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Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

what is nephritis?

A

inflammation of the kidney

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2
Q

what is infective nephritis called?

A

pyelonephritis

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3
Q

what is not infective nephritis called?

A

glomerulonephritis

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4
Q

what are the three groups of causes of glomerulonephritis?

A

immune attack of the glomerulus
stuck immune complexes
vasculitis

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5
Q

what is an example of a disease that causes glomerulonephritis by an immune attack of the glomerulus?

A

goodpasture’s syndrome

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6
Q

what infections can cause immune complexes to become stuck in the glomerulus?

A

hepatitis
bacteria - strep
HIV

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7
Q

what drugs can cause immune complexes to become stuck in the glomerulus?

A

gold

penicillamine

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8
Q

what cancers are often associated with glomerulonephritis?

A

lymphomas

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9
Q

how does nephritic syndrome present? (2)

A

haematuria

hypertension

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10
Q

what triad of clinical features does nephrotic syndrome present with?

A

heavy proteinuria
oedema
hyperlipidaemia

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11
Q

what do crescents on pathology of the glomerulus suggest?

A

rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis

this is bad

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12
Q

what three tests are done on a renal biopsy?

A

light microscopy
electron microscopy
immunofluorescence

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13
Q

what would be seen upon immunofluorescence of a glomerulus in goodpasture’s?

A

linear IgG

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14
Q

what is the cause of minimal change disease?

A

unknown

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15
Q

who gets minimal change disease?

A

usually children

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16
Q

does minimal change disease present with a nephrotic or nephritic syndrome?

A

nephrotic

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17
Q

what is given for minimal change disease?

A

steroids

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18
Q

what does FSGS stand for?

A

focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

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19
Q

name four causes of FSGS

A

obesity
HIV
sickle cell disease
IV drug use

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20
Q

who gets FSGS?

A

usually adults

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21
Q

does FSGS present with a nephrotic or nephritic sydnrome?

A

nephritic

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22
Q

name five cause of membranous glomerulonephritis

A 
infections 
drugs 
malignancy 
lupus 
autoimmune disease
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23
Q

what infections can cause membranous glomerulonephritis?

A

hepatitis
malaria
syphilis

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24
Q

what drugs can cause membranous glomerulonephritis?

A

penicillamine
NSAIDs
captopril
gold

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25
Q

what malignancies can cause membranous glomerulonephritis?

A

lung
colon
melanoma

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26
Q

who gets membranous glomerulonephritis?

A

adults usually

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27
Q

does membranous glomerulonephritis present with a nephrotic or nephritic syndrome?

A

nephrotic

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28
Q

what is the appearance of membranous glomerulonephritis on pathology?

A

thick membrane

subepithelial immune deposits

spikes

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29
Q

what causes IgA glomerulonephritis?

A

genetic
acquired - coeliac
usually post infectious

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30
Q

does IgA glomerulonephritis present with a nephrotic or nephritic syndrome?

A

nephritic

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31
Q

what is seen on immunofluorescence of IgA glomerulonephritis?

A

IgA deposition in the mesangium

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32
Q

what cause membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis?

A

idiopathic

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33
Q

who gets membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis?

A

adults and children

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34
Q

does membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis present with a nephrotic or nephritic syndrome?

A

can be either

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35
Q

what is seen on pathology of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis?

A

large lobulated glomeruli with thick membranes

tram track appearance

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36
Q

what are the nodules seen in diabetic glomerulosclerosis called?

A

kimmel stiel wilson lesions

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37
Q

what microvascular renal disease can diabetes cause?

A

arterial sclerosis

38
Q

what infections of the kidney can diabetes cause?

A

pyelonephritis

papillary necrosis

39
Q

what score can be used to predict renal cancer in cysts?

A

bosniak score

40
Q

what are acquired renal cysts often associated with?

A

long term dialysis

41
Q

what cause ADPCKD?

A

mutations in nephrin

42
Q

what happens to the kidneys in ADPCKD?

A

develop many cysts

kidney becomes large

43
Q

what lines the cysts in ADPCKD?

