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Anatomy And Pysiology > Ch 13 PNS > Flashcards

Ch 13 PNS Flashcards

1
Q

Provides links from and to world outside body

All neural structures outside brain

A

PNS

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2
Q

the awareness of changes in the internal and external environment

A

sensation

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3
Q

the conscious interpretation of those stimuli

A

perception

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4
Q

part of sensory system serving body wall and limbs

A

somatosensory system

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5
Q

sensory integration receives inputs from

A

Exteroceptors, proprioceptors, and interoceptors

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6
Q

Levels of neural integration in sensory systems:

A

receptor, circuit, perceptual

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7
Q

sensory receptors

A

receptor level

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8
Q

processing in ascending pathways

A

circuit level

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9
Q

processing in cortical sensory areas

A

perceptual level

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10
Q

Specialized to respond to changes in stimuli

A

sensory receptors

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11
Q

awareness of stimulus

A

sensation

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12
Q

interpretation of meaning of stimulus

A

perception

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13
Q

Classification of Receptors based on

A

Type of stimulus they detect
Location in body
Structural complexity

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14
Q

respond to touch, pressure, vibration, and stretch

A

mechanoreceptors

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15
Q

sensitive to changes in temperature

A

thermoreceptors

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16
Q

respond to light energy (e.g., retina)

A

photoreceptors

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17
Q

respond to chemicals (e.g., smell, taste, changes in blood chemistry)

A

chemoreceptors

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18
Q

sensitive to pain-causing stimuli (e.g., extreme heat or cold, excessive pressure, inflammatory chemicals)

A

nociceptors

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19
Q

Respond to stimuli arising outside body
Receptors in skin for touch, pressure, pain, and temperature
Most special sense organs

A

exteroceptors

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20
Q

Respond to stimuli arising in internal viscera and blood vessels
Sensitive to chemical changes, tissue stretch, and temperature changes
Sometimes cause discomfort but usually unaware of their workings

A

interoceptors

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21
Q

Respond to stretch in skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, ligaments, and connective tissue coverings of bones and muscles
Inform brain of one’s movements

A

proprioceptors

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22
Q 
Tactile sensations (touch, pressure, stretch, vibration), temperature, pain, and muscle sense
Modified dendritic endings of sensory neurons
A

simple receptors for general senses

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23
Q

Vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, and taste

A

receptors for special senses

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24
Q

simple receptors for general senses are split into

A

Either nonencapsulated (free) or encapsulated

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25
Q

Abundant in epithelia and connective tissues
Most are nonmyelinated, small-diameter group C fibers; distal endings have knoblike swellings
Respond mostly to temperature and pain; some to pressure-induced tissue movement; itch

A

nonencapsulated (free) nerve endings

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26
Q 
Cold receptors (10–40°C); in superficial dermis 
Heat receptors (32–48°C); in deeper dermis
Outside those temperature ranges, nociceptors activated  pain
A

thermoreceptors

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27
Q

Player in detection – vanilloid receptor
Ion channel opened by heat, low pH, chemicals, e.g., capsaicin (red peppers)
Respond to:
Pinching, chemicals from damaged tissue, capsaicin

A

nociceptors

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28
Q

Tactile (Merkel) discs
Hair follicle receptors
nonencapsulated

A

light touch receptors

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29
Q

joint position and motion

A

Joint kinesthetic receptors

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30
Q

stretch in tendons

A

tendon organs

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31
Q

muscle stretch

A

muscle spindles

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32
Q

deep continuous pressure

A

Bulbous corpuscles (Ruffini endings)

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33
Q

deep pressure and vibration

A

Lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscles

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34
Q

discriminative touch

A

Tactile (Meissner’s) corpuscles

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35
Q

Twelve pairs of nerves associated with brain

A

cranial nerves

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36
Q

Sensory nerves of smell
Run from nasal mucosa to olfactory bulbs
Pass through cribriform plate of ethmoid bone
Purely sensory (olfactory) function

A

I Olfactory Nerves

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37
Q

Arise from retinas; really a brain tract
Pass through optic canals, converge and partially cross over at optic chiasma
Optic tracts continue to thalamus, where they synapse
Purely sensory (visual) function

A

II Optic Nerves

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38
Q

Fibers extend from ventral midbrain through superior orbital fissures to four of six extrinsic eye muscles
Function in raising eyelid, directing eyeball, constricting iris (parasympathetic), and controlling lens shape

