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Repodction > Physiology of pregnancy > Flashcards

Physiology of pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

Around which days, does the blastocyst attach to the lining of the uterus?

A

Days 5-8

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2
Q

The blastocyst becomes completely buried in the uterine lining by which day?

A

Day 12

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3
Q

The placenta is derived from which tissues?

A

Trophoblast and decidua

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4
Q

The trophoblast cells (chorion) differentiate into what?

A

Syncytiotrophoblasts (multi-nucleated cells)

These invade the decidua and break down capillaries to form cavities filled with maternal blood

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5
Q

By which week of pregnancy is the PLACENTA and foetal heart functional?

A

5th week of pregnancy

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6
Q

Where does the embryo get its nutrition from in early development?

A

Trophoblastic cells (these invade decidua)

Progesterone stimulates decidual cells to concentrate glycogen, proteins and lipids

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7
Q

HCG does what to corpus luteum?

A

Stops the corpus luteum from breaking down

(corpus luteum to continue secreting progesterone etc)

(progesterone stimulates decidual cells to concentrate glycogen, proteins and lipids)

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8
Q

Which organ acts as a physiological arteriovenous shunt?

A

The placenta

circulation within the intervillous space acts partly as an ateriovenous shunt

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9
Q

Which organ plays the role of the “fetal lungs”

A

The placentah

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10
Q

The supply of the fetus with oxygen is facilitated by which 3 factors?

A

1) fetal Hb (increased ability to carry O2)
2) higher Hb concentration in fetal blood (50% more than adults)
3) Bohr effect (fetal Hb can carry more oxygen in low pCo2 than in high pCo2)

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11
Q

How do fatty acids pass through placenta?

A

Free diffusion

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12
Q

How does glucose pass through the placenta?

A

Simplified transport

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13
Q

What is the fetus’s main source of energy? And which trimester is there a high need for this substance?

A

Glucose

high glucose need in 3rd trimester

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14
Q

What is the trophoblast?

A

The surface layer of cells of the blastocyst

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15
Q

What passes through the umbilical veins?

A

Oxygen saturated blood to fetus

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16
Q

What passes through the uterine veins?

A

Oxygen poor blood (from fetus to mother)

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17
Q

How are electrolytes transported across the placenta?

A

Electrolytes follow water (iron and calcium only go from mother to child)

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18
Q

HCG effect on male fetus?

A

Development of sex organs

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19
Q

When is human chorionic somatomammotropin produced in pregnancy?

A

Produced from week 5

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20
Q

What does human chorionic somatomammotrophin do?

A

It has growth hormone like effects - protein tissue formation

  • decreases insulin sensitivity in mother SO THERE IS MORE GLUCOSE FOR THE FETUS
  • involved in breast development and possible lactation
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21
Q

Which hormone is responsible for:

  • development of decidual cells
  • decreases uterus contractility
  • preparation for lactation?
A

Progesterone

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22
Q

Progesterone and decidual cells

A

Progesterone causes development of decidual cells

23
Q

Progesterone and uterus contractility?

A

Progesterone decreases uterus contractility

24
Q

Progesterone and lactation

A

Progesterone helps with preparation for lactation

25
Q

Which hormone causes:

  • enlargement of uterus
  • breast development
  • relaxation of ligaments?
A

Estrogen

26
Q

Which hormone is an indicator of the vitality of the fetus?

A

Estriol

27
Q

Estrogen and breasts?

A

Estrogen causes breast development

28
Q

Cardiac output and pregnancy?

A

Cardiac output increases (beginning week 6 and peaking around week 24)

(decreases in the last 8 weeks as becomes sensitive to body position - uterus compresses vena cava)

29
Q

Iron requirements for 2nd half of pregnancy

A

6-7mg per day

30
Q

How do the following change in pregnancy:

  • plasma volume
  • erythropoesis (RBC)
  • Hb concentration
A
  • Plasma volume increases proportionally with cardiac output (50%)
  • erythropoesis increases (25%)

-although both are increasing, plasma volume increases more so Hb concentration is diluted (this decreases blood viscosity)

31
Q

Why do you get odema in pre-eclampsia?

A

Kidney function declines and you get salt and water retention (function probably declines because of high blood pressure or something)

32
Q

Is pre-eclampsia more common in women with a single baby or twins?

A

More common in multiple gestation (e.g. twins)

33
Q

Average weight gain in pregnancy?

A

24lbs (fetus - 5kg, mother -6kg)

34
Q

How many extra calories a day does the mother need?

A

250-300 extra calories

35
Q

How much extra protein does the mother need?

A

30g

36
Q

When is the mother’s anabolic phase?

A

1st-20th week of pregnancy

  • anabolic metabolism of mother
  • quite small nutritional demands of the mother
37
Q

When does accelerated starvation of the mother occur?

catabolic phase

A

21-40th week of pregnancy (especially 3rd trimester)

  • high metabolic demands of fetus
  • accelerated starvation of mother
38
Q

Which hormones are responsible for insulin resistance in pregnancy?

A

HCS, cortisol and growth hormone

39
Q

Does the following occur in the anabolic or catabolic phase of pregnancy?

  • normal or increased sensitivity to insulin
  • lower plasmatic glucose level
  • lipogenesis, glycogen stores increases
  • growth of breasts, uterus,weight gain
A

Anabolic phase

40
Q

Does the following occur in the anabolic or catabolic phase of pregnancy?

  • maternal insulin resistance
  • increased transport of nutritients through placental membrane
  • lipolysis
A

Catabolic phase

41
Q

What iron supplement should the mother take?

A

300 mg ferrous sulfate

42
Q

Why does a mother need to take B vitamins?

A

Erythropoeisis

43
Q

What does folic acid (folate) help to protect against?

A

Neural tube defects

44
Q

When is vitamin K given and why?

A

Given right before giving birth - helps prevent intracranial bleeding during labour

45
Q

Estrogen and progesterone and their effects on contractility of the uterus?

A
  • Estrogen increases contractility
  • Progesterone decreases contractility
  • The ratio of these alter just before giving birth
46
Q

Where is oxytocin produced?

A

Maternal posterior pituitary gland

47
Q

Oxytocin and contractility of uterus?

A

Oxytocin increases contractions and excitability

48
Q

Which hormones are responsible for controlling timing of labour?

A

Oxytocin
Adrenal gland
Prostaglandin

49
Q

What are braxton hicks contractions?

A

These are prodromal contractions (like practise ones) they start around week 6 of pregnancy but are not usually felt until 2nd/3rd trimester. They increase towards the end of pregnancy and eventually become real ones

50
Q

Growth of ductile system

A

Estrogen

51
Q

Development of lobule-alveolar system

A

Progesterone

52
Q

Estrogen and progesterone effects on milk production

A

Estrogen and progesterone inhibit milk production

at birth, estrogen and progesterone suddenly drop

53
Q

Two hormones needed for milk production

A

Prolactin

Oxytocin (produced by sucking stimulus)

Repodction (52 decks)

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