Ch 6 Bones And Skeletal Tissue Flashcards by Christina Stafstrom

Water tends resilience
No blood vessels or nerves
Surrounded by perichondrium
3 types: hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

Skeletal cartilage

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What are the types of skeletal cartilage

Hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic

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Acts like a girdle to resist outward expansion when the cartilage is compressed
Contains blood vessels from which nutrients diffuse through matrix

Perichondrium

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Most abundant skeletal cartilage
Chindrocytes are spherical
Only fiver is fine collagen fibers
Provide support with flexibility and resilience
Includes: articulate, costal, respiratory, nasal

Hyaline cartilage

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Resembles hyaline
More stretchy fibers and are better able to stand up to repeated bending
Found in external ear and epiglottis

Elastic cartilage

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Most compressible cartilage
Resistant to stretch and pressure
Forms vertebral discs and knee joint cartilages
Roughly parallel rows of chondrocytes with thick collagen fibers

Fibrocartilage

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Growth accomplished by the addition of new layers onto those previously formed
Growth from outside ring

Apposition also growth

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Two ways that cartilage grows

Appositional and interstitial

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Growth from inside

Chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix which expands cartilage from within

Interstitial growth

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Seven functions of bone?

Support, protection, anchorage, mineral and growth factor storage, blood cell formation, fat storage, hormone production

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What is bone

Organ

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Includes the bones of skull, vertebral column, and rib cage

Protect, support, or carry other body parts

Axial skeleton

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Upper and lower limbs and shoulder bones and hip bones

Locomotion and manipulation

Appendicular skeleton

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These bones are longer than they are wide

Shaft plus two ends which are often expanded

Long bones

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Roughly cube shaped bones
Examples are wrist and ankle
Special type of this is sesamoid

Short bone

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Special type of short bone that form in a tendon

Example patella

Sesamoid bone

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Thin, flattened and usually abbot curves bones

Example sternum and scapulae and skull bones

Flat bones

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Complicated shapes that fit no other bone classes

Example vertebrae and hip bones

Irregular bones

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Dense outer layer of every bone

Looks smooth and solid to the naked eye

Compact bone

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Internal to compact bone
Also called cancellous bone
Made up of trabecula

Spongy bone

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Fibrous bands extending from the capsule into the interior organ
Strut of thin plate of bone in spongy bone
Honeycomb of needle/flat pieces

Trabecula

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What is the structure of short, irregular, and flat bones

Thin plates of spongy bone covered by compact bone
Plates between periosteum and endosteum
No shaft or epiphyses
Bone marrow throughout, NO MARROW CAVITY
hyaline cartilage covers articulate surfaces

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What is the structure of long bone

Diaphysis: tubular shaft: compact bone, medullary cavity, yellow marrow cavity
Epiphyses: end of bone: external is compact, internal is spongy, epiphyseal line or plate

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Glistening, white double layered membrane
Covers external surface of entire bone except the joint surfaces
Outer fibrous layer
Inner osteogenic cells
Many nerve fibers and blood fibers through the nutrient foramen

Periosteum membrane

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Delicate connective tissue membrane | Covers trabeculae spongy bone and canals that pass through compact bone

Membrane endosteum

Red marrow

Hematopoietic tissue

Typically found within the trabecular cavities of spongy bone of long bone and in flat bone

Red marrow

Trabecular cavities of spongy bone and dipole of flat bone

Red marrow cavities

What are the cells of bone tissue

Osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts

Mitotically active stem cells in periosteum and endosteum Become osteoblasts or bone lining cells In growing bones they are flattened or squamous cells

Osteogenic cells(osteoprigenitor)

Bone forming cells Secrete unmineralized bone matrix(osteoid) Actively mitotic

Osteoblasts

Shaped like a spider Mature in lacunae Monitor and maintain bone matrix When they die the surrounding matrix is re absorbed

Osteocytes

Come from hematopoietic stem cells Resorption bay Bone breakers in matrix

Osteoclasts

Flat cells found on bone surfaces where bone remodeling is not going on

Bone lining cells

Structural unit is osteon or Haversian system Canals are canaliculi Lacunae-have osteocytes Lamellar

