Portugal Flashcards
Historians believe that wine in Portugal was made in the ____ and ____ Valleys as far back as ____BCE, with vines planted by the ____, who originated from what is now Andalusia, Spain
Tagus and Sado Valleys
As far back as 2000 BCE, with vines planted by the Tartessians, who originated from what is now Andalusia, Spain
What was the name of the treaty between England and Portugal signed in 1386?
What was the name of the more recent treaty signed in 1703?
Portugal had an alliance with England for many years - why was this relationship so important?
Treaty of Windsor
The Methuen Treaty
Through several centuries of on-off wars with France, the UK turned to Portugal when France forbade supplies or taxed at punitive rates
Name some key events in the 19th / early 20th century that negatively impacted the Portuguese wine industry
Peninsular war
Portuguese Civil War
French and Spanish wines become more sought after
Phylloxera in 1867
Installation of dictator Salazar in 1932-1972
Explain how Antonio de Oliveira Salazar’s government did little to promote quality wine production in Portugal during his time in power (1932-1972)
Co-ops were given preferential rights
More than 100 co-ops were founded in 50s and 60s
These were badly equipped and run
They produced high volumes of low quality wine
This tarnished Portugal’s reputation
Name the two most successful branded wines produced in Portugal during the 40s
Mateus Rosé
Lancers Rosé
What two events in the second half of the 20th century signalled the start of a new era in Portugal?
The Carnation Revolution (signalling the return to democracy) in the mid 70s
Accession to the EU (1986)
What effect did Portugal’s return to democracy and accession to the EU have on wine production?
- Restrictions on trade and production ceased
- Low interest loans and grants encouraged many winemakers to make and market wines (higher quality)
- Modernisation of infrastructure
- New research programmes and training
- Investment in modern grape growing and winemakeing
- Co-ops were forced to adapt or close
Which ocean strongly influences the weather in Portugal?
What type of weather does it bring?
The Atlantic
Brings cool, rainy weather, particularly to the north west
Describe why some of the inland wine growing regions in the north or Portugal are warmer and drier than those to the west.
Mountain ranges provide shelter
Describe the growing conditions in the south of Portugal
Weather is warmer and drier
The topography is characterised by rolling hills and plains
Where would you expect to find granite and/or schist soils in Portugal?
In mountainous regions such as: Vinho Verde Douro Dao Some hilly outcrops in Alentejo
How many hectares were under vine in Portugal in 2018?
190,000ha
Since Portugal joined the EU in 1986, how have plantings of vines changed?
Lots of high producing vineyards in alluvial soils were grubbed up
Replanting has been focused on higher quality plantings and has been restricted to avoid surpluses
Why has Alentejo seen a particular increase in investment?
It has a warm, sunny, dry climate and flat topography making mechanisation easier
What is the total production of Portuguese wine annually?
560m - 710 million hl
What vine training systems are common in Portugal?
Most vineyards are pruned and trained to either cordon or replacement caned and VSP trellised
A significant number of old bush vines are found in the Douro and certain areas of Alentejo, with smaller numbers also in Dao and Bairrada
When can irrigation be used in Portugal?
In very dry years, producers can notify significant bodies to inform them that they plan to irrigate. It cannot be used to boost yields
Portugal’s admission to the EU led to substantial modernisation in winemaking practices. Explain some of these
Protective winemaking with the use of stainless steel (producing fruity whites)
Destemming equipment (helped tannin management)
Introduction of French oak (to soften tannin)
What is the name of the DOC in Alentejo where wines must be fermented on their skins in clay?
Vinho de Talha DOC
What percentage of Portuguese agricultural output does grape growing represent?
35%
This is the highest in the world
Until the ____ ____ in 1974, Portuguese winemakers had a ready market selling grapes and wine to ____ and ____ producing bulk wine which was then shipped to former African colonies in ____ and ____
Until the Carnation Revolution in 1974, Portuguese winemakers had a ready market selling grapes and wine to negociants and co-ops producing bulk wine which was then shipped to former African colonies in Mozambique and Angola
How much Portuguese wine was exported in 2018?
2.3 million hl
What are Portugal’s largest export markets by value?
France
USA
UK
Brazil
What are Portugal’s largest export markets by volume?
France
Angola
Germany
UK
What is the name of the promotional body in Portugal?
