Ch 8 Joints Flashcards
Site where two or more bones meet
Articulation
Functions of joints
Give skeleton mobility
Hold skeleton together
Two classifications of joints
Functional and structural
Three functional classifications
Synarthroses
Amphiarthroses
Diarthroses
Immovable joints
Synarthroses
Slightly movable joints
Amphiarthroses
Freely movable joints
Diarthroses
Three structural classifications
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
Bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue
No joint cavity
Most synarthrotic
3 types
Fibrous joints
Types of fibrous joints
Sutures
Syndesmoses
Gomphoses
In middle age sutures ossify and fuse
Synostoses
Rigid interlocking joints
Immovable joints for protection of brain
Contain short connective tissue fibers
Allow for growth during youth
Sutures
Bones connected by ligaments
Fiber length and movement vary
Syndesmoses
Peg in socket joints of teeth in alvelolar sockets
Gomphoses
Fibrous connection
Periodontal ligament
Bones united by cartilage
No joint cavity
Not highly movable
Two types
Cartilaginous joints
Two types of cartilaginous joints
Synchodroses
Symphyses
Bar/ plate of hyaline cartilage that unites bones
All are synarthrotic
Synchondroses
Fibrocartilage unites bone
Strong and flexible amphiarthroses
Symphyses
Bones separated by fluid filled joint cavity
All are diarthrotic
Most joints of body
Synovial joints
Six features of synovial joints
Articular cartilage/hyaline Joint cavity Articular joint capsule(2 layers) Synovial fluid Different types of reinforcing ligaments Nerves and blood vessels
What are the two layers of synovial joints
External fibrous layer
Inner synovial membrane
Thickened part of fibrous layer
Capsular
Outside the capsule
Extracapsular
Deep to capsule
Covered by synovial membrane
Intracapsular
For cushioning between fibrous layer and synovial membrane or bone
Fatty pads
Fibrocartilage separates articular surfaces to improve fit of bone ends, stabilize joint, and reduce wear and tear
Articular discs(menisci)
Sacs lined with synovial membrane
Reduce friction where ligaments, muscles, tendons, or bones rub together
Bursae
Elongated bursa wrapped completely around tendon subjected to friction
“Hot dog bun”
Tendon sheaths
Three factors of synovial joints
Shapes of articular surfaces(minor)
Ligament number and location(limited role)
Muscle tendons that cross joint(most important)
Attachment to immovable bone
Origin
Attachment to movable bone
Insertion
Muscle contraction causes insertion to move __________ origin
Toward
Slipping movements only
Nonaxial
Movement in one place
Uniaxial
Movement in two planes
Biaxial
Movement in or around all three planes
Multiaxial
Three types of synovial movement
Gliding
Angular
Rotation
One flat bone surface glides or slips over another similar surface
Ex/ intercarpal, intertarsal joints and between articular processes of vertebrae
Gliding
Increase or decrease angle between two bones Movement along sagittal plane Flexion, extension, hyperextension Movement along frontal plane Addiction and abduction Circumduction
Angular
Decreases the angle of the joint
Flexion
Increases the angle of the joint
Extension
Movement beyond the anatomical position
Hyperextension
Movement away from the midline
Abduction
Movement toward the midline
Adduction
Limb describes vine in space
Circular rotation
Circumduction
Turning of bone around it’s own long axis
Rotation of humerus and femur and axis and atlas
Rotation
Six types of synovial joints
Plane Hinge Pivot Condylar Saddle Ball and socket
Nonaxial movement
Flat articular surfaces
Intercarpal, intertarsal joints and between vertebral articular surfaces
Plane joint
Uniaxial movement
Cylinder and axis
Elbow joints and interphalangeal joints
Hinge joint
Uniaxial movement
Vertical axis and axle and sleeve
Radioulnar joint
Pivot joints
Oval articular surfaces
Biaxial movement
Knuckle and wrist joints
Consular joint
Biaxial movement
Carpometacarpal joints
Saddle joint
Multiaxial movements
Shoulder and hip joints
Ball and socket
Largest most complex joint of body
Three joints surrounded by single joint cavity
Knee joint
Plane joint
Allows for gliding motion during knee flexion
Femoropatellar joint
Femoral condyles with lateral and medial menisci of tibia
Allow flexion, extension and some rotation when knee partly flexed
Lateral and medial tibiofemoral joints
Ball and socket joint
Most freely moving joint in body
Reinforcing muscle tendons
Four rotator cuff tendons encircle it
Shoulder joint
Four rotator cuffs
Subscapularis
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Articulation of radius and ulna with humerus
Hinge joint
Elbow joint
Ball and socket joint
Good range of motion but limited by the deep socket
Hip joint
Rim of fibrocartilage
Acetabular labrum
Mandibular anodyne articulates with temporal bone
Hinge and gliding
Most easily dislocated joint in boy
TMJ
AKA temporimadibular joint
Due to compression and stress
Fragments may cause joint to lock or bind
Cartilage rarely repairs itself
Repaired with arthroscopic surgery
Cartilage tears
Reinforcing ligaments stretched or torn
Partial tears slowly repair (poor vascularization)
Three options
Sprains
Three options for sprains
Ends sewn together
Replaces with grafts
Time and immobilization
Bones forced out of alignment
Accompanied by sprains and inflammation
Caused by serious falls or contact sports
Must be reduced to treat
Dislocations aka luxations
Partial dislocation of a joint
Subluxation
Inflammation of bursa
Treated with rest and ice
Bursitis
Inflammation of tendon sheaths due to overuse
Tendonitis
100 types of inflammatory or degenerative diseases that damage joints
Most widespread disease in us
Symptoms/ pain stiffness and swelling of joint
Caused by bacteria
Arthritis
Common irreversible degenerative arthritis
Osteoarthritis
Chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease More women than men Usually between 30 and 50 Symptoms/ joint pain, swelling, muscle weakness Synovial fluid accumulates
Rheumatoid arthritis
More common in men
Deposition of Utica acid crystals in joints
Joint at base of big toe
If untreated, bone ends fuse and immobilize joint
Gouty arthritis
Caused by bacteria from tick bites
Symptoms/ skin rash, flu symptoms, foggy thinking
May lead to joint pain and arthritis
Lyme disease