Pozzulo- Psych, Method, Sample

Question 1

What are false memories?

Answer 1

A stored peice of info a person assumes to be accurate. BUT is later changed and influenced by later additional, untrue info.

Question 2

Encoding

Answer 2

The initial reception of information

Question 3

Storage

Answer 3

Maintaining info over time

Question 4

Retrieval

Answer 4

Accessing info when we need it

Question 5

Eye witness testimony

Answer 5

Evidence submitted by an individual who has witnessed a crime

Question 6

Target present

Answer 6

The culprit is in the lineup

Question 7

Target absent

Answer 7

The culprit is not in the line up

Question 8

Foil

Answer 8

Photos of other people who aren’t the target

Question 9

Lineup

Answer 9

A witness is shown a line of people or photo arrays and is asked to identify the culprit

Question 10

False positive response

Answer 10

Giving a positive but incorrect answer to a question

Question 11

Social and cognitive factors

Answer 11

The study investigated the effect of a number of social factors on decision making when the level of cognitive demand was varied.

Question 12

Simultaneous array

Answer 12

Array of photographs of people comprised of suspects and fillers.

Question 13

Silhouette

Answer 13

Empty box that symbolised (target absent)

Question 14

Foil

Answer 14

Photos of other people who weren’t the target

Question 15

Photo arrays

Answer 15

Legal procedure used to discover or confirm the identity of a suspect by presenting photographs to an eye witness

Question 16

Background of the study

Answer 16

There are cognitive factors that can lead to errors in decision making in children.
1. Earlier research showed children are less likely than adults to say “idk” in response to a question. Even if they know this response is allowed.
2. Children are more likely that adults to identify an innocent person in a line up (false positive response)

Question 17

Background of the study (Social effects)

Answer 17

The study focuses on a number of social factors that can affect a child’s decision making especially when the level of cognitive demand was varied. Children are more likely to make incorrect decisions based on:
1. They think they must make a selection/choice
2. Children are likely to view adults as authority figures and are more likely to comply
3. Children feel more pressured to give a response to avoid getting in trouble

Question 18

What would be a cognitively easy task?

Answer 18

Making a selection when the culprit is familiar to the child (like a carton character)

Question 19

What would be a cognitively difficult task?

Answer 19

Making a selection when the culprit is not in the line up/ unfamiliar

Question 20

Background- social and cognitive factors

Answer 20

There are cognitive and social factors that can lead to errors in decision making in children. This effect is compounded when the children are
faced with a cognitively difficult tasks, as children rely more on certain social factors (than adults) and are more prone to mistakes.

Question 21

What is the overall aim of the study?

Answer 21

Faced with a cognitively difficult task
(where the target is absent from the line up) children may rely more heavily on social factors and will make more mistakes than adults. Their aim was to test 4 predictions.

Question 22

Name the 4 aims of the study

Answer 22

1. Children will be as good as adults at identifying cartoon faces in target present line ups
2. Children will be worse than adults at recognising human faces in target present line ups
3. Children will be worse than adults at rejecting cartoon faces in target absent line ups
4. Children will be worse than adults at rejecting human faces in target absent line ups

Question 23

Research method

Answer 23

Lab experiment
2 experimental designs
IV 1: Children vs adults IMD
IV 2: Line up type/ varied level of cognitive demand RMD

Question 24

How was data collected?

Answer 24

The children’s response: Given by pointing (recorded by experimenter)
The adults response: Recorded their responses on a sheet

Question 25

Sample (children)

Answer 25

59
21F/ 38 M
4-7 y/o (4.98)
Opportunity sample: Recruited from the kindergarten/ pre-kindergarten classes in Canada (private school)

Question 26

Adults (sample)

Answer 26

53
36F/ 17M
17-30 (mean- 20.54)
Opportunity sample: recruited from the IPPP (intro psychology ppt pool) at a university .

Question 27

Name the materials used? Generally

Answer 27

Videos
Photoarrays

Question 28

Describe the video/ photo arrays used in the human face target condition.

Answer 28

Videos:
Two 6 seconds clips.
2-3 seconds of the targets face
Filmed of routine tasks (brushing hair/putting in coat)
No colour, no sound

Photo arrays
2 human targets
Wearing different clothes
4 foils (to): 1 target
Chosen by 3 raters to look similar in appearance.
Cropped form shoulders up

Question 29

Describe the human face targets

Answer 29

2 white students

Question 30

Describe the video/ photo arrays used in the cartoon face target condition.

Answer 30

Videos:
Two 6 seconds clips.
2-3 seconds showing targets face
DORA talking to audiences
Go Diego Go putting on gloves
No sound, with colour

Photo arrays

Question 31

Psychologically being investigated

Answer 31

1. False memories
2. The social and cognitive factors that can affect a child’s decision making process
3. Eye witness identification

Question 32

Psychology being investigated- eyewitness identification

Answer 32

Critical area in the legal procedures regarding their reliability and accuracy. The process of identifying a suspect form a line up can be complex and depends on memory, perception and stress.

Question 33

Psychology being investigated- social vs cognitive factors

Answer 33

Cognitive factors- include a persons ability to accurately recall and recognise faces/details from a memory.

Social factors- influences of socially context and pressure on decision making

Question 34

Cognitions

Answer 34

Metal processes involved in language, perception, and memory.