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Anatomy And Pysiology > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

characteristics of connective tissue

A

1 mesenchyme 2 varying degrees of vascularity 3 extracellular matrix

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2
Q

structural elements of connective tissue

A

1 ground substance 2 fibers 3 cells

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3
Q

Unstructured material that fills space between cells

A

ground substance

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4
Q

three types of fibers

A

collagen, elastic, reticular

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5
Q

Strongest and most abundant type

Tough; provides high tensile strength

A

collagen

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6
Q

Networks of long, thin, fibers that allow for stretch and recoil

A

elastic

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7
Q

Short, fine, highly branched collagenous fibers (different chemistry and form than collagen fibers)
Branch, forming networks that offer more “give”

A

reticular

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8
Q

types of cells

A

blasts and cytes

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9
Q

Immature form; mitotically active; secrete ground substance and fibers

A

blast

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10
Q

Mature form; maintain matrix

A

cyte

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11
Q

Specialized nerve cells that generate and conduct nerve impulses

A

neurons

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12
Q

Supporting cells that support, insulate, and protect neurons

A

neuroglia

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13
Q

Skin
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium (epidermis) attached to a thick layer of connective tissue (dermis)
Dry membrane

A

cutaneous membrane

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14
Q

indicates location not cell composition

Line body cavities open to the exterior

A

mucous membrane

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15
Q

found in closed ventral body cavity
Simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium) resting on thin areolar connective tissue
moist membrane

A

serous membrane

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16
Q

tissue repair stages

A

1 inflammation 2 organization restores blood supply 3 regeneration and fibrosis

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17
Q

Connective tissue replaces destroyed tissue

Original function lost

A

fibrosis

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18
Q

Same kind of tissue replaces destroyed tissue

Original function restored

A

regeneration

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19
Q 
(main cell type)
Produce fibrous protein keratin
Most cells of epidermis
Tightly connected by desmosomes
When die, look scalelike
A

keratinocytes

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20
Q

10-25 %of cells in deepest epidermis
Produce pigment melanin – packaged into melanosomes
Protect apical surface of keratinocyte nucleus from UV damage

A

melanocytes

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21
Q

arise from bone marrow

Macrophages – key activators of immune system

A

dendritic/langerhans

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22
Q

Sensory touch receptors

A

tactile/merkel

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23
Q 
prickly layer
Several layers thick
Cells contain web-like system of intermediate prekeratin filaments attached to desmosomes
Abundant melanosomes and dendritic cells
Look like iron spiked balls
Mostly keratincytes
A

stratum spinosum

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24
Q 
Thin – three to five cell layers 
Cell appearance changes
Cells flatten
Nuclei and organelles disintegrate
Keratinization begins
Cells accumulate keratohyaline granules
Help form keratin in upper layers
Cell accumulate lamellar granules
Their water-resistant glycolipid slows water loss
Cells above this layer die
A

stratum granulosum

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25
Q

clear layer
Only in thick skin
Thin, translucent band superficial to the stratum granulosum
A few rows of flat, dead keratinocytes

A

stratum lucidum

26
Q

20–30 rows of dead, flat, anucleate keratinized membranous sacs
Three-quarters of epidermal thickness
Though dead, its cells have functions of protection
horny layer

A

corneum

27
Q 
Areolar connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers and blood vessels
Loose tissue
Phagocytes can patrol for microorganisms
Dermal papillae
Superficial peglike projections
A

papillary layer

28
Q

~80% of dermal thickness
Dense fibrous connective tissue
Elastic fibers provide stretch-recoil properties
Collagen fibers

A

reticular layer

29
Q

Also called sudoriferous glands
All skin surfaces except nipples and parts of external genitalia
~3 million per person
Two main types

A

sweat glands

30
Q

Widely distributed
Not in thick skin of palms and soles
Most develop from hair follicles and secrete into hair follicles
Relatively inactive until puberty
Stimulated by hormones, especially androgens
Secrete sebum
sebaceous

