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Anatomy And Pysiology > Ch 9 Muscles > Flashcards

Ch 9 Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of muscular tissue

A

cardiac, skeletal, smooth

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2
Q

muscle tissue is _______ the body’s mass

A

half

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3
Q

elongated cells

A

muscle fibers

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4
Q 
organ attached to bone and skin
muscle fibers
striated
voluntary
contract rapidly
requires nervous system stimulation
A

skeletal muscle

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5
Q

only in the heart
striated
involuntary
does not require nervous system stimulation

A

cardiac muscle

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6
Q

in walls of hollow organs
not striated
involuntary
can contract without nervous system stimulation

A

smooth muscle

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7
Q

ability to receive and respond to stimuli

A

excitability

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8
Q

ability to shorten forcibly when stimulated

A

contractility

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9
Q

ability to be stretched

A

extensibility

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10
Q

ability to recoil to resting length

A

elasticity

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11
Q

four muscle functions

A

Movement of bones or fluids (e.g., blood)
Maintaining posture and body position (counteracting gravity)
Stabilizing joints
Heat generation

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12
Q

served by one artery, one nerve, and one or more veins

A

skeletal muscle

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13
Q

dense irregular connective tissue surrounding entire muscle; may blend with fascia (superficial facia)

A

epimysium

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14
Q

fibrous connective tissue surrounding fascicles

A

perimysium

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15
Q

groups of muscle fibers

A

fascicles

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16
Q

fine areolar connective tissue surrounding each muscle fiber

A

endomysium

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17
Q

external to internal external sheath of skeletal muscle

A

epimysium, perimysium, endomysium

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18
Q

epimysium fused to periosteum of bone or perichondrium of cartilage

A

direct

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19
Q

connective tissue wrappings extend beyond muscle as ropelike tendon or sheetlike aponeurosis

A

indirect

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20
Q

plasma membrane

A

sarcolemma

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21
Q

cytoplasm

A

cytoplasm

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22
Q

splinters
densely packed, rod like elements
contain sarcomeres
exhibit striations

A

myofibrils

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23
Q 
contractile units
contain myofilaments(stripes)
A

sarcomere

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24
Q

lighter region in midsection of dark A band where filaments do not overlap

A

H zone

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25
Q

line of protein myomesin bisects H zone

A

M line

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26
Q

coin-shaped sheet of proteins on midline of light I band that anchors thin filaments and connects myofibrils to one another

A

z disc

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27
Q

run entire length of an A band

A

thick filaments

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28
Q

run length of I band and partway into A band-actin

A

thin filaments

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29
Q

region between two successive Z discs

A

sarcomere

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30
Q

thin filaments
Extend across I band and partway in A band
Anchored to Z discs
“bean with hat”

A

Actin myofilaments

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31
Q

thick filaments
Extend length of A band
Connected at M line
“head and tail”

A

Myosin myofilaments

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32
Q

regulatory proteins bound to actin

“hat”

A

Tropomyosin

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33
Q

connects myosin to the z disc

A

titan

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34
Q

connects the actin to m line

A

Dystrophin

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35
Q

surrounds each myofibril
hold on to cistern
function:*regulates calcium levels inside muscle

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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36
Q

function: every myofibril contracts at the same time
continuations of sarcolemma
communication(increases surface area)

A

t tubules

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37
Q

Occurs when myosin heads bind to actin

A

cross bridges

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38
Q

During contraction, thin filaments slide past thick filaments  actin and myosin overlap more
Occurs when myosin heads bind to actin

A

sliding filament model of contraction

39
Q

what must happen for a skeletal muscle to contract

A

activation and excitation

40
Q

Must be nervous system stimulation

Must generate action potential in sarcolemma

A

activation

41
Q

contraction coupling
Action potential propagated along sarcolemma
Raise in Intracellular Ca2+ levels must rise briefly

A

excitation

42
Q

Skeletal muscles stimulated by this

A

somatic motor neurons

43
Q

Each axon ending forms ______ _______ with single muscle fiber

A

neuromuscular junction

44
Q

Axon terminal and muscle fiber separated by gel-filled space

A

synaptic cleft

45
Q

Synaptic vesicles of axon terminal contain neurotransmitter

A

acetylcholine

46
Q

Junctional folds of sarcolemma contain _____ _____-

A

ACh receptors

47
Q

events at the neuromusclular junction

A

Nerve impulse arrives at axon terminal  ACh released into synaptic cleft
ACh diffuses across cleft and binds with receptors on sarcolemma 
Electrical events  generation of action potential