A

III Oculomotor Nerves

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39
Q

Fibers from dorsal midbrain enter orbits via superior orbital fissures to innervate superior oblique muscle
Primarily motor nerve that directs eyeball

A

IV Trochlear Nerves

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40
Q

Largest cranial nerves; fibers extend from pons to face
Three divisions
Ophthalmic (V1) passes through superior orbital fissure
Maxillary (V2) passes through foramen rotundum
Mandibular (V3) passes through the foramen ovale
Convey sensory impulses from various areas of face (V1) and (V2)
Supply motor fibers (V3) for mastication

A

V Trigeminal Nerves

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41
Q

Fibers from inferior pons enter orbits via superior orbital fissures
Primarily a motor nerve, innervating lateral rectus muscle

A

VI Abducens

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42
Q 
Fibers from pons travel through internal acoustic meatuses, and emerge through stylomastoid foramina to lateral aspect of face
Chief motor nerves of face with 5 major branches
Motor functions include facial expression, parasympathetic impulses to lacrimal and salivary glands
Sensory function (taste) from anterior two-thirds of tongue
A

VII Facial

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43
Q

Afferent fibers from hearing receptors (cochlear division) and equilibrium receptors (vestibular division) pass from inner ear through internal acoustic meatuses, and enter brain stem at pons-medulla border
Mostly sensory function; small motor component for adjustment of sensitivity of receptors
Formerly auditory nerve

A

VIII Vestibulocochlear

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44
Q

activate skeletal muscle

A

somatic reflexes

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45
Q

activate visceral effectors

A

autonomic reflexes

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46
Q

Integration center in spinal cord

Effectors are skeletal muscle

A

spinal somatic reflexes

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47
Q

to smoothly coordinate skeletal muscle, nervous system must receive proprioceptor input regarding

A

Length of muscle
From muscle spindles
Amount of tension in muscle
From tendon organs

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48
Q

Maintains muscle tone in large postural muscles, and adjusts it reflexively

A

stretch reflex

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49
Q

Causes muscle contraction in response to increased muscle length

A

stretch reflex

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50
Q

how does the stretch reflex work

A

Stretch activates muscle spindle
Sensory neurons synapse directly with  motor neurons in spinal cord
 motor neurons cause stretched muscle to contract

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51
Q

all stretch reflexes are ________ and _______

A

monosynaptic and ipsilateral

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52
Q

IIa fibers synapse with interneurons that inhibit  motor neurons of antagonistic muscles

A

reciprocal inhibition

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53
Q

positive stretch reflex indicate

A

Sensory and motor connections between muscle and spinal cord intact
Strength of response indicates degree of spinal cord excitability

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54
Q

if peripheral nerve damage or ventral horn injury

A

hypoactive or absent

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55
Q

if lesions of corticospinal tract

A

hyperactive

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56
Q 
Initiated by painful stimulus
Causes automatic withdrawal of threatened body part
Ipsilateral and polysynaptic
Protective; important
Brain can override
A

flexor reflex

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57
Q

Occurs with flexor reflexes in weight-bearing limbs to maintain balance
Consists of ipsilateral withdrawal reflex and contralateral extensor reflex

A

crossed extensor reflex

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58
Q

Elicited by gentle cutaneous stimulation

Depend on upper motor pathways and cord-level reflex arcs

A

superficial reflexes

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59
Q

most common superficial reflexes

A

Plantar reflex

Abdominal reflex

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60
Q

Damage to motor cortex or corticospinal tracts and abnormal response

A

babinskis sign

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61
Q

Test integrity of cord from L4 through S2
Stimulus – stroke lateral aspect of sole of foot
Response – downward flexion of toes

A

plantar reflex

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62
Q

Test integrity of cord from T8 through T12
Cause contraction of abdominal muscles and movement of umbilicus in response to stroking of skin
Vary in intensity from one person to another
Absent when corticospinal tract lesions present

A

abdominal reflexes

63
Q

what are the special senses

A 
Vision
Taste
Smell
Hearing
Equilibrium
64
Q

what percent of the body’s sensory receptors in eye

A

70

65
Q

what are the three layers of the wall of the eye

A

Fibrous
Vascular
Inner

66
Q

Internal cavity filled with fluids called

A

humors

67
Q

Lens separates internal cavity into what

A

anterior and posterior segments

68
Q

Outermost layer of eye; dense avascular connective tissue

Two regions

A

fibrous layer

69
Q

two regions of fibrous layer are what

A

sclera and cornea

70
Q

Opaque posterior region
Protects, shapes eyeball; anchors extrinsic eye muscles
Continuous with dura mater of brain posteriorly