Wines of Portugal
Have domestic/ export sales increased or decreased over the last decade?
Both have steadily increased
There has been growth in domestic income compared to the recession years and a rise in tourism
Where is Vinho Verde DOC? What geographical features are here?
North west Portugal
Atlantic ocean is to the west
The river Minho is to the north
Mountains of Peneda-Geras National Park are to the east
How many grape growers farm how many hectares in Vinho Verde?
Do most growers bottle their own wine or sell to merchants/ co-ops
17,250 grape growers farm 1,588ha
Most sell grapes on
How many subregions in Vinho Verde DOC?
9
What is the name of the Vinho Regional (VR) which covers the same geographical area as Vinho Verde DOC?
Is production for the VR larger or smaller than the DOC?
Minho
Production is much smaller
Describe the climate in Vinho Verde
What features give rise to this?
Moderate maritime climate
The Atlantic coast and a network of river valleys that funnel Atlantic winds inwards
In Vinho Verde, as the land gradually ____ to the east, soils become ____ and the climate becomes more ____
In Vinho Verde, as the land gradually rises to the east, soils become poorer and the climate becomes more continental.
Warmer, drier Vinho Verde subregions like ____ and ____ _ ____ lend themselves to later ripening grapes such as ____, and produce wines with more ____ and ____
Warmer, drier subregions like Baião and Monção e Melgação
lend themselves to later ripening grapes such as Avesso, and produce wines with more body and alcohol
What is the average rainfall in Vinho Verde?
What threats does this bring
High - up to 1,500mm per year
Rot and mildew can be an issue
What soils do you generally find in Vinho Verde?
Granitic bedrock with a shallow topsoil of decomposed granite with a sandy texture
Soils have good drainage (good for high rainfall)
Soil fertility is low - fertilisers are commonly needed
What vine training methods would you expect in Vinho Verde?
Vines were traditionally trained up trees to benefit from better air circulation
Most modern vineyards are now planted in rows either double or single guyot (replacement cane) with VSP or Lyre system
Vines are trained high to improve air circulation and reduce chances of rot
Name some summer pruning techniques that might be used in Vinho Verde. Why would these be carried out?
Removing lateral shoots
Leaf removal
Green harvest
This improves air circulation through the canopy and enhances fruit ripening.
Describe the typical aromas of Loureiro. What level of acidity would you expect?
Citrus, pear, floral and herbal aromas
Med (+) acidity
What is the most planted grape in Vinho Verde?
Where is it mostly grown?
Loureiro
Grown throughout the region, but predominantly by the coast
Where is Alvarinho mostly planted in Vinho Verde?
Traditionally grown in the north in Monção e Melgação
Describe the typical aromas of Alvarinho. What level of acidity would you expect? Body?
Citrus, peach and sometimes tropical notes
Medium (+) to high acidity
Medium (+) body
Describe the typical aromas of Paderna. What level of acidity would you expect?
What is another name for Paderna?
Neutral - subtle citrus and apple
High acidity
Arinto
Describe the typical aromas of Avesso. What level of acidity would you expect? Body?
Citrus and stone fruit
Lower acidity
Relatively full bodied
Describe the typical aromas of Trajadura. What level of acidity would you expect?
What is another name for Trajadura?
Apple and peach
Low acidity
Treixadura
What is the most planted black grape in Vinho Verde?
Describe the typical aromas, colour and acidity
Vinhão (Sousão or Sousón)
Red cherry, deep colour, high acidity
What winemaking practices would you expect for inexpensive, high volume Vinho Verde wines?
What sort of wine businesses produce these wines?
Source and blend fruit from across Vinhoe Verde
Protective winemaking
Cool fermentations
Add CO2 at bottling for a light spritz
Some wines may have residual sugar
Bottled for release soon after fermentation
Co-ops and large merchants mostly produce these wines
Give a typical tasting note for an inexpensive, high volume Vinho Verde wine
Apple, citrus, peach flavours Dry/ off dry Medium (+) to high acidity Medium (-) body Low alcohol Good quality
What winemaking practices would you expect for higher quality Vinho Verde wines?
What sort of wine businesses produce these wines? What quality / price do they acheive?
Growing number of single varietal / single subregion wines
Ambient yeasts
Use of old oak for fermentation and/or maturation
Hold wines on lees for a few months to add texture and complexity
Often from small, boutique winemakers
V.good, mid-priced to premium
What is the minimum ABV of Vinho Verde wines?
