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Male infertility easy Flashcards

1
Q

Inheritance of androgen insensitivity syndrome

A

X-linked recessive

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2
Q

Why should you perform orchidopexy for undescended testes?

A

Otherwise big risk of germ cell cancer

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3
Q

Which cells secrete testosterone?

A

Leydig cells

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4
Q

Where are sperm made?

A 
Seminiferous tubules
(SPErmatogenesis = SEminiferous tubules)
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5
Q

Which part of the sperm contains enzymes for penentrating the ovum?

A

The acrosome (its like a cap round the head of the sperm)

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6
Q

This is released from the hypothalamus in bursts every 2-3 hours

A

GnRH

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7
Q

This hormone acts on leydig cells to regulate testoterone secretion

A

LH

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8
Q

This hormone acts on sertoli cels to enhance spermatogenesis
Also regulated
by negative feedback from inhibin

A

FSH

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9
Q

Testosterone has a negative feedback effect where?

A

On the hypothalamus and pituitary gland

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10
Q

Inhibin and activin are secreted by which cells?

A

Sertoli cells

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11
Q

Which hormone do inhibin and activin influence?

A

FSH (inhibin inhibits and activin stimulates etc)

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12
Q

Exit route from testes to urethra, concentrate & store sperm, site for sperm maturation

A

Epididymis and vas deferens

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13
Q

Produce semen into ejaculatory duct

A

Seminal vesicles

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14
Q

Supply fructose

A

Seminal vesciles

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15
Q

Secrete prostaglandins

A

Seminal vesicles

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16
Q

Effect of prostaglandins on sperm?

A

Increase motility

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17
Q

Secrete fibrinogen

A

Seminal vesciles

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18
Q

Produces alkaline fluid (neutralizes vaginal acidity), produces clotting enzymes to clot semen within female

A

Prostate gland

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19
Q

Secretes mucous to act as a lubricant

A

Bulbourethral glands

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20
Q

Endocrine causes of male infertility

A 
Acromegaly
Cushings disease
Hypo/hyperthyroidism
Hyperprolactinaemia
Anorexia
Hyper/hypothyroidism
21
Q

Indication for intra-uterine insemination

A

Low sperm count

22
Q

Indication for surgical sperm aspiration

A

Azoospermia

23
Q

Indication for intracytoplasmic sperm injection

A

Very low sperm count ( i think azoospermia as well)

24
Q

Indication for donor sperm insemination

A

Azoospermia/very low sperm count/genetic conditions/infective conditions

25
Q

Pregnancy rate in intra-uterine insemination

26
Q

Pregnancy rate in intracytoplasmic injection

27
Q

Pregnancy rate in donor sperm insemination

28
Q

What do fetal testes secrete?

A

Testosterone and Mullerian inhibiting factors

29
Q

What causes the development of the male internal genital tract?

A

Testosterone and Mullerian inhibiting factor

30
Q

What ducts become the reproductive tracts in the male?

A

Wolffian ducts

31
Q

Which ducts become the female reproductive tract?

A

Mullerian ducts

32
Q

What is congenital insensitivity syndrome?

A

Congenital insensitivity to androgen (x-linked)
-means that although male DNA, testis develop but don’t descend = born with external female genitalia

  • -> androgen induction of wolffian ducts does not occur = no outside male genitalia
  • -> Mullerein inhibition does occur = although born phenotypically external genitalia female, absent uterus and ovaries and short vagina
33
Q

When should you perform orchidoplexy?

A

Before age 14

34
Q

What is cryptorchidism?

A

Undescended testes

35
Q

Forms a blood-testes barrier

A

Sertoli cells:

  • protects sperm from antibody attack
  • provide a suitable fluid composition which allows later stages development of sperm - v different from blood
36
Q

Provide nutrients for developing cells

A

Sertoli cells

37
Q

Which cells are responsible for phagocytosis

A

Sertoli cells

38
Q

Secretes seminiferous tubule fluid?

A

Sertoli cells

39
Q

Secrete androgen binding globulin

A

Sertoli cells

40
Q

Secrete inhibin and activin horomones

A

Sertoli cells

41
Q

This hormone is a decapeptide and is released from the hypothalamus in bursts every 2-3 hours

A

Gonadotrophin releasing hormone

42
Q

What happens to the sperm after ejaculation

A

Sperm are liquefied by enzymes from the prostate gland

43
Q

Sac of skin in which testes are suspended

44
Q

What is emission?

A

Contraction of accessory sex glands and vas deferens to expel semen to urethra

45
Q

Is erection sympathetic or parasympathetic

A

Parasympathetic

46
Q

Is ejaculation sympathetic or parasympathetic?

A

Sympathetic

47
Q

Characteristics of OBSTRUCTIVE male inferility

A
  • normal hormones
  • normal secondary sexual characteristics
  • normal testes (more than 15mls)
48
Q

Characteristics of NON-OBSTRUCTIVE male infertility

A
  • abnormal hormones (raised LH and FSH)
  • Reduced secondary sexual characteristics
  • small testes (less than 15mls)

Repodction (52 decks)

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