A

sclera

71
Q

Transparent anterior 1/6 of fibrous layer
Bends light as it enters eye
Sodium pumps of corneal endothelium on inner face help maintain clarity of cornea
Numerous pain receptors contribute to blinking and tearing reflexes

A

cornea

72
Q

Middle pigmented layer

Three regions

A

vascular layer

73
Q

what are the three regions of the vascular layer

A

choroid, ciliary body, and iris

74
Q

Posterior portion of uvea; contains blood vessels
Supplies blood to all layers of eyeball
Brown pigment absorbs light to prevent light scattering and visual confusion

A

choroid

75
Q

Ring of tissue surrounding lens
Smooth muscle bundles control lens shape
Capillaries of processes secrete fluid
Ciliary zonule (suspensory ligament) holds lens in position

A

ciliary body

76
Q

Colored part of eye

A

iris

77
Q

central opening that regulates amount of light entering eye

A

pupil

78
Q

Originates as outpocketing of brain

Delicate two-layered membrane

A

inner layer/retina

79
Q

outer layer of inner layer
Single-cell-thick lining
Absorbs light and prevents its scattering
Phagocytosis of photoreceptor cell fragments
Stores vitamin A

A

pigmented layer

80
Q

Signals spread from photoreceptors to bipolar cells to ganglion cells
Ganglion cell axons exit eye as optic nerve
Transparent
Composed of three main types of neurons
inner layer of retina

A

neural layer

81
Q

what are the types of neurons in neural layer

A

Photoreceptors, bipolar cells, ganglion cells

82
Q

Site where optic nerve leaves eye

Lacks photoreceptors

A

optic disc/blind spot

83
Q

two types of photoreceptors

A

rods and cones

84
Q

Dim light, peripheral vision receptors
More numerous, more sensitive to light than cones
No color vision or sharp images
Numbers greatest at periphery

A

rods

85
Q

Vision receptors for bright light
High-resolution color vision
Macula lutea exactly at posterior pole

A

cones

86
Q

Tiny pit in center of macula with all cones; best vision

A

fovea centralis

87
Q

The lens and ciliary zonule separate eye into two segments

A

anterior and posterior segments

88
Q 
Transmits light
Supports posterior surface of lens 
Holds neural layer of retina firmly against pigmented layer
Contributes to intraocular pressure
Forms in embryo; lasts lifetime
A

vitreus humor

89
Q

posterior segment contains ______ ______

A

vitreus humor

90
Q

Anterior segment composed of two chambers

A

posterior and anterior chambers

91
Q

between cornea and iris

A

anterior chamber

92
Q

between iris and lens

A

posterior chamber

93
Q

Anterior segment contains

A

aqueous humor

94
Q

blocked drainage of aqueous humor increases pressure and causes compression of retina and optic nerve  blindness

A

glaucoma

95
Q

Biconvex, transparent, flexible, and avascular
Changes shape to precisely focus light on retina
Two regions:

A

lens

96
Q

two regions of lens

A

lens fibers(bulk of lens) and lens epithelium

97
Q

(clouding of lens) consequence of aging, diabetes mellitus, heavy smoking, frequent exposure to intense sunlight

A

cataracts

98
Q

Eyes best adapted for _______ _______

A

distant vision

99
Q

close vision Requires eye to make active adjustments using three simultaneous processes

A

Accommodation of lenses
Constriction of pupils
Convergence of eyeballs

100
Q

Changing lens shape to increase refraction

Near point of vision

A

accomodation

101
Q

loss of accommodation over age 50

A

presbyopia

102
Q

Accommodation pupillary reflex constricts pupils to prevent most divergent light rays from entering eye

A

constriction

103
Q

Medial rotation of eyeballs toward object being viewed

A

convergence

104
Q

Focal point in front of retina, e.g., eyeball too long
Corrected with a concave lens
nearsightedness

A

myopia

105
Q

farsightedness
Focal point behind retina, e.g., eyeball too short
Corrected with a convex lens

A

hyperopia

106
Q

Unequal curvatures in different parts of cornea or lens

Corrected with cylindrically ground lenses or laser procedures

A

astigmatism

107
Q

smell

A

olfaction

108
Q

taste

A

gustation

109
Q

Chemoreceptors respond to chemicals in _____ ______

A

aqueous solution

110
Q

olfactory sensory neurons have ______ ______ _____

A

unusual bipolar neurons

111
Q

how many odors can humans distinguish

A

10,000

112
Q

how many smell genes active in nose?

