Histology

Question 1

what two hormones do the kidneys produce?

Answer 1

renin

erythropoietin

Question 2

what is the renal capsule made of?

Answer 2

dense collagen fibres

a very thin layer

Question 3

what is considered to make up a “lobe” of the kidney?

Answer 3

a medullary pyramid and its associated cortical tissue

Question 4

what does the renal sinus consist of?

Answer 4

adipose tissue

Question 5

what is the cortex that extends around the medullary pyramids called?

Answer 5

the renal columns

Question 6

what are the stripes in the cortex called?

Answer 6

medullary rays

Question 7

what is the renal capsule continuous with?

Answer 7

the connective tissue that lines the renal sinus

Question 8

what is the basic functional unit of the kidney?

Answer 8

the nephron

Question 9

what makes up a nephron? (2)

Answer 9

renal corpuscle

renal tubules

Question 10

what is the role of the renal corpuscle?

Answer 10

production and collection of glomerular filtrate

Question 11

what forms the renal corpuscle?

Answer 11

the glomerulus

the bowman’s capsule

Question 12

what supplies the glomerulus?

Answer 12

the afferent arteriole

Question 13

what drains the glomerulus?

Answer 13

the efferent arteriole

Question 14

what are the two cell layers separating blood from filtrate in the corpuscle?

Answer 14

capillary endothelium

specialised epithelium of the capsule

Question 15

what is the space between the two layers of the renal corpuscle called?

Answer 15

the urinary space

this is where the filtrate accumulates

Question 16

what are the specialised epithelial cells of the renal corpuscle called?

Answer 16

podocytes

Question 17

what are the two poles of the renal corpuscle?

Answer 17

vascular pole

urinary pole

Question 18

what makes up the core of the glomerulus?

Answer 18

mesangial cells and their extracellular matrix

collectively = the mesangium

Question 19

what are the three components of the glomerular filter?

Answer 19

endothelium of the capillary wall
thick basement membrane
filtration slits between podocytes

Question 20

what is the role of the proximal convoluted tubule?

Answer 20

reabsorption of water, proteins, AA’s, carbs and glucose

Question 21

where in the kidney is the proximal convoluted tubule located?

Answer 21

the cortex

Question 22

how is sodium reabsorbed?

Answer 22

by active transport

Question 23

how is water reabsorbed?

Answer 23

by diffusion

Question 24

how are glucose and amino acids reabsorbed?

Answer 24

by co transport

Question 25

which is larger - the proximal or distal convoluted tubule?

Answer 25

proximal

Question 26

why is the margin of the PCT less defined?

Answer 26

due to the presence of a brush border

Question 27

where in the kidney is the loop of henle found?

Answer 27

the medulla

Question 28

what is the role of the loop of henle?

Answer 28

create the hyperosmotic environment of the medulla

Question 29

what are the four parts of the loop of henle?

Answer 29

thick descending thin descending thin ascending thick ascending

Question 30

what lines the thick limbs of the loop of henle?

Answer 30

simple cuboidal epithelium

Question 31

what lines the thin limbs of the loop of henle?

Answer 31

simple squamous epithelium

Question 32

what creates the blood supply to the medulla?

Answer 32

the vasa recta

Question 33

where in the kidney is the distal convoluted tubule located?

Answer 33

the cortex

Question 34

what is the role of the DCT?

Answer 34

acid base balance | water balance

Question 35

what controls reabsorption of sodium ions in the DCT?

Answer 35

aldosterone

Question 36

what is the role of the collecting ducts?

Answer 36

reabsorption of water under the control of ADH

Question 37

what lines most of the conducting parts of the urinary tract?

Answer 37

transitional epithelium aka uroepithelium

Question 38

what lines the female urethra?

Answer 38

initially transitional stratified squamous near the end

Question 39

what lines the prostatic urethra?

Answer 39

transitional epithelium

Question 40

where is the membranous urethra located?

Answer 40

from prostate to the bulb of the penis

Question 41

what lines the membranous urethra?

Answer 41

stratified columnar epithelium

Question 42

what lines the penile/spongy urethra?

Answer 42

stratified columnar initially becomes stratified squamous near its termination