Possible Oral Questions -> Head/Neck

Question 1

Name at least 10 muscles innervated by the facial nerve

Answer 1

Posterior belly of digastric muscle, stylohyoid, stapedius, orbicularis oculi, orbicularis oris, frontalis, procerus, levator labii superioris, mentalis, platysma, depressor anguli oris, buccinator

Question 2

Name at least 10 muscles innervated by the vagus nerve

Answer 2

Palatoglossus, cricothyroid, posterior cricoarytenoid, vocalis, lateral cricoarytenoid, oblique arytenoid, aryepiglottis, superior constrictor, inferior constrictor, middle constrictor, salpingopharyngeus, palatopharyngeus

Question 3

What is a carotid endarterectomy? What can be injured?

Answer 3

Removal of plaque within internal carotid artery
Injuries: cutaneous nerve of cervical plexus, CN IX (dysphagia, diminished gag reflex), CN X (hoarseness»dysphagia, diminished gag reflex), CN XI (weakness shrugging shoulder), CN XII (tongue paralysis), ansa cervicalis (difficultly stabilizing hyoid), sympathetic trunk (Horner Syndrome (FPAM))

Question 4

Name all the muscles transversed during a subclavian venipuncture. What is at risk?

Answer 4

Skin, superficial fascia, investing fascia, infrahyoid fascia, carotid sheath
At risk: vagus nerve, common carotid artery

Question 5

Name all the branches of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve. Which one passes through the ciliary ganglion?

Answer 5

V1 -> nasociliary, frontal (supratrochlear & supraorbital), lacrimal, short ciliary, long ciliary, posterior ethmoidal, anterior ethmoidal, infratrochlear
Short ciliary passes through

Question 6

Name all the branches of the mandibular division of trigeminal nerve

Answer 6

Auricotemporal, nerve to tensor tympani, nerve to tensor veli palatini, nerves to muscles of mastication, nerve to mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric muscle, inferior alveolar, mental, lingual, and buccal

Question 7

Name all the neck muscles, and their innervations

Answer 7

Thyrohyoid -> C1 via hypoglossal
Sternohyoid, sternothyroid, omohyoid -> ansa cervicalis
Anterior belly of digastric, mylohyoid -> V3
Posterior belly of digastric, stylohyoid -> VII
Geniohyoid -> c1 via hypoglossal

Question 8

List all the sensory ganglia and their cell body type. Then, list all the parasympathetic ganglia and their cell body type.

Answer 8

Sensory -> pseudonipolar bodies
Trigeminal, geniculate, superior and inferior ganglia of CN IX, superior and inferior ganglia of CN X
Parasympathetic -> multipolar/stellate cell bodies
Ciliary, otic, pterygopalatine, submandibular

Question 9

What would the signs and symptoms be for a tumor near the internal acoustic meatus? What two cranial nerves are involved?

Answer 9

CN VII & VIII are impacted
Dry eye, hearing issues, dizziness, cannot smile, cannot wrinkle nose, dry mouth, cannot lift eyebrows, eye pain, Crocodile Tears Syndrome, Bell’s phenomenon

Question 10

What runs through the cavernous sinus? What occurs?

Answer 10

CN III, IV, V1, V2, VI, internal carotid plexus, internal carotid artery
Impingement of extraocular eye muscles, loss of sensation on the forehead, above the upper lip

Question 11

What are the branches of the external carotid artery?
Follow up: What artery comes off of the superior thyroid? What is its running buddy?

Answer 11

Superior thyroid
Lingual
Facial
Maxillary
Superficial temporal
Posterior auricular
Occipital
Ascending pharyngeal
Branch of superior thyroid -> superior laryngeal
Runnin buddy: internal laryngeal nerve

Question 12

What are the three running buddies we have discussed in the lab? What can occur if those nerves are injured?

Answer 12

Superior laryngeal artery -> internal laryngeal nerve
S/S: aspiration of food, since it provides sensation above the vocal cord, parasympathetics
Superior thyroid artery -> external laryngeal nerve
S/S: paralysis of cricothyroid & inferior constrictor-> monotone tone
Inferior thyroid artery -> recurrent laryngeal nerve
S/S: hoarseness, paralysis of laryngeal muscles except for cricothyroid

Question 13

What are the muscular derivatives of the first pharyngeal arch? What are they innervated by?

Answer 13

Muscles of mastication (masseter, temporalis, lateral pterygoid, medial pterygoid), anterior belly of digastric muscle, mylohyoid, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini
Innervated by cranial nerve V -> trigeminal nerve, mandibular division

Question 14

What are the muscular derivatives of the second pharyngeal arch? What are they innervated by?

Answer 14

Muscles of facial expression (orbicularis oculi, buccinator, depressor anguli oris, procerus, levator labii superioris, orbicularis oris), stapedius, stylohyoid, posterior belly of the digastric muscle
Innervated by cranial nerve VII -> facial nerve

Question 15

What are the five branches of the facial nerve? What do they innervate? What axons are present?

Answer 15

Temporal
Zygomatic
Buccal
Marginal branch of mandibular
Cervical
Innervates muscle of facial expression, posterior belly of digastric, and stylohyoid
Axon types: GSE/SVE

Question 16

Name the four branches off of the subclavian artery.
Name the branches of the thyrocervical trunk and costocervical trunk

Answer 16

Branches of subclavian: internal thoracic, vertebral, thyrocervical trunk, costocervical trunk
Thyrocervical trunk branches: inferior thyroid, transverse cervical, and dorsal scapular
Costocervical trunk: supreme intercostals and deep cervical