HASSET ET AL (RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS)

Question 1

Mean FREQUENCIES with each toy (males)

Answer 1

Wheeled= 9.77

Plush= 2.06

MALES SIG PREFERRED TO PLAY WITH WHEELED TOYS THAN PLUSH TOYS.

Question 2

Mean FREQUENCIES with each toy (females)

Answer 2

Wheeled=
6.96

Plush=
7.97

FEMALES: SHOWED NO SIG PREFERENCE FOR PLUSH TOYS OVER WHEELED TOYS. (But did prefer the plushy slightly more)

Question 3

Mean DURATION with each toy (males)

Answer 3

Wheeled= 4.76

Plush= 0.53

MALES: INTERACTION DURATION WAS SIG LONGER WITH WHEELED TOYS THAN PLUSH TOYS.

Question 4

Mean DURATION for each toy (females)

Answer 4

WHEELED= 1.27

PLUSH= 1.49

FEMALES: SHOWED NO SIG PREFERENCE FOR PLUSH TOYS OVER WHEELED TOYS.

Question 5

What is a magnitude of preference?

Answer 5

• was calculated for sex typical toys and for all monkeys.

(Similar calculations were made for total duration)

Question 6

Magnitude of preference- equations

Answer 6

MALES:
Total frequency (wheeled) - total frequency (plush)

FEMALES: The inverse

Question 7

Results/ Conclusions for the magnitude of preference.

Answer 7

• Males had a HIGHER MOP frequency score than females.
• Males had higher MOP duration score than females.

Question 8

Discuss any SIGNIFICANT RESULTS MADE

Answer 8

PREFERENCES: Males SIG preferred to play with wheeled toys than plush toys.

RANK DIFFERENCES: There were rank differences between the females ONLY. Rank SIG positively correlated with interaction frequency for both types of toys.

(Higher the rank=more likely to interact with both toys/other monkeys gave more allowance)

Question 9

Results for sex differences between monkeys and human children.

Answer 9

1. BOTH the monkeys and human children showed gender differences.

Males= preferred masculine toys. Females= preferred feminine toys.

2. Both the monkey and human males- preferences were more marked than for females.

Question 10

Overall conclusions

Answer 10

MALES: BOTH had a strong preference for masculine-type toys ( wheeled)

FEMALES: BOTH more varied in their toy preferences.

Question 11

Biological explanations/ conclusions

Answer 11

The findings support a biological explanation for toy preferences because….

1. These preferences can develop in the absence of socialisation
2. Only hormonal differences can be responsible (result) for differences in development in monkeys.

Question 12

Biological X social explanations/ conclusions

Answer 12

Biological driven differences could interact with social pressures.

These social differences/ pressures would reinforce a pre-existing biological tendency for toy preferences.

(Boys- masculine choices
Girls- remain more varied)