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Medicine Phase One > Phase One: Week Nine > Flashcards

Phase One: Week Nine Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two phases of the TCA cycle?

A

Decarboxylation and Reductive

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2
Q

Describe the first step in the TCE cycle

A

Acetyl CoA is condensed with oxaloacetate to produce citrate. This then undergoes the first stage: Citrate gets converted to Succinyl CoA. This is known as the decarboxylating reaction

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3
Q

Describe the second step in the TCE cycle

A

This is the reductive reaction. The Succinyl CoA is transferred into oxaloacetate.

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4
Q

What protein are fatty acids bound to as they are transported around the blood?

A

Albumin

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5
Q

How are long fatty acids transported across the membrane?

A

Carnitine

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6
Q

How do you calculate BMI?

A

Weight (Kg)/ Height (m) ^2

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7
Q

What is the Gibbs free energy is the product contains more energy

A

Positive

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8
Q

What is the Gibbs free energy is the product contains less energy

A

Negative

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9
Q

What is an endergonic reaction?

A

This is where energy is absorbed.

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10
Q

What is an exogenic reaction?

A

This is where energy is released.

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11
Q

Is the hydrolysis of ATP exergonic or endogenic?

A

Exergonic

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12
Q

Is the formation of ATP exergonic of endogenic?

A

Endogenic

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13
Q

What are the products of Glycolysis?

A

Pyruvate, 2ATPS and 2NADHs

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14
Q

What are the products of the TCA cycle?

A

3CO2, 3NADHs, 1GTP and 1FADH2

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15
Q

Relating to protein metabolism, what is transamination?

A

This is where one amino acid is converted into another.

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16
Q

Relating to protein metabolism, what is oxidative deamination?

A

This is where an amino group of an amino acid is lost as ammonia and this enters the urea cycle

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17
Q

What are the three main salivary glands?

A

Submandibular
Sublingual
Parotid

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18
Q

What are the four layers of the GI tract?

A
  • Serosa
  • Muscularis Externa
  • Submucosa
  • Mucosa
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19
Q

What does the serosa layer of the GI tract contain?

A

This has connective tissue

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20
Q

What does the muscularis layer of the GI tract contain?

A

This has circular and outer longitudinal smooth muslce and has the myenteric plexus

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21
Q

What does the submucosa layer of the GI tract contain?

A

This has the submucosa plexus, loss connective tissue (collagen and elastin)

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22
Q

What does the mucosa layer of the GI tract contain?

A

This has the muscularis mucosa, lamina propria and epithelium

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23
Q

Where is the myenteric plexus contained?

A

This is in the muscularis externa layer

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24
Q

What is the function of the myenteric plexus in the GU tract?

A

This has primary control over GI motility

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25
Q

What is the function of the submucosa plexus of the GI tract?

A

This senses the lumen environment, regulates blood flow and controls the epithelial cell function

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26
Q

What is the average daily saliva excretion?

A

1000ml

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27
Q

What is the average daily gastric secretion?

A

1500ml

28
Q

What is the average daily bile secretion?

A

1000ml

29
Q

What are some functions of saliva?

A
  • maintains healthy oral tissues
  • starts carbohydrate digestion
  • absence causes urge to drink
  • provides mucus
  • aids lipid digestion
  • keep mouth moist
30
Q

What cells produce salivary amylase?

A

Acini cells

31
Q

What is the exocrine function of the pancreas?

A

This secretes pancreatic juice and alkali secretions. This is from the acini and duct system.

32
Q

What is the endocrine function of the pancreas?

A

This secrets insulin and glucagon from the islets of Langerhans. Other hormones include somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide.

33
Q

Is pancreatic juice acidic or alkali?

A

It is alkali

34
Q

Name four major zymogens secreted by the pancreas that are involved in protien digestion

A

Trypsin, elastase, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase

35
Q

Phospholipase is secreted as a zymogen. What does it secrete?

A

Phospholipids.

