DEMENT AND KLIETMAN (Methods/procedures)

Question 1

Initial stage
Arrival, rules, setting, materials, timing

Answer 1

Arrival: Ppts reported to the lab before their personal bedtimes .

Rules: Day prior to the study, ppts couldn’t drink alcohol or caffeine.

Setting: They slept in a dark quiet room.
Materials: they were fitted with an EOG electrode near their eye and EEG electrodes at the scalp. Wires were gathered into ponytail to allow freedom of movement. Doorbell used to awoken all ppts at from REM/NREM

Ppts always returned to sleep within 5 mins

Question 2

QUESTION 1: Does dream recall differ between REM and NREM stages of sleep. (PROCEDURE)

Answer 2

1) PPTS were either awoken during REM/NREM but were not told which. The choice of how and when they would be woken up was decided in different ways

2) RANDOM NUMBER TABLE: 2 PPTS were woken according to the table.
RANDOM CHOICE: 1 ppts was woken on the whim of the experimenter.
RANDOM GROUPS: 1 ppts were was woken during 3 REM and NREM periods. Awoken using an doorbell next to the bed.
3) AFTER BEING AWOKEN: PPTS stated whether they dreamt or not. Describe the dream content into a tape recorder (next to the bed) The experimenter would occasionally enter the room to ask further questions about the dream.

Question 3

QUESTION 1: Does dream recall differ between REM and NREAM stages of sleep. (Results)

Answer 3

REM: Awakening from REM resulted in dream recall of 79.6%.

NREM: Awakenings from NREM resulted in dream recall of 7%.

Differences in dream recollection were marked at the end of the NREM period with only 6 dream recall/132 awakenings.

Ppts tended to describe feelings but not specific dreams content.

Question 4

QUESTION 1- (Conclusions)

Answer 4

REM
1) PPTS recalled dreams frequently during REM awakenings but rarely in NREM awakenings.
2) Dreaming probably occurs only during REM
NREM
1) Dreaming recalled from NREM are mostly likely being recalled from previous REM stages.

Question 5

Question 1 - methodology

Answer 5

Repeated measures design
Natural experiment
IV= REM/ NREM keep
DV= Whether a dream was recalled

Question 6

Question 2: Is there a positive correlation between subjective estimates of dream duration and the lengths of REM period before waking?
Procedure

Answer 6

1) PPTS were woken either 5/15 mins after REM began. Asked to estimate dream duration between 2 options (5/15mins)
2) Dream content and length of the narrative (words) were correlated with REM sleep duration.

Question 7

Question 2: Is there a positive correlation between subjective estimates of dream duration and the lengths of REM period before waking?
Results

Answer 7

PPTS were mostly accurate in their dream duration estimations.
1) 88% of trials= ppts estimated 5 mins correctly.
78% of trials ppts estimated 15 mins

2) There was a significant positive correlation between REM duration X (number of words in a) dream narrative. (R=0.71)

Question 8

Question 2: Is there a positive correlation between subjective estimates of dream duration and REM duration?
Conclusions

Answer 8

Ppts can judge the length of dreams duration accurately. Thus dreams are not instantaneous events but are experienced in real time.

Question 9

Question 2- methodology

Answer 9

RMD
Correlational study

Co variable 1 = Dream duration
Co variable 2= REM duration

Question 10

Question 3: Are eye movements patterns related to dream content (procedure)

Answer 10

1) Ppts were woken as soon as 1 of 4 eye movement patterns were detected on EOG for a min
2) Then they were asked what they had been dreaming about.
3) Comparison EEG records were taken from ppts who were awake and were asked to watch distant/ close up activity.

Question 11

Question 3: Are eye movements patterns related to dream content (results)

Answer 11

Periods of Mainly Vertical/horizontal eye movements were rare.

Eye movement patterns compared to control showed similarities in EEG readings.

Question 12

Mainly vertical eye movement

Answer 12

Standing at the bottom of a tall cliff operating a hoist.
Climbing a series of ladders, looking up and down as he climbed.

Question 13

Mainly horizontal eye movement

Answer 13

Watching 2 ppl throw tomatoes at each other.

Question 14

V + H eye movement (mixed)

Answer 14

Associated with looking at objects or people close to them. Talking to a group of people. Fighting with someone.

Question 15

Non little eye movements

Answer 15

Watching something at a distance or staring at an object
Driving a car and staring at the road ahead. He approached the road junction and was startled by a car appearing suddenly to his left

Question 16

Question3- are eye movement patterns related to dream content (conclusions)

Answer 16

Eye movements during REM sleep correspond to where/what the dreamer is looking at in the dream.

Thus rapid eye movements are not caused by activation of the CNS (not random) but are related to dream imagery.

Question 17

Question 3- method

Answer 17

Natural experiment
Self reports were compared to direction of eye movements

Question 18

How was the mean sleep cycle calculated?

Answer 18

Total sleep cycle in mins + every complete sleep cycle.

Question 19

What type of study was the Dement and Kleitman study?

Answer 19

Lab experiment
Data was collected with self report measures (recorder)

Question 20

Describe the sample

Answer 20

7 males
2 females

(5 studied in detail/ 4 were used to confirm these results TSA)

Question 21

Materials used?

Answer 21

Sleep lab
EOG
EEG
Doorbell
Tape recorder

Question 22

What is the studies aim?

Answer 22

1. To investigate whether dream recall differs between REM and NREM sleep stages.
2. Whether there is a positive correlation between subjective estimates of dream duration and rem duration before waking
3. Whether eye movement patterns related to dream content

Question 23

Describe the procedure from when the ppts arrived at the lab until the ppts fell asleep for the 1st time.

Answer 23

• ppts were told to eat normal and refrain from caffeine/alcohol that day.
• Each ppt had 2+ electrodes placed near their eyes.
• 2 or 3 electrodes placed on the scalp.
• ppts went to bed in a quite, dark room

Question 24

Why did the researchers use EEGs to measure brain activity?

Answer 24

• It is a consistent, objective, reliable measure to measure brain activity
  -identify when a person was in REM/NREM sleep

Question 25

Examples of standardisation in the study

Answer 25

-Doorbell used to waken ppt
-How fast the EEG/EOG machines ran
-Recall dream then guess duration of dreaming and narrate dream content

Question 26

Real world application

Answer 26

• EEGs can detect REM/NREM sleep so can be used to diagnose sleep disorders/ problems
• Find a treatment to help with any sleep disorders
• Psychologists can use EEG output to see how their sleep patterns are different from normal sleepers

Question 27

How did researchers initially attempt to measure ppts estimates of REM duration?

Answer 27

• ppts were woken up at different time increments (in REM)
• asked to estimate dream duration to the nearest min.
• no fixed choice

Question 28

EEG can detect…

Answer 28

REM/NREM sleep

Question 29

Name all the controls used in the experiment

Answer 29

1. Door bell
2. experimenter questions only asked when ppts completed the recording, 3. reports not counted if ppts only had a vague impression of a dream with no specific details.
3. Deception (not told about EEG patterns).
4. Ppts would record dreams immediately into recorder.
5. No caffeine/ alcohol.