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Y2 Renal > Physiology - Glomerular Filtration and Renal Blood Flow > Flashcards

Physiology - Glomerular Filtration and Renal Blood Flow Flashcards

1
Q

which has a larger diameter - the afferent or efferent arteriole?

A

afferent

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2
Q

what are the three barriers to filtration?

A

glomerular capillary endothelium
basement membrane
slit processes of podocytes

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3
Q

what is the glomerular capillary endothelium a barrier to?

A

red blood cells

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4
Q

what is the basement membrane a barrier to?

A

plasma proteins

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5
Q

what are podocytes a barrier to?

A

plasma proteins

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6
Q

what is another name for the basement membrane?

A

the basal lamina

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7
Q

what is the basement membrane made of?

A

collagen
glycoproteins

it is acellular

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8
Q

how does the basement membrane form a barrier ti plasma proteins?

A

it confers a net negative charge, stopping the positively charged proteins passing through

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9
Q

does glomerular filtration require energy?

A

no - it is completely passive

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10
Q

what two pressures favour filtration in the glomerular capillary?

A

glomerular capillary blood pressure

bowman’s capsule oncotic pressure

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11
Q

what two pressures oppose filtration in the glomerular capillary?

A

bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure

capillary oncotic pressure

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12
Q

what is the normal net filtration pressure in the glomerular capillary?

A

10 mmHg

overall, filtration is favoured

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13
Q

what is the normal value for bowman’s capsule oncotic pressure and why?

A

zero

there are no plasma proteins in the bowman’s capsule to create the pressure

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14
Q

what is another name for oncotic pressures?

A

colloid osmotic pressures

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15
Q

what is GFR?

A

the rate at which plasma is filtered from the glomeruli into the bowman’s capsule per unit time

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16
Q

how do you calculate GFR?

A

Kf x net filtration pressure

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17
Q

what is Kf?

A

the filtration coefficient

a measure of how permeable the membrane is

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18
Q

what is the normal value for GFR?

A

125 ml/min

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19
Q

what is the extrinsic regulation of GFR?

A

sympathetic control via the baroreceptor reflex

20
Q

what effect does increased blood pressure have on GFR regulated by baroreceptors?

A

increased capillary blood pressure, increased filtration pressure, increased GFR

21
Q

what is another name for intrinsic regulation of GFR?

A

autoregulation

22
Q

what are the two mechanisms for autoregulation of GFR?

A

myogenic mechanism

tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism

23
Q

how does the myogenic mechanism control GFR?

A

if vascular smooth muscle is stretched by increased blood pressure, it automatically contracts

this regulates the blood flow to the glomerular kidney

24
Q

what type of feedback loop is the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism?

A

negative feedback

25
Q

how does the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism control GFR?

A

if GFR rises, more NaCl flows through the tubules and the macula densa releases vasoconstrictive mediators

this causes constriction fo afferent arterioles and a decrease in GFR

26
Q

what is BPGC?

A

the glomerular capillary blood pressure

promotes filtration

27
Q

what is COPGC?

A

capillary oncotic pressure

opposes filtration

28
Q

what is HPBC?

A

bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure

opposes filtration

29
Q

what is COPBC?

A

bowman’s capsule oncotic pressure

promotes filtration

30
Q

what could increase the HPBC and what effect does this have on GFR?

A

kidney stones

reduces GFR

31
Q

what could increase the COPGC and what effect does this have on GFR?

A

diarrhoea

reduces GFR

32
Q

what could decrease the COPGC and what effect does this have on GFR?

A

severe burns

increases GFR

33
Q

what effect does decreased Kf have on GFR and what could cause this?

A

decreased GFR

a change in the surface area available for filtration

34
Q

what is plasma clearance a measure of?

A

how effectively the kidneys can clean the blood of a substance

35
Q

what is plasma clearance and what are its units?

A

the volume of plasma completely cleared of a substance per minute

ml/min

36
Q

what is the plasma clearance of inulin?

A

the same as GFR

37
Q

why is no glucose normally found in the urine?

A

it is freely filtered and then completely reabsorbed, so none is secreted

38
Q

what is the plasma clearance value for glucose?

A

zero

39
Q

compared to GFR, what is the plasma clearance for urea?

A

less than GFR

40
Q

what happens to urea in the nephron?

A

filtered
partly reabsorbed
not secreted

41
Q

what happens to hydrogen in the nephron?

A

filtered
secreted
not reabsorbed

42
Q

compared to the GFR, what is the clearance of hydrogen?

A

greater than GFR

43
Q

what does PAH stand for and what is it?

A

para-amino hippuric acid

an exogenous organic anion

44
Q

what is PAH used for?

A

calculating renal plasma flow (RPF)

45
Q

what is the filtration fraction?

A

the fraction of plasma flowing through the glomeruli that is filtered into the tubules

46
Q

how do you calculate the filtration fraction?

A

GFR/renal plasma flow

47
Q

what is the filtration fraction in a healthy adult?

A

20%

means that 20% of the plasma that enters the glomeruli is filtered

Y2 Renal (29 decks)

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