Cancers Flashcards
name two benign renal tumours
oncocytoma
angiomyolipoma
what is the gross appearance of an oncoytoma?
spherical brown tumours
have a central scar
what pattern is seen on CT in oncocytoma?
spoke wheel pattern
will an oncocytoma metastasise?
no
what is an oncoytoma?
an aggregate of eosinophils
how do oncocytomas present?
most are incidental
loin pain
haematuria
what is the treatment of an oncocytoma?
observation
what is an angiomyolipoma?
aka AML
a benign kidney tumour
what are the causes of AML?
sporadic (80%)
associated with tuberous sclerosis (20%)
in sporadic AML, who is the classical patient?
middle aged females
what is an AML made of?
blood vessels
immature smooth muscle
fat
how does AML present?
incidental often
loin pain
haematuria
palpable mass
what is a possible complication of AML?
wunderlich’s syndrome
a massive renal bleed
what investigations are done for AML?
USS
CT
what is the management for AML?
embolisation
nephrectomy
what is renal cell carcinoma?
adenocarcinoma of the renal cortex
where is it though that renal cell carcinomas arise from?
the proximal convoluted tubule
what are the five types of renal cell carcinoma?
clear cell papillary chromophobe collecting duct medullary cell
what causes clear cell carcinoma?
loss of VHL gene
what is involved in the follow up of renal cell carcinoma?
FBC
kidney function
liver function
imaging
what is the most common solid cancer in men aged 20-45?
testicular cancer
what are the two types of testicular cancer?
seminomatous
non seminomatous
what investigations are done for testicular cancer?
USS + CT
tumour markers
kidney function
what possible tumour markers could be seen in testicular cancer?
AFP
HCG
LDH
what is the initial management for testicular cancer?
radical inguinal orchidectomy
re check tumour markers 1 week after
what is done if tumour markers are still raised after orchidectomy for testicular cancer?
CT for staging
refer to oncology for chemotherapy
what is the most common cause of penile cancer?
squamous cell carcinoma
how does a penile cancer present?
hard painless lump
rarely urinary retention or inguinal lymphadenopathy
what investigations are done for penile cancer?
MRI
CT for staging