What is the minimum ABV of Vinho Verde wines if the subregion is given on the label?
Min. 8% ABV
Rises to min 9% ABV
What is the only subregion in Vinho Verde that can name Alvarinho on its label as a single varietal?
What is the minimum ABV for this wine?
Monção e Melgação
(other regions would have to declassify to Minho VR to label as Alvarinho)
Min. 11.5% ABV
What percentage of Vinho Verde is exported?
35%
Which countries are Vinho Verde’s biggest export markets by volume?
Germany
USA
Brazil
France
Who produces “Barca Velha?”
What DOC is it from?
What is significant about this producer?
Ferreirinha
Douro DOC
They were the first house in Douro dedicated to making a table wine.
Describe the climate in Douro DOC
Warm continental - weather is warmer and drier moving eastwards inland
List the 3 subzones in Douro from west to east. Give the annual rainfall for each.
Baixo Corgo (coolest and wettest, 900mm per annum)
Cima Corgo (700mm per annum)
Douro Superior (Warmest and driest, 450mm per annum)
The western limit of the Douro region is marked by the ____ __ ____ which shields the region from the worst of the cooler, damper, weather coming in from the _____. This means that the climate in general is ____ ____
The western limit of the Douro region is marked by the Serra do Marão which shields the region from the worst of the cooler, damper, weather coming in from the Atlantic. This means that the climate in general is warm continental.
Explain why there are a range of aspects, altitudes and microclimates in the Douro
The Douro river and its tributaries provide valley sides to plant vineyards on
Describe the soils in Douro
Bedrock is schist with a shallow topsoil of decomposed schist
Low in organic matter with stony texture
Schist bedrock splits into vertical layers through which roots break through in search of water
Give the key characteristics of the Touriga Franca vine
Late ripening - suited to warm plots Tight bunches Thick skin Disease resistant Can be vigorous
What does Touriga Franca add to Douro blends?
Deep colour Juicy red and black fruit, floral aromas High acidity High tannin Medium body Medium alcohol
Give the key characteristics of the Tinta Roriz vine
Tempranillo
Early ripening - best on cooler sites
Can suffer hydric stress
High yielding - restrict for concentration
What does Tinta Roriz add to Douro blends?
Body and deep colour
Give the key characteristics of Touriga Nacional vine
Mid ripening
Thick skins
Coulure prone- can lower yields and cause imbalance
Vegetal vigour - needs summer pruning
What does Touriga Nacional add to Douro blends?
Deep colour Black fruit and floral aromas High acidity High tannin Long ageing potential - good lead grape
Give the key characteristics of the Tinta Baroroca vine
Early ripening - cooler sites
Prone to heat damage and shrivelling
High yielding
What are the two popular lead grapes for Douro red wines?
Touriga Franca
Touriga Nacional
Give the key characteristics of the Tinto Cão vine
Late ripening Heat tolerant Low yielding Small, thick skinned berries Good disease resistance
What does Sousão add to Douro blends?
Deep colour and high acidity
What aromas, acidity and body would you expect from Vosinho?
Floral and stone fruit aroma
Can lack acidity
Full body
What aromas and acidity level would you expect from Rabigato?
Citrus and floral notes
High acidity
What aromas and acidity level would you expect from Gouvaio? What is another name for this grape?
Citrus and stone fruit
Medium (+) acidity
Godello
What does Moscatel Gallego Branco add to white Douro blends? What is another name for this grape?
Adds aromatic intensity
Muscat à petit grains
Name the four white grapes commonly grown in the Douro
Vosinho
Rabigato
Gouvaio
Moscatel Gallego Branco
Where are white varieties often planted in the Douro? Why?
At higher altitudes
This gives higher diurnal range, enabling the grapes to retain acidity
Why do Douro producers often blend grapes from different sites and varieties?
To achieve balance and freshness in the final wines, aiming for ripe but not overripe fruit flavours
What styles of wine are permitted within Douro DOC?
Which style dominates?
Red, white, rosé and sparkling
Red wines dominate (70% of production)
Name two significant Douro producers
Prats and Symington
Quinta do Vale Menão
Why do Douro producers routinely destem grapes?
