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Anatomy And Pysiology > Ch 6 Bones And Skeletal Tissue > Flashcards

Ch 6 Bones And Skeletal Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Water tends resilience
No blood vessels or nerves
Surrounded by perichondrium
3 types: hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

A

Skeletal cartilage

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2
Q

What are the types of skeletal cartilage

A

Hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic

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3
Q

Acts like a girdle to resist outward expansion when the cartilage is compressed
Contains blood vessels from which nutrients diffuse through matrix

A

Perichondrium

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4
Q

Most abundant skeletal cartilage
Chindrocytes are spherical
Only fiver is fine collagen fibers
Provide support with flexibility and resilience
Includes: articulate, costal, respiratory, nasal

A

Hyaline cartilage

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5
Q

Resembles hyaline
More stretchy fibers and are better able to stand up to repeated bending
Found in external ear and epiglottis

A

Elastic cartilage

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6
Q

Most compressible cartilage
Resistant to stretch and pressure
Forms vertebral discs and knee joint cartilages
Roughly parallel rows of chondrocytes with thick collagen fibers

A

Fibrocartilage

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7
Q

Growth accomplished by the addition of new layers onto those previously formed
Growth from outside ring

A

Apposition also growth

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8
Q

Two ways that cartilage grows

A

Appositional and interstitial

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9
Q

Growth from inside

Chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix which expands cartilage from within

A

Interstitial growth

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10
Q

Seven functions of bone?

A

Support, protection, anchorage, mineral and growth factor storage, blood cell formation, fat storage, hormone production

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11
Q

What is bone

A

Organ

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12
Q

Includes the bones of skull, vertebral column, and rib cage

Protect, support, or carry other body parts

A

Axial skeleton

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13
Q

Upper and lower limbs and shoulder bones and hip bones

Locomotion and manipulation

A

Appendicular skeleton

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14
Q

These bones are longer than they are wide

Shaft plus two ends which are often expanded

A

Long bones

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15
Q

Roughly cube shaped bones
Examples are wrist and ankle
Special type of this is sesamoid

A

Short bone

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16
Q

Special type of short bone that form in a tendon

Example patella

A

Sesamoid bone

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17
Q

Thin, flattened and usually abbot curves bones

Example sternum and scapulae and skull bones

A

Flat bones

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18
Q

Complicated shapes that fit no other bone classes

Example vertebrae and hip bones

A

Irregular bones

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19
Q

Dense outer layer of every bone

Looks smooth and solid to the naked eye

A

Compact bone

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20
Q

Internal to compact bone
Also called cancellous bone
Made up of trabecula

A

Spongy bone

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21
Q

Fibrous bands extending from the capsule into the interior organ
Strut of thin plate of bone in spongy bone
Honeycomb of needle/flat pieces

A

Trabecula

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22
Q

What is the structure of short, irregular, and flat bones

A

Thin plates of spongy bone covered by compact bone
Plates between periosteum and endosteum
No shaft or epiphyses
Bone marrow throughout, NO MARROW CAVITY
hyaline cartilage covers articulate surfaces

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23
Q

What is the structure of long bone

A

Diaphysis: tubular shaft: compact bone, medullary cavity, yellow marrow cavity
Epiphyses: end of bone: external is compact, internal is spongy, epiphyseal line or plate

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24
Q

Glistening, white double layered membrane
Covers external surface of entire bone except the joint surfaces
Outer fibrous layer
Inner osteogenic cells
Many nerve fibers and blood fibers through the nutrient foramen

A

Periosteum membrane

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25
Q

Delicate connective tissue membrane

Covers trabeculae spongy bone and canals that pass through compact bone

A

Membrane endosteum

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26
Q

Red marrow

A

Hematopoietic tissue

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27
Q

Typically found within the trabecular cavities of spongy bone of long bone and in flat bone

A

Red marrow

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28
Q

Trabecular cavities of spongy bone and dipole of flat bone

A

Red marrow cavities

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29
Q

What are the cells of bone tissue

A

Osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts

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30
Q

Mitotically active stem cells in periosteum and endosteum
Become osteoblasts or bone lining cells
In growing bones they are flattened or squamous cells

A

Osteogenic cells(osteoprigenitor)

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31
Q

Bone forming cells
Secrete unmineralized bone matrix(osteoid)
Actively mitotic

A

Osteoblasts

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32
Q

Shaped like a spider
Mature in lacunae
Monitor and maintain bone matrix
When they die the surrounding matrix is re absorbed

A

Osteocytes

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33
Q

Come from hematopoietic stem cells
Resorption bay
Bone breakers in matrix

A

Osteoclasts

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34
Q

Flat cells found on bone surfaces where bone remodeling is not going on

A

Bone lining cells

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35
Q

Structural unit is osteon or Haversian system
Canals are canaliculi
Lacunae-have osteocytes
Lamellar

