Phase One: Week Two

Question 1

What is peptidoglycan made of?

Answer 1

Sugar and amino acids

Question 2

Why do gram negative bacteria have some resistance against penicillin?

Answer 2

Penicillin targets cell wall and the gram negative have an additional cell membrane, blocking the entrance.

Question 3

What par to the bacteria carry resistance genes?

Answer 3

Plasmids

Question 4

What affect does beta-lactamase have on antibiotics?

Answer 4

This is produced by resistance genes. These enzymes break down beta-lactam. An example is penicillin, which has a beta-lactam.

Question 5

What affect do efflux pumps have on antibiotics?

Answer 5

These pumps are produced by resistance genes and they are present on cell membranes. When some types of antibiotics enter a bacteria, they are able to pump the antibiotic out through the pump. An example is tetracycline which is removed by the protein pump.

Question 6

What is the mechanism of action of tetracycline?

Answer 6

Protien synthesis inhibitor.

Question 7

What is the affect of antibiotic modifying proteins on antibiotics?

Answer 7

These are produced by resistance genes and they are able to modify the receptors that’s antibiotics bind to. . An example is MRSA, which is resistant to methicillin.

Question 8

What is MRSA resistant to?

Answer 8

Methicillin

Question 9

Name the ways in which bacteria can gain resistance to antibiotics

Answer 9

Vertical gene transfer: resistance genes passed out through division
Horizontal gene transfer: this is through conjugation (pilus transfers gene), transduction (bacteriophage will transfer gene) and transformation (one bacteria dies and the gene will be taken up by another bacteria)

Question 10

Name examples of cell wall antibiotics

Answer 10

Penicillin and glycoproteins (Vancomycin)

Question 11

Name examples of protein inhibitor antibiotics

Answer 11

Macrolides and aminoglycosides

Question 12

Name examples of DNA gyrase inhibitors

Answer 12

Quinolones

Question 13

Name examples of metabolic action and DNA synthesis antibiotics

Answer 13

Trimethoprim

Question 14

Explain the process of gram staining

Answer 14

The bacteria are flooded with crystal violet and reinforced with iodine. There is then decolourization done by alcohol treatment. The positive will retain the colour and go purple. The negative is counter-stained causing safranin and goes pink.

Question 15

What is the counter stain for gram negative?

Answer 15

Safranin

Question 16

Give some examples of Gram Positive Coccus

Answer 16

Staphylococcus aureus

Streptococcus pneumonia

Question 17

What kind of bacteria is Staphylococcus aureus?

Answer 17

Gram Positive Coccus

Question 18

What kind of bacteria is streptococcus pneumonia?

Answer 18

Gram Positive Coccus

Question 19

Give some examples of Gram Positive Bacilli

Answer 19

Listeria monocytogenes

Corynebacterium diphtheria

Question 20

What kind of bacteria is listeria monocytogenes?

Answer 20

Gram Positive Bacilli

Question 21

What kind of bacteria is Corynebacterium diphtheria

Answer 21

Gram Positive Bacilli

Question 22

Give some examples of Gram Negative cocci

Answer 22

Neisseria meningitidis

Question 23

What kind of bacteria is neisseria meningitidis?

Answer 23

Gram Negative cocci

Question 24

Give some examples of Gram Negative bacilli

Answer 24

Escheria Coli

Salmonella

Question 25

What kind of bacteria is Escheria coli?

Answer 25

Gram Negative bacilli

Question 26

What kind of bacteria is salmonella?

Answer 26

Gram Negative bacilli

Question 27

What is the cisterna chyli?

Answer 27

This is a dilated sac at the lower end of the thoracic duct that drains the abdominal wall

Question 28

What are some characteristics of Lymphatic capillaries?

Answer 28

These have a large diameter and are closed at one end to allow interstitial fluid to flow in but not out

Question 29

Where does the right lymphatic duct drain in-between?

Answer 29

Between the right subclavian and the right internal jugular vein

Question 30

Where does the thoracic duct drain into?

Answer 30

Between the left subclavian and the left internal jugular vein

Question 31

Where is lipoteichoic acid located?

Answer 31

Gram positive wall

Question 32

Where is lipid A located?

Answer 32

Gram negative wall

Question 33

What are the three main shapes of bacteria?