48
Q

steps in the generation of action potential

A

End plate potential
Depolarization
Repolarization

49
Q

action potential is caused by changes in what

A

electrical charges

50
Q

local depolarization

A

end plate potential

51
Q

generation and propagation of an action potential (AP)

A

depolarization

52
Q

restoring electrical conditions of RMP

A

repolarization

53
Q

increase of intracellular calcium

A

EC coupling

54
Q

Time when E-C coupling events occur

Time between AP initiation and beginning of contraction

A

latent period

55
Q

force exerted on load or object to be moved

A

muscle tension

56
Q

no shortening; muscle tension increases but does not exceed load

A

isometric contraction

57
Q

muscle shortens because muscle tension exceeds load

A

isotonic contraction

58
Q

three phases of muscle twitch

A

latent period, period of contraction, period of relaxation

59
Q

events of excitation-contraction coupling; no muscle tension

A

latent period

60
Q

cross bridge formation; tension increases

A

period of contraction

61
Q

Ca2+ reentry into SR; tension declines to zero

A

period of relaxation

62
Q

does muscle contract or relax faster?

A

contracts

63
Q

what are responses graded by

A

Changing frequency of stimulation

Changing strength of stimulation

64
Q

Varying strength of contraction for different demands

Required for proper control of skeletal movement

A

graded muscle responses

65
Q

Increased stimulus frequency (muscle does not completely relax between stimuli)  second contraction of greater force

A

wave summation

66
Q

Further increase in stimulus frequency

A

unfused tetanus

67
Q

If stimuli are given quickly enough, muscle reaches maximal tension

A

fused tetany

68
Q

No muscle relaxation

A

muscle fatigue

69
Q

(multiple motor unit summation) controls force of contraction

A

recruitment

70
Q

no observable contractions

A

subthreshold stimuli

71
Q

stimulus strength causing first observable muscle contraction

A

threshold stimulus

72
Q

strongest stimulus that increases contractile force

A

maximal stimulus

73
Q

Recruitment works on what

A

size principle

74
Q

muscle shortens and does work

A

concentric contractions

75
Q

muscle generates force as it lengthens

A

eccentric contractions

76
Q

Muscle changes in length and moves load
Thin filaments slide
two types

A

isotonic contractions

77
Q

two types of isotonic contractions

A

eccentric and concentric

78
Q

Load greater than tension muscle can develop

Tension increases to muscle’s capacity, but muscle neither shortens nor lengthens

A

isometric contractions

79
Q

Constant, slightly contracted state of all muscles
Due to spinal reflexes
Keeps muscles firm, healthy, and ready to respond

A

muscle tone

80
Q

available stores of ATP are depleted how quickly

A

4-6 seconds

81
Q

what is only source used directly for contractile activities

A

ATP

82
Q

what is ATP regenerated by

A

Direct phosphorylation of ADP by creatine phosphate (CP)
Anaerobic pathway (glycolysis  lactic acid)
Aerobic respiration

83
Q

Glycolysis – does not require oxygen
At 70% of maximum contractile activity:
Bulging muscles compress blood vessels; oxygen delivery impaired
Pyruvic acid converted to lactic acid

A

anaerobic respiration

84
Q

during anaerobic respiration what diffuses into the blood stream

A

lactic acid

85
Q

Produces 95% of ATP during rest and light to moderate exercise; slow

A

aerobic respiration

86
Q

how is fiber type classified

A

Speed of contraction and Metabolic pathways for ATP synthesis

87
Q

use aerobic pathways

A

oxidative fibers

88
Q

use anaerobic glycolysis

A

glycolytic fibers

89
Q

three types of muscle fibers

A

Slow oxidative fibers; Fast oxidative fibers; Fast glycolytic fibers

90
Q

aerobic exercise leads to what

A

Results in greater endurance, strength, and resistance to fatigue
May convert fast glycolytic fibers into fast oxidative fibers

91
Q

Resistance exercise (typically anaerobic) results in

A

muscle hypertophy
Increased mitochondria, myofilaments, glycogen stores, and connective tissue
 Increased muscle strength and size

92
Q

Forcing muscle to work hard promotes increased muscle strength and endurance
Muscles adapt to increased demands
Muscles must be overloaded to produce further gains
Overuse injuries may result from lack of rest

A

overload principle

93
Q

Without neural stimulation muscles atrophy to _____ initial size

A

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Anatomy And Pysiology (20 decks)

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