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Y2 Renal > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

what layer of the embryo forms the kidneys?

A

the mesoderm

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2
Q

which part of the mesoderm are the kidneys derived from?

A

intermediate mesoderm

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3
Q

what are nephrotomes?

A

segments of the intermediate mesoderm

aka nephric structures

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4
Q

in which direction does development of the nephric structures occur?

A

craniocaudal

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5
Q

name the three nephric structures formed in the order they appear

A

pronephros
mesonephros
metanephros

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6
Q

what is another name for the pronephros?

A

the pronephric system

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7
Q

where does the pronephros form?

A

the cervical region of the embryo

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8
Q

when does the pronephros undergo segmentation?

A

the beginning of week four

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9
Q

when does the pronephros regress?

A

completely gone by the end of week 4

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10
Q

what is another name for the mesonephros?

A

the mesonephric system

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11
Q

where does the mesonephros form?

A

the thoracic and lumbar regions

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12
Q

what does the mesonephros form?

A

mesonephric tubules

these act as temporary excretory units

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13
Q

what are the mesonephric tubules in contact with?

A

vasculature at one end

mesonephric duct at the other

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14
Q

what is the mesonephric duct?

A

a longitudinal duct running alongside the intermediate mesoderm, connecting to the developing bladder

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15
Q

what is another name for the metanephros?

A

the metanephric system

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16
Q

where does the metanephros develop?

A

the sacral region of the embryo

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17
Q

how many mesonephric tubules are formed?

A

40

appear in a craniocaudal fashion

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18
Q

what happens to the mesonephric tubules at week 5?

A

the cranial ones regress, leaving some lumbar ones

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19
Q

when do the mesonephric tubules function?

A

weeks 6-10

then they regress

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20
Q

when does the metanephros appear?

A

week 5

21
Q

what does the metanephros form?

A

the kidney proper

22
Q

when does the metanephros begin to function?

A

between weeks 9-11

23
Q

what two distinct structures form from the metanephros?

A

ureteric bud

metanephric blastema

24
Q

what is the metanephric blastema?

A

a mass of intermediate mesoderm

25
Q

what is the ureteric bud?

A

a outgrowth from the mesonephric duct

26
Q

what do the metanephric blastema and the ureteric bud form?

A

the kidney proper

27
Q

when does the ureteric bud develop?

A

around day 28

28
Q

when do the ureteric bud and the metanephric blastema fuse?

A

day 32

29
Q

how do the ureteric bud and metanephric blastema develop after fusio?

A

through reciprocal induction

both send signals to help the other develop

30
Q

what happens if the ureteric bud and metanephric blastema fail to communicate?

A

agenesis

31
Q

what are the two possible mechanisms leading to agenesis in development?

A

the ureteric bud is not long enough

the ureteric bud fails to develop

32
Q

what does the ureteric bud form?

A

the collecting system of the kidneys

33
Q

how does the ureteric bud form the collecting system?

A

two cycles of branching and intussusception, followed by a final branching cycle

34
Q

describe the appearance of the embryonic kidney

A

very lobulated and lumpy

35
Q

what does the metanephric blastema form?

A

the nephrons

36
Q

what are the four parts of a nephron?

A

bowman’s capsule
proximal convoluted tubule
loop of henle
distal convoluted tubule

37
Q

what part of the nephron interacts with the vasculature?

A

bowman’s capsule

38
Q

what is the loop of henle divided into?

A

ascending and descending limbs

39
Q

when do the kidneys ascend from the pelvis?

A

weeks 6-9

40
Q

what is the initial blood supply to the kidneys in the pelvis?

A

common iliac arteries

41
Q

what is it called when one kidney fails to ascend?

A

pelvic kidney

42
Q

what is it called when the inferior poles of the kidney fuse?

A

horseshoe kidney

43
Q

what issue do horseshoe kidneys run into?

A

cannot ascend, they get trapped under the IMA

44
Q

what is the cloaca?

A

an expansion of hindgut endoderm

45
Q

what are the two divisions of the cloaca?

A

rectum

primitive urogenital sinus

46
Q

what divides the cloaca?

A

urorectal septum

47
Q

what does the primitive urogenital sinus give rise to?

A

bladder
pelvic urethra
definitive urogenital sinus

48
Q

how is the bladder in contact with the umbilical cord?

A

via the allantois

49
Q

what is the remnant of the allantois called?

A

the urachus

Y2 Renal (29 decks)

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