Phase One: Week Eight Flashcards
Explain the mechanism of GABA-A receptor
GABA is a main inhibitory neurotransmitter of the CNS. It binds to a ligand-gated chloride channel on the post-synaptic nerve cell. Chlorine will flow into the cell and cause hyperpolarisation and this inhibits action potential formation.
What is Myasthenia Gravis?
This is muslce weakness. This is an autoimmune antibody attach of Ach receptor at the neuromuscular junction.
What kind receptors do adrenaline and serotonin bind to?
G-protein coupled
What are the three main G-alpha effectors?
Adenylyl cyclase, Phospholipase C and RhoGEFS
What does adenylyl cyclase make?
cAMP
What does phospholipase make?
IP3 and DAG
Explain the process of protein kinase A activation
This is activated by cAMP. cAMP will bind to the two regulatory units of the PKA and this causes the catalytic subunits to become activated and dissociate.
What is the affect of phospholipase C activation?
IP3 will be activated and this will cause calcium release into the endoplasmic reticulum. This will then activate calcium-depending kinases. DAG activates protien kinase C.
Explain the process of adrenaline binding to a beta-one receptor
Adrenaline will bind and activate G-alpha and this will stimulate adenylyl cyclase. There will be an increase in cAMP. As beta-one receptors are located on heart muslce, their activation will cause increases heart rate and contraction.
What is an example of selective beta-blockers (ones that only block beta-one)?
Atenolol
Explain the process of adrenaline binding to a beta-two receptor
Adrenalin will bind and will activate G-alpha subunit. Adenylyl cyclase will be activated and this will increase cAMP. Due to their location being on the airway smooth muscle and vascualr smooth muscle, the effect is bronchodilation and vasodilation. This will cause increased blood supply to the muslce.
What is sublingual administration?
Under the tongue
What is topical administration?
Mucous membranes
What is drug bioavailability?
The fraction of drug that reaches the systemic blood
What is drug bioavailability?
This is the fraction of administered drug that reaches the systemic circulation.
What is volume of distribution?
Fluid volume that would be required to contain the amount of drug present in the body at the same concentration as in the plasma
What does volume of distribution depend on?
Plasma protein, tissue binding, molecular weight, lipid solubility
What is loading dose?
This is an initial higher concentration given at the beginning of the course
Name four efferent fibres that the Vagus nerve synapses with
The recurrent laryngeal, the Vagus, The phrenic and Spinomotor. The effector muscles include respiratory muscles, laryngeal muslces and bronchial smooth muscle
What is the difference in the left and right recurrent laryngeal nerves in relation to the aortic arch?
The left goes in front of the aortic arch and the right goes behind.
What is the difference in the epitheliums of the trachea and the oesophagus?
Trachea: Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Oesophagus: Stratified squamous epithelium
What are the four layers of the trachea?
The mucosa, basement membrane, submucosa and cartilage.
Describe what happens during the first wave of public health
There is sanitary reform, municipal power, great public works and concern for social and civil order
Describe what happens during the second wave of public health
There is a rise in scientific medicine, hospitals, health services and there is a rationalist approach
Describe what happens during the third wave of public health
There is the welfare state, institutional reforms, NHS is establish, social housing, and there is a focus on living conditions. The politicians are key.
Describe what happens during the fourth wave of public health
There is a focus on risk factors especially lifestyle and behaviours, There is emerging concern about inequalities.