Additional tannin rarely needed (tannic grapes)
Avoid green, unripe flavours
Describe what options Douro producers have for fermenting red wines
Stainless steel - allows temperature control
Low temp for red (24 to 28 degrees) to control tannin extraction
Some may ferment a portion of wine in lagares, or start fermentation in them - this allows producers to monitor extraction
Early drinking wines are pressed off the skins once fermentation is complete
Post fermentation maceration is an option for premium wines to further extract and soften tannins
What vessels are often used for maturation of Douro red wines?
Traditionally, large format Portuguese oak was used
French barriques are now common
Increasingly producers are using larger vessels and less new oak for more fruit flavour
What is the name of the VR which covers the same area as Dão Doc?
Terras do Dão VR
Describe the climate in Dão
What geographical feature affects the region?
Mediterranean climate with warm, dry summers and mild winters
It is surrounded by mountains - protection from cool maritime conditions from the west and warmer, more arid conditions from the east and south
What is the annual rainfall in the Dão?
1,600mm in west
1,100mm in east
Relatively high all over, mostly falling in autumn and winter
Name the six most important black grapes in the Douro
Touriga Nacional Tinta Roriz Touriga Nacional Tinta Barroca Tinto Cão Sousão
What types of tree are heavily planted around Dão and said to bring a signature note to the wines?
Pine and Eucalyptus
At what altitude are most Dão vineyards planted? What effect does this have on the growing conditions?
400-500m
Provides diurnal range and moderates day time temperatures
Describe the soils you would expect in Dão
Mainly weathered granite with a sandy or loamy texture
Soils are low in organic matter and free draining, meaning water stress can be an issue during ripening
What training systems are used for vines in Dão?
Most modern plantings are double or single guyot (replacement cane pruned) or cordon pruned with VSP trellising
Bush vines were traditional, and there are still some
What are the key black grape varieties found in Dão?
Touriga Nacional
Tinta Roriz (Tempranillo)
Jaen (Mencia)
Alfrocheiro
What does Jaen add to Dão red blends?
Raspberry and blackberry flavours
Moderate acidity
Softens blends and adds ripe, fruity flavours
What does Alfrocheiro add to Dão red blends?
Strawberry and blackberry flavours
Medium tannin
Medium body
Softens blends and adds ripe, fruity flavours
Describe how wines from the Dão might differ from those from the Douro
Dão wines are less full bodied and less intense than Douro wines, often with fresher fruit flavours and higher acidity
Name 2 significant producers in Dão
Vinha Paz
Quinta da Pellada
How much Dão wine is exported?
Which countries are the biggest markets?
Only 15 to 20%
Canada, Brazil, USA and China
How many growers are based in Dão?
Are vineyard holdings here generally large or small?
30,000
Small - over 90% of of vineyards are under 0.5ha
What is the climate in Bairrada?
What is the annual rainfall?
When does rain generally fall and why is this problematic?
Maritime climate
High rainfall - 800-1,200mm
Usually falls in Spring and Autumn: Baga is late ripening so can cause issues
Describe how you might expect vines in Bairrada to be trained
Traditionally: trained to high individually staked bush vines
Modern: Trellised, guyot (replacement cane pruned) with VSP
What soils would you expect in the west of Bairrada?
What soils are in the unofficial subregion of Cantanhede in the south?
West: Fertile alluvial soils and limestone clay slopes
South: Limestone clay
Give the key characteristics of the Baga vine
Late ripening - needs warmth
Vigorous
Site selection and limiting yield is needed to ensure full ripeness
Give a typical tasting note for a Baga wine
Cranberry, cherry and plum fruit
High acidity
Medium body
Can be astringent when young, but wines soften with age
What type of soils is Baga best suited to?
Where might you find these in the Bairrada region?
Limestone and clay - balance between water retention and drainage
South, in the warm Cantanhede area
Where are the best sites for Baga production in Bairrada?
As Baga is late ripening, it needs warmth: sites with south facing aspects and protection from cool northerly winds by eucalyptus and pine forests are best.
What is the main grape used in Mateus Rose?
Baga
What grape varieties, and in which proportions, would you find in Bairrada classico?
Must be minimum 50% Baga and minimum 85% a blend of Baga, Alfrocheiro, Touriga Nacional, Jaen and Camarate
Name four key white grapes found in Bairrada
Maria Gomes
Bical
Arinto
Cercial
Give the key characteristics of the Maria Gomes vine
What aromas would you expect from these wines?