A

oil glands

31
Q 
Most numerous
Abundant on palms, soles, and forehead
Ducts connect to pores
Function in thermoregulation
Regulated by sympathetic nervous system
Their secretion is sweat(filtration of blood)
A

eccrine

32
Q

Confined to axillary and anogenital areas
Sweat + fatty substances + proteins
Viscous; milky or yellowish
Odorless until bacterial interaction  body odor
Larger sweat glands
Ducts empty into hair follicles
Begin functioning at puberty

A

apocrine

33
Q

functions of integumentary

A 
Protection
Body temperature regulation
Cutaneous sensation
Metabolic functions
Blood reservoir
Excretion
34
Q

Least malignant; most common
Stratum basale cells proliferate and slowly invade dermis and hypodermis
Cured by surgical excision in 99% of cases

A

basal cell carcinoma

35
Q

Second most common type
Involves keratinocytes of stratum spinosum
Usually scaly reddened papule on scalp, ears, lower lip, and hands
Does metastasize
Good prognosis if treated by radiation therapy or removed surgically

A

squamous cell carcinoma

36
Q

Cancer of melanocytes
Most dangerous
Highly metastatic and resistant to chemotherapy
Treated by wide surgical excision accompanied by immunotherapy
Key to survival is early detection – ABCD rule

A

melanoma

37
Q

immediate threat of burns is

A

Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance

38
Q

Provides support, flexibility, and resilience
Collagen fibers only; most abundant type
Articular, costal, respiratory, nasal cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage

39
Q

Similar to hyaline cartilage, but contains elastic fibers

External ear and epiglottis

A

elastic cartilage

40
Q

Thick collagen fibers—has great tensile strength

Menisci of knee; vertebral discs

A

fibrocartilage

41
Q

Chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix, expanding cartilage from within

A

interstitial growth

42
Q

Cells secrete matrix against external face of existing cartilage

A

appositional growth

43
Q

Long axis of body
Skull, vertebral column, rib cage
Protection and support

A

axial skeleton

44
Q

Bones of upper and lower limbs
Girdles attaching limbs to axial skeleton
movement

A

appendicular skeleton

45
Q

Longer than they are wide

Limb but not wrist or ankle bones

A

long bones

46
Q

Cube-shaped bones (in wrist and ankle)
Sesamoid bones (within tendons, e.g., Patella)
Vary in size and number in different individuals

A

short bones

47
Q

Thin, flat, slightly curved

Sternum, scapulae, ribs, most skull bones

A

flat bones

48
Q

Complicated shapes

Vertebrae, coxal bones

A

irregular bones

49
Q

seven functions of bones

A 
Support
Protection
Movement
Mineral and growth factor storage
Blood cell formation
Triglyceride (fat) storage
Hormone production
50
Q

Bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage Bones called cartilage
bones
Forms most of skeleton

A

endochondral ossification

51
Q

Bone develops from fibrous membrane
Bones called membrane bones
Forms flat bones, e.g. clavicles and cranial
bones

A

intramembranous ossification

52
Q

Three functional classifications of joints

A

synarthroses, amphiarthroses, diarthroses

53
Q

three structural classifications of joints

A

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

54
Q

Bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue
 No joint cavity
 Most synarthrotic (immovable)
three types

A

fibrous

55
Q

three types of fibrous

A

sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses

56
Q

 Bones united by cartilage  No joint cavity  Not highly movable

A

cartilaginous joints

57
Q

separated by a joint cavity
diarthrotic
most joints in body

A

synovial

58
Q

six features of synovial joints

A

1 articular cartilage 2 joint cavity 3 articular capsule 4 synovial fluid 5 different ligaments 6 nerves and blood vessels

59
Q

Sacs lined with synovial membrane
 Contain synovial fluid
 Reduce friction where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or
bones rub togethe

A

bursae

60
Q

Elongated bursa wrapped completely around tendon subjected

to friction

A

tendon sheaths

61
Q

three natural factors that stabilize synovial joints

A

shapes of of articular surfaces (minor role)  Ligament number and location (limited role)  Muscle tendons that cross joint (most important)

Anatomy And Pysiology (20 decks)

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