A

Compact bone

AKA lamellar bone

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36
Q

Structural unit of compact bone

A

Osteon or haversian system

37
Q

Each matrix tube

Interstitial and circumferential

38
Q

Runs through the core of each osteon

Contains small blood vessels and nerve fibers

A

Central canal or haversian canal

39
Q

Canals
Lie at right angles to the long axis of the bone and connect the blood to nerve supply of the medullary cavity to the central
Not surrounded by lamella
Lines with endosteum

A

Perforating canals or volkmans canals

40
Q

Incomplete lamella that lie between intact osteons
Full gaps between forming osteons
Representing the remnants of an osteon that has been cut through by bone remodeling

A

Interstitial lamella

41
Q

Located under periosteum
Extends around the diaphysis
Resist twisting of long bone

A

Circumferential lamella

42
Q

Bone looks poorly organized tissue

Trabeculae (beam)align along lines of stress to help resist it

A

Spongy bone

43
Q

Includes cells and osteoid

Sacrificial bonds-resilience of bone

A

Organic components

44
Q

65% of bone mass
Hydroxyapatites (mineral salts)
Calcium phosphate
Hardness

A

Inorganic components

45
Q

Process of bone formation

A

Ossification or osteogenesis

46
Q

Bone develops by replacing hyaline cartilage

Most bones

A

Endochondral bone

47
Q

Bone develops from a fibrous membrane
Formed by mesenchymal cells
Most formed by this are flat bones

A

Intramembranous ossification

48
Q

First step of endochondral ossification

A

Bone collar forms around diaphysis of the hyaline cartilage model

49
Q

Second step of endochondral ossification

A

Cartilage in the center of the diaphysis calcified and then develops cavities

50
Q

Third step of endochondral ossification

A

The periosteal bud invades internal cavities and spongy bone forms

51
Q

Fourth step of endochondral ossification

A

The diaphysis elongates and a medullary cavity forms

52
Q

Fifth step of endochondral ossification

A

The epiphyses ossify

53
Q

First step of intramembranous ossification

A

Ossification centers appear in the fibrous connective tissue membrane

54
Q

Second step of intramembranous ossification

A

Ostoid is secreted within the fibrous membrane and calcifies

55
Q

Third step of intramembranous ossification

A

Woven bone and periosteum form

56
Q

Fourth step of intramembranous ossification

A

Lamellar bone replaces woven bone just deep to the periosteum
Red marrow appears

57
Q

Increase in length of bone

A

Interstitial growth

58
Q

Increase in bone thickness

Occurs throughout life

A

Appositional growth

59
Q

Where does growth in length of a long bone occur

A

Epiphyseal plate

60
Q

First zone of long bone growth

Cartilage cells undergo mitosis

A

Proliferation zone

61
Q

Second zone of long bone growth

Older cartilage cells enlarge

A

Hypertrophic zone

62
Q

Third zone of long bone growth
Matrix calcifies
Cartilage starts to die

A

Calcification zone

63
Q

Fourth zone of long bone growth

New bone forms

A

Ossification zone

64
Q

Most important hormone in stimulation throughout childhood

A

Growth hormone

65
Q

Hormone that makes sure bones grow in proportion

A

Thyroid hormone

66
Q

Male and female hormones

A

Testosterone and estrogen

67
Q

Males sex hormone

Like testosterone

68
Q

Hormone secreted by parathyroid glands

It is important in bone remodeling

A

Parathyroid hormone

69
Q

Hormone that opposes parathyroid hormone

Helps regulate the bloods calcium and phosphate levels

A

Calcitionin

70
Q

Every week we recycle ____ of our bone mass

71
Q

Process involving bone formation and destruction in response to hormonal and mechanical factors

A

Bone remodeling

72
Q

The two processes of bone remodeling

A

Bone deposit and bone resorption

73
Q

Abrupt transition between the osteoid Sean and older mineralized bones

A

Calcification front

74
Q

Unminerlaized band of gauzy looking bone

A

Osteoid Seam

75
Q

Osteoid seam and calcification front

A

Bone deposit

76
Q

Function of osteoclasts

A

Bone resorption

77
Q 
Irregular shape 
Multiple nuclei
Hydrochloric acid
Lesechymal enzyme 
Brush vs soap
A

Osteoclasts

78
Q

Negative feedback and hormonal loop

A

Control of remodeling

79
Q

Bones grow in response to demands placed on it

80
Q

How many grams of calcium in body

A

1200-1400 grams

81
Q

Functions of calcium

A

Muscle contraction, blood coagulation, cell division, nerve impulse transmission

82
Q

First stage in healing of bone fracture

A

Hematoma forms

83
Q

Second stage in healing of bone fracture

A

Fibrocartilaginous callus form

84
Q

Third stage in healing of fractured bone

A

Bony callus forms

85
Q

Fourth stage in healing of fractures bone

A

Bone remodeling occurs

86
Q

Disorder when bones are poorly mineralized

A

Osteomalacia

87
Q

Analogous disease of osteomalacia in kids

88
Q

Group of diseases in which bone reapportion outpaces bone deposit

A

Osteoporosis

Anatomy And Pysiology (20 decks)

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