A

simple epithelium

44
Q

what are possible secondary effects of the cysts in ADPCKD?

A

haemorrhage
infarction
rupture

45
Q

what two systemic effects can occur in ADPCKD?

A

liver disease

cerebral aneurysms

46
Q

what is a benign tumour of the kidney called?

A

oncocytoma

47
Q

describe the gross appearance of oncocytoma

A

mahogany brown

central stellate scar

48
Q

describe the appearance of oncocytoma on pathology

A

pink

granular cytoplasm

49
Q

what are the four malignant tumours of the kidney?

A

chromophobe carcinoma
clear cell carcinoma
papillary carcinoma
collecting duct carcinoma

50
Q

what are chromophobe carcinomas histologically similar to?

A

oncocytomas

51
Q

what is the most common renal cancer?

A

clear cell carcinoma

52
Q

what are two risk factors for clear cell carcinoma?

A

obesity

genetic links

53
Q

how does clear cell carcinoma often present?

A

haematuria
palpable mass
hypertension

54
Q

describe the gross appearance of clear cell carcinoma

A

bright yellow

55
Q

where does clear cell carcinoma often spread to?

A

the renal vein

can spread up the vena cava

56
Q

what is the least common and worst renal cancer?

A

collecting duct carcinoma

57
Q

what is a paediatric renal tumour?

A

wilm’s tumour

58
Q

what lines the bladder?

A

urothelium

59
Q

what is cystitis?

A

inflammation of the bladder

60
Q

what can chronic inflammation of the bladder lead to?

A

squamous metaplasia

increased risk for SCC

61
Q

what parasite causes cystitis?

A

schistosomiasis

62
Q

how does aseptic cystitis present?

A

persistent symptoms with persistently negative cultures

63
Q

what is cystitis cystica?

A

infolding of the bladder mucosa into cysts

64
Q

what happens to the kidney in urinary tract obstruction?

A

dilates

parenchyma becomes atrophic

65
Q

what is another name for dilation of the collecting system?

A

hydronephrosis

66
Q

what is the biggest risk factor for bladder cancer?

67
Q

what are the two types of lesions seen in transitional cell carcinoma>

A 
papillary (lower grade)
flat CIS (higher)
68
Q

what is BXO and where does it affect?

A

balantitis xerotic obliterans

the penis

69
Q

what is another name for BXO?

A

lichen sclerosus

70
Q

what causes BXO?

71
Q

who gets BXO?

A

usually young patients

72
Q

what causes papilloma of the penis?

A

HPV

low risk = 6 + 11
high risk = 16 + 18

73
Q

what is PEiN?

A

penile intraepithelial neoplasia

essentially a carcinoma in situ

74
Q

what are the two types of PEiN?

A

differentiated

dedifferentiated

75
Q

which type of PEiN is associated with HPV?

A

dedifferentiated

76
Q

what is a hydrocele?

A

accumulation of fluid around the testes

between the layers of the tunica vaginalis

77
Q

what is spermatocele?

A

a cystic change within the vas of the epididymis

78
Q

what is varicocele?

A

varicosities of the venous plexus that drain the testes

79
Q

what age group is associated with testicular cancer?

80
Q

what is the prognosis of testicular cancer?

A

generally good at all stages

81
Q

testicular cancer is a cancer of what cells?

A

germ cells

82
Q

what are the two groups of testicular cancer?

A

seminoma

non seminoma

83
Q

what is the most common type of testicular cancer?

84
Q

what is a risk factor for testicular cancer?

A

undescended testes

85
Q

which type of testicular cancer is most aggressive?

A

non seminoma

86
Q

are mature teratomas benign or malignant in males?

87
Q

what is found in a mature teratoma?

A

aspects of the three ger, layers

88
Q

what are three types of malignancy that may be found in a mature teratoma?

A

yolk sac
embryonal
trophoblast (choriocarcinoma)

89
Q

what tumour marker is produced by yolk sac tumours?

90
Q

what tumour marker is produced by a choriocarcinoma?

A

beta HCG

patients would have a positive pregnancy test

Y2 Renal (29 decks)

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