PhotosynthesisAndRespiration Flashcards by Danyal Khan

Where does the Light Dependent reaction takes place?

Light dependent reaction occur in THYLAKOID MEMBRANE of chloroplast.

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Give the structure of Chloroplast

[STROMA]

[THYLAKOID MEMBRANE]

[THYLAKOID SPACE]

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What are the stages of Light Dependent Reaction?

1.Photoionisation of Chlorophyll+Photolysis of water
2.Chemiosmosis(ATP Production)
3.Reduced NADP production.

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What is the first OF the first that’s occurs in light dependent reaction?

1.Light hits Thylakoid Membrane and passes down photosystem2. Energy from light(sun) EXCITES electron as more energy therefore electrons rises to HIGHER ENERGY LEVEL.

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When electrons rise to a higher energy level and chlorophyll loose electrons what is it called?
What occurs because of this?

When electrons rise to a higher energy level electrons in chlorophyll become PHOTOIONIZED(Oxidized loose electron)

Photolysis occurs: H20→ 1.5O2+2H+ +2E-
Electrons absorbed by chlorophyll.

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Where does electron travel after rising to a higher energy level?
What is the process called its part of?

The process is called Chemiosmosis(ATP production)

Electrons go through ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN as this happens electron loose energy
H+ Ions be Pumped through to THYLAKOID SPACE.

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How is ATP produced?
What is the process called?

The process is called Chemiosmosis(ATP Production)
When H+ ions be pumped through to Thylakoid space
This creates a PROTON gradient which generates PROTON MOTIVE FORCE so protons pumped through into ATP Synthase
ADP+Pi → ATP ADP and Pi combine.

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How is Reduced NADP Produced?

After electrons travel through ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
Light strikes Photosystem1 electrons move up Photosystem1 directly reducing NADP+ +e-→NADP

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In light dependent reaction where are the H+ at?

H+ is in Thylakoid Space

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Where does a Light independent take place?
What is another name for light independent reaction?

Light independent reaction occur in stroma
Another name for light independent is Calvin cycle

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What enzymes involved in Light independent reaction?

Enzyme Rubisco is involved in Light independent reaction.

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Give the steps of Light independent reaction.

1.Carbon Dioxide and RIBULOSE BiPhosphate combine.
2.A 6carbon Molecule is formed which is SPLIT and its catalysed by enzyme Rubisco to form 2Xglycerate-3-phosphate
3.2Xglycerate-3-phosphate is reduced by ATP and Reduced NADP to form 2Xtriose Phosphate.

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How many carbons is presented in RibuloseBiphosphate
In glycerate-3-phosphate and in triose phosphate?

In ribulose Biphosphate there are 5carbons
In glycerate-3-phosphate there is 3carbons however there is x2
In triose phosphate there is 3carbons however there is x2

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In light independent reaction where is carbon dioxide formed?

Carbon Dioxide is produced from Krebs Cycle.

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What are the two routes triose phosphate can go through?

1.one route triose phosphate go throug is producing organic molecules cellulose, converted into glycerol or combine with fatty acids to produce lipids
2.Recycled to produce RIBULOSE Biphosphate

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What are all the stages in Anaerobic Respiration?

1.Glycolysis
2.Anaerobic Respiration

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What are all the stages in Aerobic respiration?

1.Glycolysis.
2.Link reaction to Krebs cycle.
3.Oxidative Phosphorylation

What stages occurs both in Aerobic and Anaerobic respiration?

Glycolysis

Where does Glycolysis occurs?
What is Glycolysis?

Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm.
Glycolysis splitting of glucose.

What is the first thing that occurs in Glycolysis?

Glucose gets phosphorylated.
Phosphorylation happens twice.
2X ATP→2X ADP+Pi
Glucose Phosphate is formed.

After glucose phosphate is formed in Glycolysis how is Pyruvate formed?
Include number of carbons.