Answer 33

Spiral, Cocci and Bacillus

Question 34

Name some sterile places of the body

Answer 34

These include the eyes, lower respiratory tract, inner and middle ear, renal system, sinuses, joint fluid, bones

Question 35

Name some places in the body infected with body bacteria

Answer 35

Large intestine, throat mouth, vagina, skin, urethra, nose

Question 36

Name some bacteria located on the nose

Answer 36

Staphylococcus aureus

Question 37

Name some bacteria located on the throat

Answer 37

Streptococcus species

Question 38

Name some bacteria located on the large intestine

Answer 38

Escheria coli

Question 39

Name some bacteria located on the mouth

Answer 39

Streptococcus species

Question 40

Name some bacteria located on the skin

Answer 40

Staphylococcus epidermiditis

Question 41

Name some bacteria located on the vagina

Answer 41

Streptococcus species

Question 42

Name some bacteria located on the urethra

Answer 42

Streptococcus species

Question 43

What are spores?

Answer 43

Spores are forms of bacteria that allow them to survive certain conditions

Question 44

What is a virus capsid made of?

Answer 44

Capsomeres

Question 45

What are the two forms of the capsid?

Answer 45

Helical and Icosahedral

Question 46

What are bacteriophages?

Answer 46

These are virus which invade bacteria

Question 47

What is the meaning of bacteriostatic?

Answer 47

Bacteriostatic: Capable of inhibiting the growth or reproduction of bacteria.

Question 48

What is the meaning of

Answer 48

Killing of bacteria

Question 49

What is the target for HIV viruses?

Answer 49

CD4 on T helper cells

Question 50

What is the viral lytic cycle?

Answer 50

DNA takes over the cells machinery to make it own DNA

Question 51

What is the viral lysogenic cycle?

Answer 51

Viral DNA is incorporated into viral DNA and the is copied when division occurs.

Question 52

How do DNA viruses replicate in host cells?

Answer 52

They use the host's polymerase to undergo transcription and then use ribosomes to make their proteins. Some DNA viruses have their own viral polymerase to which they are able to make their own RNA.

Question 53

How do retroviruses replicate?

Answer 53

These contain their own reverse transcriptase and this transcribes the RNA into DNA. The DNA will then become incorporated into the Host's DNA.

Question 54

How do single positive RNA strands replicate?

Answer 54

These are used directly as mRNA

Question 55

How do single negative RNA strands replicate?

Answer 55

The viral must be transcribed to mRNA first

Question 56

Are DNA viruses mainly double or single stranded?

Answer 56

Double

Question 57

Are RNA viruses mainly double or single stranded?

Answer 57

Single

Question 58

Where does DNA virus replication occur?

Answer 58

Nucleus

Question 59

Where does RNA virus replication occur?

Answer 59

Cytoplasm. It can be directly translated into proteins.

Question 60

Describe the activation of B cells

Answer 60

* Antigen presenting cell present antigen on MHC II to a B cell * The B cell engulfs the antigen through cell-mediated endocytosis * The B cell uses its lysosomes to break the antigen down * An MHC II receptor will be formed on B cell receptor * The epitope of antigen is presented on the MHC II receptor on B cell * A helper T cell will bind to the MHC II and attach it CD4+ * The T cell release lymphokine which causes B cells to clone, B cells to make memory cells and B cells to make plasma cells

Question 61

What is associated with increased neutrophils?

Answer 61

Bacteria

Question 62

What is associated with increased lymphocytes?

Answer 62

Viruses

Question 63

What is associated with increased eosinophils?

Answer 63

Parasites

Question 64

What is associated with increased monocytes?

Answer 64

Virus of chronic bacteria infections

Question 65

What does PICO stand for?

Answer 65

P: people I: Intervention C: Comparison, Control O: Outcome

Question 66

What is the causative agent of malaria?

Answer 66

Plasmodium malariae

Question 67

What is the causative agent of Cholera?

Answer 67

Vibro Chlorea: Negative Bacilli

Question 68

What are the main stages of the Gibb's reflection cycle?

Answer 68

Description - Feelings - Evaluation - Analysis- Conclusion - Action Plan

Question 69

What are the characteristics of a neutrophil | (granulocyte)?

Answer 69

Multi-lobed nucleus that stains lilac

Question 70

What are the characteristics of a eosinophil?

Answer 70

Bi-lobed nucleus that stain orange. Twice the size of Red blood cells

Question 71

What are the characteristics of a basophil?

Answer 71

Bi or Tri lobed nucleus with deep purple granules that outweigh nucleus

Question 72

What are the characteristics of a Lymphocyte?

Answer 72

Dark purple nucleus with blue cytoplasm, the nucleus is large and round

Question 73

What are the characteristics of a monocyte?

Answer 73

Horse-shoe nucleus with purple nucleus and blue, basophilic cytoplasm.