Ch 15 Endocrine Flashcards by Christina Stafstrom

Study of hormones and endocrine organs

endocrinoogy

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Produce hormones

Lack ducts

endocrine

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Nonhormonal substances (sweat, saliva)
Have ducts to carry secretion to membrane surface

exocrine

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endocrine glands

pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal glands

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Some have exocrine and endocrine functions

pancreas, gonads, placenta

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long-distance chemical signals; travel in blood or lymph

hormones

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chemicals that exert effects on same cells that secrete them

autocrines

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locally acting chemicals that affect cells other than those that secrete them

paracrines

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two main classes of hormones

amino acid and steroids

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posterior pituitary

neural tissue

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anterior pituitary

glandular

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stores ADH and oxytocin

posterior pituitary

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Strong stimulant of uterine contraction
Released during childbirth
Hormonal trigger for milk ejection
Acts as neurotransmitter in brain

oxytocin

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Inhibits or prevents urine formation
Regulates water balance
Targets kidney tubules  reabsorb more water
Release also triggered by pain, low blood pressure, and drugs
Inhibited by alcohol, diuretics
High concentrations  vasoconstriction

ADH

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ADH deficiency due to hypothalamus or posterior pituitary damage
Must keep well-hydrated

diabetes insipidus

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Retention of fluid, headache, disorientation

Fluid restriction; blood sodium level monitoring

SIADH

anterior pituitary hormones

Growth hormone (GH)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or thyrotropin
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Prolactin (PRL)

In children results in gigantism

In adults results in acromegaly

hypersecretion

In children results in pituitary dwarfism

hyposecretion

Mediates growth via growth-promoting proteins
stimulate:
Uptake of nutrients  DNA and proteins
Formation of collagen and deposition of bone matrix

IGFs

Produced by somatotropic cells

Direct actions on metabolism

growth hormone

Secreted by corticotropic cells of anterior pituitary

Stimulates adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids

ACTH

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

gonadotropins

stimulates gamete (egg or sperm) production

FSH

promotes production of gonadal hormones

Secreted by prolactin cells of anterior pituitary Stimulates milk production Role in males not well understood

prolactin

Two lateral lobes connected by median mass called

isthmus

produce the hormone calcitonin

parafollicular cells

Major metabolic hormone Increases metabolic rate and heat production (calorigenic effect) Regulation of tissue growth and development Maintenence of blood pressure

thyroid hormone

hyposecretion of TH in adults

myxedema and goiter

hyposecretion of TH in infants

cretinism

hypersecretion of TH

graves disease

Produced by parafollicular (C) cells | Antagonist to parathyroid hormone (PTH)

calcitonin

nervous tissue; part of sympathetic nervous system

adrenal medulla

three layers of glandular tissue that synthesize and secrete corticosteroids

adrenal cortex

layers of adrenal cortex and what they each produce

Zona glomerulosa—mineralocorticoids Zona fasciculata—glucocorticoids Zona reticularis—gonadocorticoids

synthesize epinephrine (80%) and norepinephrine (20%)

Medullary chromaffin cells

hypersecretion of adrenal medulla

Hyperglycemia, increased metabolic rate, rapid heartbeat and palpitations, hypertension, intense nervousness, sweating

hyposecretion of adrenal medulla

Not problematic | Adrenal catecholamines not essential to life