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Medicine Phase One > Phase One: Week Two > Flashcards

Phase One: Week Two Flashcards

1
Q

What is peptidoglycan made of?

A

Sugar and amino acids

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2
Q

Why do gram negative bacteria have some resistance against penicillin?

A

Penicillin targets cell wall and the gram negative have an additional cell membrane, blocking the entrance.

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3
Q

What par to the bacteria carry resistance genes?

A

Plasmids

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4
Q

What affect does beta-lactamase have on antibiotics?

A

This is produced by resistance genes. These enzymes break down beta-lactam. An example is penicillin, which has a beta-lactam.

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5
Q

What affect do efflux pumps have on antibiotics?

A

These pumps are produced by resistance genes and they are present on cell membranes. When some types of antibiotics enter a bacteria, they are able to pump the antibiotic out through the pump. An example is tetracycline which is removed by the protein pump.

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6
Q

What is the mechanism of action of tetracycline?

A

Protien synthesis inhibitor.

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7
Q

What is the affect of antibiotic modifying proteins on antibiotics?

A

These are produced by resistance genes and they are able to modify the receptors that’s antibiotics bind to. . An example is MRSA, which is resistant to methicillin.

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8
Q

What is MRSA resistant to?

A

Methicillin

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9
Q

Name the ways in which bacteria can gain resistance to antibiotics

A

Vertical gene transfer: resistance genes passed out through division
Horizontal gene transfer: this is through conjugation (pilus transfers gene), transduction (bacteriophage will transfer gene) and transformation (one bacteria dies and the gene will be taken up by another bacteria)

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10
Q

Name examples of cell wall antibiotics

A

Penicillin and glycoproteins (Vancomycin)

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11
Q

Name examples of protein inhibitor antibiotics

A

Macrolides and aminoglycosides

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12
Q

Name examples of DNA gyrase inhibitors

A

Quinolones

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13
Q

Name examples of metabolic action and DNA synthesis antibiotics

A

Trimethoprim

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14
Q

Explain the process of gram staining

A

The bacteria are flooded with crystal violet and reinforced with iodine. There is then decolourization done by alcohol treatment. The positive will retain the colour and go purple. The negative is counter-stained causing safranin and goes pink.

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15
Q

What is the counter stain for gram negative?

A

Safranin

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16
Q

Give some examples of Gram Positive Coccus

A

Staphylococcus aureus

Streptococcus pneumonia

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17
Q

What kind of bacteria is Staphylococcus aureus?

A

Gram Positive Coccus

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18
Q

What kind of bacteria is streptococcus pneumonia?

A

Gram Positive Coccus

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19
Q

Give some examples of Gram Positive Bacilli

A

Listeria monocytogenes

Corynebacterium diphtheria

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20
Q

What kind of bacteria is listeria monocytogenes?

A

Gram Positive Bacilli

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21
Q

What kind of bacteria is Corynebacterium diphtheria

A

Gram Positive Bacilli

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22
Q

Give some examples of Gram Negative cocci

A

Neisseria meningitidis

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23
Q

What kind of bacteria is neisseria meningitidis?

A

Gram Negative cocci

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24
Q

Give some examples of Gram Negative bacilli

A

Escheria Coli

Salmonella

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25
Q

What kind of bacteria is Escheria coli?

A

Gram Negative bacilli

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26
Q

What kind of bacteria is salmonella?

A

Gram Negative bacilli

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27
Q

What is the cisterna chyli?

A

This is a dilated sac at the lower end of the thoracic duct that drains the abdominal wall

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28
Q

What are some characteristics of Lymphatic capillaries?

A

These have a large diameter and are closed at one end to allow interstitial fluid to flow in but not out

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29
Q

Where does the right lymphatic duct drain in-between?

A

Between the right subclavian and the right internal jugular vein

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30
Q

Where does the thoracic duct drain into?

A

Between the left subclavian and the left internal jugular vein

31
Q

Where is lipoteichoic acid located?

A

Gram positive wall

32
Q

Where is lipid A located?

A

Gram negative wall

33
Q

What are the three main shapes of bacteria?

