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Medicine Phase One > Blood Lipoproteins > Flashcards

Blood Lipoproteins Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three main lipids of the blood?

A

Triglycerides
Cholesterol
Phospholipids

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2
Q

What is the structure of a lipoproteins?

A

There is an inner core of neutral lipid: TAG and cholesterol

There is an outer coat of phospholipids, free cholesterol and apoprotein

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3
Q

Why are lipids carried as lipoproteins?

A

They are insoluble

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4
Q

What is the function and features of chylomicrons?

A

These are less dense and the largest. They carry dietary fat, mainly TAG, from the gut to adipose tissue and skeletal muslce. Their apoprotein is B48.

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5
Q

What is the function and features of VLDL?

A

These are less dense and large. The carry TAG from the liver to skeletal muslce. Their main apoprotein is B100.

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6
Q

What is the function and features of LDL?

A

These are more dense and smaller. They carry cholesterol from the liver to tissue. Their main apoprotein is B100.

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7
Q

What is the function and features of HDL?

A

These are more dense and smaller. They carry cholesterol from tissue to liver. Their major apoprotein is A1 and A2.

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8
Q

What are some functions of apoprotein?

A
  • lipid transport
  • lipid metabolism
  • identifying lipid type
  • structural integrity
  • regulating lipid uptake
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9
Q

How many fatty acids do triglycerides have?

A

Three

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10
Q

How many fatty acids do phospholipids have?

A

Two

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11
Q

How many fatty acids does cholesterol have?

A

One

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12
Q

Fatty acids are either unsaturated or saturated. What is the difference?

A

Saturated: no double bond
Unsaturated: double bond

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13
Q

What is the difference between polyunsaturated and monounsaturated?

A

Poly: more that one double bone
Mono: one double bond

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14
Q

What are the two categories of unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Cis: these have the hydrogens on the same side of the double bond and the structure is more kinked
Trans: these have the hydrogens on the opposite side of the double bond and the strucutre is more straight

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15
Q

Give some examples of food with saturated fat

A

Biscuits, Cakes, Meat, Pastry, Pies, Coconut oil, Palm oil, Cream

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16
Q

Give some examples of food with cis unsaturated fat

A

Vegetable oils, Avocados, Nuts, Seeds

17
Q

Give some examples of food with trans unsaturated fat

A

Biscuits, Cakes, Deep fired food, Pastry

18
Q

What are some of the roles of cholesterol?

A
  • lipid membrane component (maintains integrity, stiffening property)
  • allows the synthesis of steroid hormones and fat-soluble vitamins
19
Q

Which type of lipoprotein is responsible for cholesterol deposits in the arteries?

A

LDL. LDL is responsible for carrying cholesterol to cells for growth and repair but also deposits cholesterol in arteries.

20
Q

What happens during the exogenous cholesterol pathway?

A
  1. Fat and cholesterol is reassembled back into chylomicrons after being resorbed in the GI tract
  2. The chylomicrons enter the blood system and travel to peripheral tissues
  3. The chylomicrons release their triglycerides and these are broken down by lipoprotein lipase into fatty acids and glycerol
  4. The chylomicrons are now smaller and are called chylomicron remnants
  5. Empty HDL is produced as a by-product
  6. The chylomicrons remnants are removed by the liver by binding their apoprotein to the remnant receptor
21
Q

What happens during the endogenous cholesterol pathway?

A
  1. Fat and cholesterol arriving at the liver or newly synthesis is repackaged into the VLDL
  2. This travels to the peripheral tissues (between meal times)
  3. VLDL meets peripheral tissues that are expressing lipoprotein lipase and they release their triglyceride to be broke down into fatty acids and glycerol
  4. Once VLDL has lost its fat, it become IDL
  5. Empty HDL is produced as a by-product
  6. IDLs are absorbed by the liver
  7. The IDL is broken down by hepatic lipase into LDL
  8. LDL have a high cholesterol content
  9. LDL circulates and is absorbed by binding to LDL recepotrs
  10. Any excess LDL is taken up by the liver via LDL recepotrs
22
Q

What is familial herpercholesterolaemia?

A

There is an underproduction of LDL recepotrs and this leads to the inability to take up LDL

23
Q

What is Hyperlipoproteinemia?

A

This is the inability to break down lipids or fats. There is high levels of triglycerides and cholesterol.

24
Q

What is the difference in function between Triglycerides and cholesterol?

A

Triglycerides are used for energy stores in the cells. Cholesterol is used for cells membrane and hormone/vitamin production.

25
Q

What is an example of a statin?

A

Simvastatin

26
Q

What enzyme do statins inhibit?

A

HMG-CoA reductase

27
Q

What enzyme do statins inhibit?

A

HMG-CoA reductase

28
Q

What enzyme do statins inhibit?

A

HMG-CoA reductase

Medicine Phase One (44 decks)

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