A

1000

113
Q

Activation of olfactory sensory neurons

A

Dissolved odorants bind to receptor proteins in olfactory cilium membranes

114
Q

taste buds are _____ ____

A

receptor organs

115
Q

what are the five basic sensations of taste

A

BUSS: bitter, umami, sweet, sour, salt

116
Q

sugars, saccharin, alcohol, some amino acids, some lead salts

A

sweet

117
Q

hydrogen ions in solution

A

sour

118
Q

metal ions (inorganic salts)

A

salty

119
Q

alkaloids such as quinine and nicotine; aspirin

A

bitter

120
Q

amino acids glutamate and aspartate

A

umami

121
Q

Possible sixth taste

A

lipids

122
Q

tastes/dislikes have

A

homeostatic value, genetic, and protective

123
Q

To be tasted, chemicals must

A

Be dissolved in saliva
Diffuse into taste pore
Contact gustatory hairs

124
Q

three major areas of the ear

A

external. inner, middle

125
Q

hearing only

A

external(outer), and middle (tympanic)

126
Q

hearing and equilibrium

A

internal

127
Q

composed of Helix (rim); lobule (earlobe)

Funnels sound waves into auditory canal

A

auricle(pinna)

128
Q

Short, curved tube lined with skin bearing hairs, sebaceous glands, and ceruminous glands
Transmits sound waves to eardrum

A

external acoustic meatus(auditory canal)

129
Q

Boundary between external and middle ears
Connective tissue membrane that vibrates in response to sound
Transfers sound energy to bones of middle ear

A

tympanic membrane(eardrum)

130
Q

A small, air-filled, mucosa-lined cavity in temporal bone
Flanked laterally by eardrum
Flanked medially by bony wall containing oval (vestibular) and round (cochlear) windows

A

middle ear (tympanic cavity)

131
Q

Three small bones in tympanic cavity

A

ear ossicles: Malleus, incus, stapes

132
Q

two major divisions of internal ear

A

bony labyrinth and membranous labyrinth

133
Q

Tortuous channels in temporal bone
Three regions
Filled with perilymph – similar to CSF

A

bony labyrinth

134
Q

three regions of bony labyrinth

A

vestibule, semicircular canals, and cochlea

135
Q

Series of membranous sacs and ducts

Filled with potassium-rich endolymph

A

membranous labyrinth

136
Q

Pressure disturbance (alternating areas of high and low pressure) produced by vibrating object

A

sound

137
Q

Moves outward in all directions

Illustrated as an S-shaped curve or sine wave

A

sound wave

138
Q

Number of waves that pass given point in given time

Pure tone has repeating crests and troughs

A

frequency

139
Q

Distance between two consecutive crests

A

wavelength

140
Q

Shorter wavelength = what

A

higher frequency of sound

141
Q

Perception of different frequencies

Normal range 20–20,000 hertz (Hz)

A

pitch

142
Q

Higher frequency = what

A

higher pitch

143
Q

Most sounds are mixtures of different frequencies

Richness and complexity of sounds (music)

A

quality

144
Q

Height of crests

A

amplitude

145
Q

Amplitude perceived as ______

A

loudness

146
Q

Severe hearing loss with prolonged exposure above

A

90dB

147
Q

Normal range of loudness

A

0–120 decibels (dB)

148
Q

Equilibrium receptors in semicircular canals and vestibule
Vestibular receptors monitor static equilibrium
Semicircular canal receptors monitor dynamic equilibrium

A

vestibular apparatus

149
Q

Sensory receptors for static equilibrium
One in each saccule wall and one in each utricle wall
Monitor the position of head in space, necessary for control of posture
Respond to linear acceleration forces, but not rotation
Contain supporting cells and hair cells

A

maculae

150
Q

Each crista has supporting cells and hair cells that extend into gel-like mass called

A

ampullary cupula

151
Q

Sensory receptor for rotational acceleration
One in ampulla of each semicircular canal
Major stimuli are rotational movements

A

crista ampullares

152
Q

Bending of hairs in cristae causes

A

Depolarizations, and rapid impulses reach brain at faster rate

153
Q

Strange eye movements during and immediately after rotation

A

vestibular nystagmus

Anatomy And Pysiology (20 decks)

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