event
Enforces one way transmission of nerve impulses

A

Absolute refractory period

Anatomy And Pysiology (20 decks)

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