Glucose phosphate(6c) splits to form 2Xtriose phosphate.
Triose phosphate is then oxidised(oxidation occurs) to Form two pyruvate.

For triose phosphate to be oxidised to two pyruvate what is required?

From triose phosphate to pyruvate requires conversions of 4XADP into 4XATP. Phosphate from TriosePhosphate gets transferred to ATP and gets phosphorylated.

What are the (main) products of Glycolysis?

2xPyruvate.
2xNADH
2xNet ATP

How does Oxidation occur in Glycolysis?
When does it occur?

Occurs when (2x)Triose Phosphate turns into (2x)Pyruvate.
Oxidation occurs and works by Reducing 2molecules of NAD+→NADH

What happens to the pyruvate in anaerobic respiration in plants and microbes?

Pyruvate in fermented into ethanol. NADH→NAD+

What happens to the Pyruvate in aerobic respiration in animals?

Pyruvate gets converted into Lactate/Lactic Acid

In Anaerobic respiration what happens to the Reduced NAD(H)? How is NAD+ regenerated?

Reduced NAD(H) gets re-oxidized to NAD+ so it can re-enter Glycolysis so it can oxidize triose Phosphate to pyruvate. NAD+ is regenerated when Reduced NAD converted to Pyruvate to ethanol.

Where does the Link reaction take place in/occur in? How does Pyruvate enter the mitochondrial matrix?

Takes place in the mitochondrial Matrix Pyruvate enters mitochondrial matrix by active transport.

Why does the Link reaction occur? How is pyruvate converted into Acetate?

Link reaction occur due to pyruvate can’t enter Krebs cycle so has to be converted to AcetylCoenzymeA. Pyruvate gets oxidised-NAD+ Reduced to NADH- CO2 released to form Acetate.

How does Acetate enter the Krebs cycle?

Acetate(2C) addition of Co-EnzymeA to form AcetylCo-Enzyme A. Co-enzymeA then dissociates to allow acetate to enter Krebs cycle.

How much times does Krebs cycle occur?

Krebs cycle occurs twice. [so product you multiply by two]

Describe how citrate is formed in Krebs cycle? Include number of carbons.

OxAloAcetate(4C) combines with Acetate to form AcetylCoenzymeA. Then the release of CoEnzymeA to form Citrate(6C)

After Citrate is made how is oxoAloAcetate reformed?

[DENAR DENAR A FAR NAR] DE=CO2 released. NAR=NAD+ reduced to NADH A=Substate level Phosphorylation. ADP+Pi→ATP FAR=FAD reduced to FADH2

What are the overall products in Krebs cycle?

As Krebs cycle occurs twice: 1ATP X 2=2ATP 3NADH X 2=6NADH 1FADH2 X 2= 2FADH2 2CO2 X 2=4CO2

Where does Oxidative Phosphorylation takes place?

Oxidative phosphorylation takes place in the Inner Mitochondrial Matrix.

Describe the structure where oxidative Phosphorylation takes place?

[Inner Membrane Space] [Inner Mitochondrial Membrane] [Mitochondrial Matrix]

In oxidative Phosphorylation where do the H+ and e- come from?

The H+ and the e- come from the oxidation of NADH and FADH2(from Krebs cycle) NADH→H+ +e- +(NAD+) [NADH oxidised] FADH2→2H+ +2e- +(FAD+) [FADH2 oxidised]

What is the first thing that occurs in Oxidative Phosphorylation?

Electrons pass down a series of Electron Transport Proteins. Released energy used to prompt protons produced by Oxidation through inner mitochondrial membrane into Inner membrane space.

How is water produced in Oxidative Phosphorylation?

e- +O2→H20 Oxygen is terminal electron acceptor. (Occurs after electron passes through electron transport protein)

How is ATP produced in oxidative phosphorylation?

When H+ prompted through inner mitochondrial membrane into Inner Membrane space(↑) creates a proton motive force generating a proton motive force encourages H+ to diffuse into ATP synthase rotating it. Combining ADP+Pi→ATP