Phase One: Week Two Flashcards
What is peptidoglycan made of?
Sugar and amino acids
Why do gram negative bacteria have some resistance against penicillin?
Penicillin targets cell wall and the gram negative have an additional cell membrane, blocking the entrance.
What par to the bacteria carry resistance genes?
Plasmids
What affect does beta-lactamase have on antibiotics?
This is produced by resistance genes. These enzymes break down beta-lactam. An example is penicillin, which has a beta-lactam.
What affect do efflux pumps have on antibiotics?
These pumps are produced by resistance genes and they are present on cell membranes. When some types of antibiotics enter a bacteria, they are able to pump the antibiotic out through the pump. An example is tetracycline which is removed by the protein pump.
What is the mechanism of action of tetracycline?
Protien synthesis inhibitor.
What is the affect of antibiotic modifying proteins on antibiotics?
These are produced by resistance genes and they are able to modify the receptors that’s antibiotics bind to. . An example is MRSA, which is resistant to methicillin.
What is MRSA resistant to?
Methicillin
Name the ways in which bacteria can gain resistance to antibiotics
Vertical gene transfer: resistance genes passed out through division
Horizontal gene transfer: this is through conjugation (pilus transfers gene), transduction (bacteriophage will transfer gene) and transformation (one bacteria dies and the gene will be taken up by another bacteria)
Name examples of cell wall antibiotics
Penicillin and glycoproteins (Vancomycin)
Name examples of protein inhibitor antibiotics
Macrolides and aminoglycosides
Name examples of DNA gyrase inhibitors
Quinolones
Name examples of metabolic action and DNA synthesis antibiotics
Trimethoprim
Explain the process of gram staining
The bacteria are flooded with crystal violet and reinforced with iodine. There is then decolourization done by alcohol treatment. The positive will retain the colour and go purple. The negative is counter-stained causing safranin and goes pink.
What is the counter stain for gram negative?
Safranin
Give some examples of Gram Positive Coccus
Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus pneumonia
What kind of bacteria is Staphylococcus aureus?
Gram Positive Coccus
What kind of bacteria is streptococcus pneumonia?
Gram Positive Coccus
Give some examples of Gram Positive Bacilli
Listeria monocytogenes
Corynebacterium diphtheria
What kind of bacteria is listeria monocytogenes?
Gram Positive Bacilli
What kind of bacteria is Corynebacterium diphtheria
Gram Positive Bacilli
Give some examples of Gram Negative cocci
Neisseria meningitidis
What kind of bacteria is neisseria meningitidis?
Gram Negative cocci
Give some examples of Gram Negative bacilli
Escheria Coli
Salmonella
What kind of bacteria is Escheria coli?
Gram Negative bacilli
What kind of bacteria is salmonella?
Gram Negative bacilli
What is the cisterna chyli?
This is a dilated sac at the lower end of the thoracic duct that drains the abdominal wall
What are some characteristics of Lymphatic capillaries?
These have a large diameter and are closed at one end to allow interstitial fluid to flow in but not out
Where does the right lymphatic duct drain in-between?
Between the right subclavian and the right internal jugular vein
Where does the thoracic duct drain into?
Between the left subclavian and the left internal jugular vein
Where is lipoteichoic acid located?
Gram positive wall
Where is lipid A located?
Gram negative wall
What are the three main shapes of bacteria?
Spiral, Cocci and Bacillus
Name some sterile places of the body
These include the eyes, lower respiratory tract, inner and middle ear, renal system, sinuses, joint fluid, bones
Name some places in the body infected with body bacteria
Large intestine, throat mouth, vagina, skin, urethra, nose
Name some bacteria located on the nose
Staphylococcus aureus
Name some bacteria located on the throat
Streptococcus species
Name some bacteria located on the large intestine
Escheria coli
Name some bacteria located on the mouth
Streptococcus species
Name some bacteria located on the skin
Staphylococcus epidermiditis
Name some bacteria located on the vagina
Streptococcus species
Name some bacteria located on the urethra
Streptococcus species
What are spores?
Spores are forms of bacteria that allow them to survive certain conditions
What is a virus capsid made of?
Capsomeres
What are the two forms of the capsid?
Helical and Icosahedral
What are bacteriophages?
These are virus which invade bacteria
What is the meaning of bacteriostatic?
Bacteriostatic: Capable of inhibiting the growth or reproduction of bacteria.
What is the meaning of
Killing of bacteria
What is the target for HIV viruses?
CD4 on T helper cells
What is the viral lytic cycle?
DNA takes over the cells machinery to make it own DNA
What is the viral lysogenic cycle?
Viral DNA is incorporated into viral DNA and the is copied when division occurs.
How do DNA viruses replicate in host cells?
They use the host’s polymerase to undergo transcription and then use ribosomes to make their proteins.
Some DNA viruses have their own viral polymerase to which they are able to make their own RNA.
How do retroviruses replicate?
These contain their own reverse transcriptase and this transcribes the RNA into DNA. The DNA will then become incorporated into the Host’s DNA.
How do single positive RNA strands replicate?
These are used directly as mRNA
How do single negative RNA strands replicate?
The viral must be transcribed to mRNA first
Are DNA viruses mainly double or single stranded?
Double
Are RNA viruses mainly double or single stranded?
Single
Where does DNA virus replication occur?
Nucleus
Where does RNA virus replication occur?
Cytoplasm. It can be directly translated into proteins.
Describe the activation of B cells
- Antigen presenting cell present antigen on MHC II to a B cell
- The B cell engulfs the antigen through cell-mediated endocytosis
- The B cell uses its lysosomes to break the antigen down
- An MHC II receptor will be formed on B cell receptor
- The epitope of antigen is presented on the MHC II receptor on B cell
- A helper T cell will bind to the MHC II and attach it CD4+
- The T cell release lymphokine which causes B cells to clone, B cells to make memory cells and B cells to make plasma cells
What is associated with increased neutrophils?
Bacteria
What is associated with increased lymphocytes?
Viruses
What is associated with increased eosinophils?
Parasites
What is associated with increased monocytes?
Virus of chronic bacteria infections
What does PICO stand for?
P: people
I: Intervention
C: Comparison, Control
O: Outcome
What is the causative agent of malaria?
Plasmodium malariae
What is the causative agent of Cholera?
Vibro Chlorea: Negative Bacilli
What are the main stages of the Gibb’s reflection cycle?
Description - Feelings - Evaluation - Analysis- Conclusion - Action Plan
What are the characteristics of a neutrophil
(granulocyte)?
Multi-lobed nucleus that stains lilac
What are the characteristics of a eosinophil?
Bi-lobed nucleus that stain orange. Twice the size of Red blood cells
What are the characteristics of a basophil?
Bi or Tri lobed nucleus with deep purple granules that outweigh nucleus
What are the characteristics of a Lymphocyte?
Dark purple nucleus with blue cytoplasm, the nucleus is large and round
What are the characteristics of a monocyte?
Horse-shoe nucleus with purple nucleus and blue, basophilic cytoplasm.
