Final Exam Flashcards by Christina Stafstrom

characteristics of connective tissue

1 mesenchyme 2 varying degrees of vascularity 3 extracellular matrix

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structural elements of connective tissue

1 ground substance 2 fibers 3 cells

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Unstructured material that fills space between cells

ground substance

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three types of fibers

collagen, elastic, reticular

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Strongest and most abundant type

Tough; provides high tensile strength

collagen

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Networks of long, thin, fibers that allow for stretch and recoil

elastic

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Short, fine, highly branched collagenous fibers (different chemistry and form than collagen fibers)
Branch, forming networks that offer more “give”

reticular

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types of cells

blasts and cytes

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Immature form; mitotically active; secrete ground substance and fibers

blast

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Mature form; maintain matrix

cyte

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Specialized nerve cells that generate and conduct nerve impulses

neurons

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Supporting cells that support, insulate, and protect neurons

neuroglia

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Skin
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium (epidermis) attached to a thick layer of connective tissue (dermis)
Dry membrane

cutaneous membrane

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indicates location not cell composition

Line body cavities open to the exterior

mucous membrane

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found in closed ventral body cavity
Simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium) resting on thin areolar connective tissue
moist membrane

serous membrane

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tissue repair stages

1 inflammation 2 organization restores blood supply 3 regeneration and fibrosis

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Connective tissue replaces destroyed tissue

Original function lost

fibrosis

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Same kind of tissue replaces destroyed tissue

Original function restored

regeneration

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(main cell type)
Produce fibrous protein keratin
Most cells of epidermis
Tightly connected by desmosomes
When die, look scalelike

keratinocytes

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10-25 %of cells in deepest epidermis
Produce pigment melanin – packaged into melanosomes
Protect apical surface of keratinocyte nucleus from UV damage

melanocytes

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arise from bone marrow

Macrophages – key activators of immune system

dendritic/langerhans

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Sensory touch receptors

tactile/merkel

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prickly layer
Several layers thick
Cells contain web-like system of intermediate prekeratin filaments attached to desmosomes
Abundant melanosomes and dendritic cells
Look like iron spiked balls
Mostly keratincytes

stratum spinosum

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Thin – three to five cell layers 
Cell appearance changes
Cells flatten
Nuclei and organelles disintegrate
Keratinization begins
Cells accumulate keratohyaline granules
Help form keratin in upper layers
Cell accumulate lamellar granules
Their water-resistant glycolipid slows water loss
Cells above this layer die

stratum granulosum

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clear layer Only in thick skin Thin, translucent band superficial to the stratum granulosum A few rows of flat, dead keratinocytes

stratum lucidum

20–30 rows of dead, flat, anucleate keratinized membranous sacs Three-quarters of epidermal thickness Though dead, its cells have functions of protection horny layer

corneum

``` Areolar connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers and blood vessels Loose tissue Phagocytes can patrol for microorganisms Dermal papillae Superficial peglike projections ```

papillary layer

~80% of dermal thickness Dense fibrous connective tissue Elastic fibers provide stretch-recoil properties Collagen fibers

reticular layer

Also called sudoriferous glands All skin surfaces except nipples and parts of external genitalia ~3 million per person Two main types

sweat glands

Widely distributed Not in thick skin of palms and soles Most develop from hair follicles and secrete into hair follicles Relatively inactive until puberty Stimulated by hormones, especially androgens Secrete sebum sebaceous

oil glands

``` Most numerous Abundant on palms, soles, and forehead Ducts connect to pores Function in thermoregulation Regulated by sympathetic nervous system Their secretion is sweat(filtration of blood) ```

eccrine

Confined to axillary and anogenital areas Sweat + fatty substances + proteins Viscous; milky or yellowish Odorless until bacterial interaction  body odor Larger sweat glands Ducts empty into hair follicles Begin functioning at puberty

apocrine

functions of integumentary

``` Protection Body temperature regulation Cutaneous sensation Metabolic functions Blood reservoir Excretion ```

Least malignant; most common Stratum basale cells proliferate and slowly invade dermis and hypodermis Cured by surgical excision in 99% of cases

basal cell carcinoma

Second most common type Involves keratinocytes of stratum spinosum Usually scaly reddened papule on scalp, ears, lower lip, and hands Does metastasize Good prognosis if treated by radiation therapy or removed surgically

squamous cell carcinoma

Cancer of melanocytes Most dangerous Highly metastatic and resistant to chemotherapy Treated by wide surgical excision accompanied by immunotherapy Key to survival is early detection – ABCD rule

melanoma

immediate threat of burns is

Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance

Provides support, flexibility, and resilience Collagen fibers only; most abundant type Articular, costal, respiratory, nasal cartilage

hyaline cartilage

Similar to hyaline cartilage, but contains elastic fibers | External ear and epiglottis

elastic cartilage

Thick collagen fibers—has great tensile strength | Menisci of knee; vertebral discs

fibrocartilage

Chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix, expanding cartilage from within

interstitial growth

Cells secrete matrix against external face of existing cartilage

appositional growth

Long axis of body Skull, vertebral column, rib cage Protection and support

axial skeleton

Bones of upper and lower limbs Girdles attaching limbs to axial skeleton movement

appendicular skeleton

Longer than they are wide | Limb but not wrist or ankle bones

long bones

Cube-shaped bones (in wrist and ankle) Sesamoid bones (within tendons, e.g., Patella) Vary in size and number in different individuals

short bones

Thin, flat, slightly curved | Sternum, scapulae, ribs, most skull bones

flat bones

Complicated shapes | Vertebrae, coxal bones

irregular bones

seven functions of bones

``` Support Protection Movement Mineral and growth factor storage Blood cell formation Triglyceride (fat) storage Hormone production ```

Bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage Bones called cartilage bones Forms most of skeleton

endochondral ossification

Bone develops from fibrous membrane Bones called membrane bones Forms flat bones, e.g. clavicles and cranial bones

intramembranous ossification

Three functional classifications of joints

synarthroses, amphiarthroses, diarthroses

three structural classifications of joints

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

Bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue  No joint cavity  Most synarthrotic (immovable) three types

fibrous

three types of fibrous

sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses

 Bones united by cartilage  No joint cavity  Not highly movable

cartilaginous joints

separated by a joint cavity diarthrotic most joints in body

synovial

six features of synovial joints

1 articular cartilage 2 joint cavity 3 articular capsule 4 synovial fluid 5 different ligaments 6 nerves and blood vessels

Sacs lined with synovial membrane  Contain synovial fluid  Reduce friction where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub togethe

bursae

Elongated bursa wrapped completely around tendon subjected | to friction

tendon sheaths

three natural factors that stabilize synovial joints

shapes of of articular surfaces (minor role)  Ligament number and location (limited role)  Muscle tendons that cross joint (most important)