36
Q

Name four pancreatic enzymes that are released in their active forms and are non-proteolytic

A

Amylase
Lipase
Ribonuclease
Deoxyribonuclease

37
Q

Name four brush border enzymes found on the small intestine

A

Peptidases
Lactase
Sucrase
Maltase

38
Q

How are amino acids absorbed?

A

Through active transport via 7 sodium linked carriers

39
Q

What length do fatty acids have to be in order to be absorbed by the portal blood?

A

<12 carbons long

40
Q

What vitamin is absorbed in the large intestine?

A

Vitamin K

41
Q

What is the difference between the upper and lower sphincter of the oesophagus?

A

Upper: conscious control
Lower: involuntary

42
Q

What are the three layers of the stomach mucosa layer?

A

Epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa

43
Q

What is the difference in the control of the anal sphincters?

A

Internal: this is involuntary and is controlled by hypogastric nerve
External: this is voluntary and controlled y perineal branch

44
Q

What do carbohydrates enter the digestive system as?

A

Disaccharides and Polysaccharides

45
Q

In what state are carbohydrates absorbed as?

A

Monosaccharides

46
Q

What are two examples of polysaccharides?

A

Glycogen and Starch (oats, wheat, legumes). There is also dextrin

47
Q

What are two examples of disaccharides?

A

Maltose, Lactose, Sucrose (dairy foods)

48
Q

What are examples of monosaccharides?

A

Glucose, fructose, pentose and galactose

49
Q

What does salivary amylase breakdown?

A

Alpha, 1-4, glyosidic bonds. Starch, Glycogen and Dextrin

50
Q

What is the function of pancreatic amylase

A

This converts starch and glycogen into maltose, dextrin’s and oligosaccharides.

51
Q

What are the three disaccharidases present on the brush border?

A

These are responsible for converting disaccharides into monosaccharides.

  • Maltose: maltose into glucose and fructose
  • Sucrose-isomoltase: sucrose isomaltase into glucose and fructose
  • Lactase: lactose into glucose and galactose
52
Q

Why can glucose pass through the lipid bilayer?

A

It is polar

53
Q

Explain glucose absorption through the sodium dependent transporter

A

Sodium will bind to the receptor and causes a structural change, allowing glucose to bind. Sodium is then transported (high to low) with glucose (low to high). The sodium and glucose enter the proximal epithelial cell.
Sodium is then pumped out by ATP via the sodium/potassium ATPase pump and glucose diffuses into the blood down its concentration gradient.

54
Q

Why does sodium have to pumped out of the intestinal cell?

A

This is because it is osomatically active and if it remain, it would causes osmotic flow into the proximal tube.

55
Q

What are sodium independent transporters for?

A

Facilitated diffusion

56
Q

What are GLUT-2 transporters for?

A

Transport glucose into blood

57
Q

What are the four zymogens that the pancreases secrets for proteins digestion?

A
  • Proelastase
  • Trypsinogen
  • carboxypeptidase
  • chymotrypsinogen
58
Q

What are the three brush border enzymes used for protein digestion?

A
  • aminopeptidases
  • dipeptidases
  • tripeptidases
59
Q

Describe how amino acids are absorbed with sodium

A

Amino acid and sodium are actively transported across. Amino acid can then diffuse into the blood and sodium is pumped back out in exchange for potassium. There is one ATP for every one amino acid.

60
Q

Describe how amino acids are absorbed with Gamma-glutamate

A

Amino acids can attach to Gamma-glutamate and be carried across and released into the cytoplasm. There is the requirement of 3 ATPs per glucose.

61
Q

How many fatty acids do triglycerides, digylcerides and monoglycerides contains?

A

3,2,1

62
Q

What is the function of lingual Lipase?

A

This digests TAG into DAGs

63
Q

What is the function of Pancreatic lipase?

A

This digests TAG into MAGs

64
Q

How are phospholipids absorbed?

A

The enzyme phospholipase A digests phospholipase into free fatty acids and lysolecithin

65
Q

What are the three products of lipid digestion?

A

Fatty acids, Lysolecthin, monoglycerides

Medicine Phase One (44 decks)

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