A

Spiral, Cocci and Bacillus

34
Q

Name some sterile places of the body

A

These include the eyes, lower respiratory tract, inner and middle ear, renal system, sinuses, joint fluid, bones

35
Q

Name some places in the body infected with body bacteria

A

Large intestine, throat mouth, vagina, skin, urethra, nose

36
Q

Name some bacteria located on the nose

A

Staphylococcus aureus

37
Q

Name some bacteria located on the throat

A

Streptococcus species

38
Q

Name some bacteria located on the large intestine

A

Escheria coli

39
Q

Name some bacteria located on the mouth

A

Streptococcus species

40
Q

Name some bacteria located on the skin

A

Staphylococcus epidermiditis

41
Q

Name some bacteria located on the vagina

A

Streptococcus species

42
Q

Name some bacteria located on the urethra

A

Streptococcus species

43
Q

What are spores?

A

Spores are forms of bacteria that allow them to survive certain conditions

44
Q

What is a virus capsid made of?

A

Capsomeres

45
Q

What are the two forms of the capsid?

A

Helical and Icosahedral

46
Q

What are bacteriophages?

A

These are virus which invade bacteria

47
Q

What is the meaning of bacteriostatic?

A

Bacteriostatic: Capable of inhibiting the growth or reproduction of bacteria.

48
Q

What is the meaning of

A

Killing of bacteria

49
Q

What is the target for HIV viruses?

A

CD4 on T helper cells

50
Q

What is the viral lytic cycle?

A

DNA takes over the cells machinery to make it own DNA

51
Q

What is the viral lysogenic cycle?

A

Viral DNA is incorporated into viral DNA and the is copied when division occurs.

52
Q

How do DNA viruses replicate in host cells?

A

They use the host’s polymerase to undergo transcription and then use ribosomes to make their proteins.
Some DNA viruses have their own viral polymerase to which they are able to make their own RNA.

53
Q

How do retroviruses replicate?

A

These contain their own reverse transcriptase and this transcribes the RNA into DNA. The DNA will then become incorporated into the Host’s DNA.

54
Q

How do single positive RNA strands replicate?

A

These are used directly as mRNA

55
Q

How do single negative RNA strands replicate?

A

The viral must be transcribed to mRNA first

56
Q

Are DNA viruses mainly double or single stranded?

A

Double

57
Q

Are RNA viruses mainly double or single stranded?

A

Single

58
Q

Where does DNA virus replication occur?

A

Nucleus

59
Q

Where does RNA virus replication occur?

A

Cytoplasm. It can be directly translated into proteins.

60
Q

Describe the activation of B cells

A
  • Antigen presenting cell present antigen on MHC II to a B cell
  • The B cell engulfs the antigen through cell-mediated endocytosis
  • The B cell uses its lysosomes to break the antigen down
  • An MHC II receptor will be formed on B cell receptor
  • The epitope of antigen is presented on the MHC II receptor on B cell
  • A helper T cell will bind to the MHC II and attach it CD4+
  • The T cell release lymphokine which causes B cells to clone, B cells to make memory cells and B cells to make plasma cells
61
Q

What is associated with increased neutrophils?

A

Bacteria

62
Q

What is associated with increased lymphocytes?

A

Viruses

63
Q

What is associated with increased eosinophils?

A

Parasites

64
Q

What is associated with increased monocytes?

A

Virus of chronic bacteria infections

65
Q

What does PICO stand for?

A

P: people
I: Intervention
C: Comparison, Control
O: Outcome

66
Q

What is the causative agent of malaria?

A

Plasmodium malariae

67
Q

What is the causative agent of Cholera?

A

Vibro Chlorea: Negative Bacilli

68
Q

What are the main stages of the Gibb’s reflection cycle?

A

Description - Feelings - Evaluation - Analysis- Conclusion - Action Plan

69
Q

What are the characteristics of a neutrophil

(granulocyte)?

A

Multi-lobed nucleus that stains lilac

70
Q

What are the characteristics of a eosinophil?

A

Bi-lobed nucleus that stain orange. Twice the size of Red blood cells

71
Q

What are the characteristics of a basophil?

A

Bi or Tri lobed nucleus with deep purple granules that outweigh nucleus

72
Q

What are the characteristics of a Lymphocyte?

A

Dark purple nucleus with blue cytoplasm, the nucleus is large and round

73
Q

What are the characteristics of a monocyte?

A

Horse-shoe nucleus with purple nucleus and blue, basophilic cytoplasm.

Medicine Phase One (44 decks)

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