High yielding
Early ripening
Can reach medium + acidity but quickly drops
Citrus and floral notes
Give the key characteristics of the Bical vine
What aromas would you expect from these wines?
Early ripening
Can reach medium + acidity but quickly drops
Peach and tropical notes
What might Arinto and Cercial grapes add to a white blend?
Apple and citrus flavours
Add acidity
Inexpensive white wines from Bairrada are usually sourced from ____ soils and are fermented in ____ ____ at ______ temperatures.
Mid priced and premium wines are often sourced from ____ ____ soils and may be fermented and matured in ____ for a short period of time
Inexpensive white wines from Bairrada are usually sourced from sandy soils and are fermented in stainless steel at cool temperatures.
Mid priced and premium wines are often sourced from clay limestone soils and may be fermented and matured in oak for a short period of time
How many growers are there in Bairrada?
What are the main types of wine businesses here?
2000
Co-ops and merchants are common
What is the name of the small group of producers focusing on quality wines made from 100% Baga?
Baga Friends
Why do some producers use the Vinho Regional label Beira Atlantico rather than Bairrada DOC?
They object to the extension of the DO to include international varietals
What 2 white and 2 black international varietals are permitted in Bairrada DOC?
Sauvignon Blanc
Chardonnay
Merlot
Cab Sauvignon
Where is Alentejo DOC?
How many hectares of vines are planted here?
Name the VR covering the same region
Extends over much of south-eastern Portugal
Around 23,000ha planted
Alentejano VR
What climate would you expect in Alentejo?
What is the annual rainfall? When does most rain fall?
Mediterranean climate: warm summes and mild winters, with more extreme temperatures inland
500mm in the north, 800mm in the south
Most falls in the autumn and winter, and drip irrigation is common
What soils might you find in Alentejo?
Wide range of soils:
Granite / schist / limestone
Textures range from sand to clay
How many subregions in Alentejo?
Which subregion is the coolest and why?
8
Portalegre: vineyards are at 800m and in the north of the region. Fruit is fresher with higher acidity
What percentage of plantings in Alentejo are black grapes?
What are the three key black varietals planted here?
75%
Aragonez (Tinta Roriz/ Tempranillo)
Alicante Bouschet
Trincadeira
What does Alicante Bouschet add to red blends?
In what Portuguese region would you expect it to feature?
Deep colour (red flesh)
Red and black berry fruit
High acid
High tannin
Common in Alentejo
What are the key characteristics of the Trincadeira vine?
In what Portuguese region would you expect it to feature?
Susceptible to rot
High yielding
Common in Alentejo
What does Trincadeira add to red blends?
Blackberry and spice
Medium acidity
Medium tannin
Name two significant red wine producers in Alentejo
Cartuxa
Muchão
What are the key characteristics of the Roupeiro vine?
What aromas would you expect from this grape?
In which region is this the most planted white grape?
Susceptible to rot, retains acidity well
Citrus and stone fruit - fruit fades quickly with age
Alentejo
Which four native white grapes are commonly planted in Alentejo?
Which 2 international white varietals are also permitted?
Roupeiro
Arinto
Padernã
Antão Vaz
Chardonnay and Viognier
What styles of wine are commonly made with Antão Vaz grapes?
Early picked, fresh wines
Later picked, fuller bodied wines (often oaked) with tropical fruit
Talha wines with evident skin contact
Has production of Alentejo DOC and Alentejano VR increased or decreased in the last decade?
Increased
What percentage of Portuguese wine exports is made up of Alentejo wine?
20%
Why is Alentejo suited to high volume, inexpensive wine production?
High sunshine hours
Dry summers
Relatively flat (allowing for mechanisation)
EU funding allows producers to pursue this model
Where is the Lisboa wine region?
What is the total area under vine?
A long thin region running from Lisbon in the south to 150km further north
18,000ha under vine
The western side of the Lisboa region runs alongside the ____ ____ bringing ____ ____ and ____ ____ which makes grape growing a challenge.
However, producers are attracted to these sites by the ____ climate and ____ ____ soils, looking to make ____ and ____ styles of wine
The western side of the Lisboa region runs alongside the Atlantic coast bringing wet weather and strong winds which makes grape growing a challenge.