Compact bone | AKA lamellar bone

Structural unit of compact bone

Osteon or haversian system

Each matrix tube | Interstitial and circumferential

Lamella

Runs through the core of each osteon | Contains small blood vessels and nerve fibers

Central canal or haversian canal

Canals Lie at right angles to the long axis of the bone and connect the blood to nerve supply of the medullary cavity to the central Not surrounded by lamella Lines with endosteum

Perforating canals or volkmans canals

Incomplete lamella that lie between intact osteons Full gaps between forming osteons Representing the remnants of an osteon that has been cut through by bone remodeling

Interstitial lamella

Located under periosteum Extends around the diaphysis Resist twisting of long bone

Circumferential lamella

Bone looks poorly organized tissue | Trabeculae (beam)align along lines of stress to help resist it

Spongy bone

Includes cells and osteoid | Sacrificial bonds-resilience of bone

Organic components

65% of bone mass Hydroxyapatites (mineral salts) Calcium phosphate Hardness

Inorganic components

Process of bone formation

Ossification or osteogenesis

Bone develops by replacing hyaline cartilage | Most bones

Endochondral bone

Bone develops from a fibrous membrane Formed by mesenchymal cells Most formed by this are flat bones

Intramembranous ossification

First step of endochondral ossification

Bone collar forms around diaphysis of the hyaline cartilage model

Second step of endochondral ossification

Cartilage in the center of the diaphysis calcified and then develops cavities

Third step of endochondral ossification

The periosteal bud invades internal cavities and spongy bone forms

Fourth step of endochondral ossification

The diaphysis elongates and a medullary cavity forms

Fifth step of endochondral ossification

The epiphyses ossify

First step of intramembranous ossification

Ossification centers appear in the fibrous connective tissue membrane

Second step of intramembranous ossification

Ostoid is secreted within the fibrous membrane and calcifies

Third step of intramembranous ossification

Woven bone and periosteum form

Fourth step of intramembranous ossification

Lamellar bone replaces woven bone just deep to the periosteum Red marrow appears

Increase in length of bone

Interstitial growth

Increase in bone thickness | Occurs throughout life

Appositional growth

Where does growth in length of a long bone occur

Epiphyseal plate

First zone of long bone growth Cartilage cells undergo mitosis

Proliferation zone

Second zone of long bone growth | Older cartilage cells enlarge

Hypertrophic zone

Third zone of long bone growth Matrix calcifies Cartilage starts to die

Calcification zone

Fourth zone of long bone growth | New bone forms

Ossification zone

Most important hormone in stimulation throughout childhood

Growth hormone

Hormone that makes sure bones grow in proportion

Thyroid hormone

Male and female hormones

Testosterone and estrogen

Males sex hormone | Like testosterone

Androgen

Hormone secreted by parathyroid glands | It is important in bone remodeling

Parathyroid hormone

Hormone that opposes parathyroid hormone | Helps regulate the bloods calcium and phosphate levels

Calcitionin

Every week we recycle ____ of our bone mass

5-7%

Process involving bone formation and destruction in response to hormonal and mechanical factors

Bone remodeling

The two processes of bone remodeling

Bone deposit and bone resorption

Abrupt transition between the osteoid Sean and older mineralized bones

Calcification front

Unminerlaized band of gauzy looking bone

Osteoid Seam

Osteoid seam and calcification front

Bone deposit

Function of osteoclasts

Bone resorption

``` Irregular shape Multiple nuclei Hydrochloric acid Lesechymal enzyme Brush vs soap ```

Osteoclasts

Negative feedback and hormonal loop

Control of remodeling

Bones grow in response to demands placed on it

Wolfs law

How many grams of calcium in body

1200-1400 grams

Functions of calcium

Muscle contraction, blood coagulation, cell division, nerve impulse transmission

First stage in healing of bone fracture

Hematoma forms

Second stage in healing of bone fracture

Fibrocartilaginous callus form

Third stage in healing of fractured bone

Bony callus forms

Fourth stage in healing of fractures bone

Bone remodeling occurs

Disorder when bones are poorly mineralized

Osteomalacia

Analogous disease of osteomalacia in kids

Rickets

Group of diseases in which bone reapportion outpaces bone deposit

Osteoporosis