However, producers are attracted to these sites by the cooler climate and clay limestone soils, looking to make lighter and fresher styles of wine
What type of soils would you expect to find in the western part of the Lisboa region?
Clay limestone
The eastern side of the Lisboa region is protected from _____ influence by the ____ ___ _____ mountain range, making it well suited to producing _____, ____ styles of wine
The eastern side of the Lisboa region is protected from Atlantic influence by the Serra do Montejunto mountain range, making it well suited to producing ripe, full-bodied styles of wine
What three grapes are thought to have the most potential in Lisboa?
Touriga Nacional
Aragonez
Arinto
Which international grapes are commonly grown in Lisboa?
Syrah Cab Sauvignon Pinot Noir Sauvignon Blanc Riesling
Where is Alenquer DOC?
What style of wines are produced and what are the main grape varieties?
On the eastern side of Lisboa’s coastal mountains - warm, dry climate
Full bodied reds (good to v.good, mid priced)
Touriga Nacional and Aragonez dominate
Where is Bucelas DOC?
What style of wines are produced and what are the main grape varieties?
On the eastern side of Lisboa’s coastal mountains - warm, dry climate
High acid white wines (good to v.good, inexpensive to mid priced)
Must be min. 75% Arinto
Where is Colares DOC?
Describe the climate and topography
What style of wine are made here?
A coastal DOC in Lisboa
Cool, foggy, coastal climate
Ungrafted bush-vines in deep, sandy, phylloxera free soils
Fresh, high acidity red and white wines from local grapes
In general, is the Lisboa region known for quality or quantity production?
How are wines from this area labelled ordinarily and why?
Quantity
The majority of wine from the region is labelled as Lisboa VR for flexibility and recognisability, even though 8 DOCs are available
A significant amount has no geographical indication: history of producing inexpensive wine to sell to Portuguese colonies
A substantial proportion of DOC wine in Lisboa is made by one producer. Who is this?
Casa Santos Lima
Make inexpensive and mid-priced brands and private labels for retailers, mostly on the export market
Where is Penísula de Sétubal?
What is the area under vine?
Describe the general climate
Between the estuaries of the Tejo and Sado rivers, south of Lisbon
9,500ha under vine
Mediterranean - hot, dry summers, mild, damp winters
Describe the topography and soils of the Penísula de Sétubal region
Mostly flat and sandy
More clay and schist inland
Mountains in the south - cooler sites, clay limestone soils
What type of wine is made in Setubal DOC?
Sweet, fortified wines from Moscatel
What is the main grape, and the minimum proportion used, in Palmela DOC?
Min. 67% Castelão
Give a tasting note for a Palmela DOC red wine
What is the name of the larger region in which this DOC is situated?
Deep colour
Red berry fruit - oak often adds spice
Full bodied
Penísula de Sétubal
Name the three main white grapes grown in Palmela DOC
Fernão Pires
Moscatel
Arinto
What is the name of the VR encompassing Palmela DOC and Setubal DOC?
Penísula de Sétubal VR
What happened in Tejo following the accession of Portugal to the EU
A substantial number of vineyards planted on fertile soils were grubbed up
New, higher quality grapes were planted on less fertile soils to the north and south of the region
Name the two DOCs in Penísula de Sétubal
Sétubal DOC
Palmela DOC
Describe the general climate in Tejo and the annual rainfall
Mediterranean: hot, dry summers, mild wet winters
750mm rain per annum
How do Tejo’s climate and soils vary from north to south?
NORTH
- Slightly higher rainfall
- Clay, limestone and Schist
- Mostly reds
AROUND THE TEJO
- Fertile alluvial soils - manage vigour
- Mainly whites
SOUTH
- Dry and hot
- Sandy soils poor in nutrients
- Red and white
Name the 4 common indigenous black grapes found in Tejo
Name the 2 common international black grapes
Trincadeira
Castelão
Aragonez
Touriga Nacional
Syrah
Cab Sauvignon
Name the 3 common indigenous white grapes found in Tejo
Name the 2 common international white grapes
Fernão Pires
Arinto
Alvarinho
Sauvignon Blanc
Chardonnay
What style price and quality would you expect from Tejo wines?
Red and white wines
Mostly fruity wines for early consumption
Acceptable to good quality
Inexpensive to mid priced
There is an increasing number of producers now focussing on high quality premium wines
