Phase One: Week Four Flashcards
The TNM staging is commonly used for cancer. What does TNM stand for?
T: tumour
N: nodes
M: metastases
What are the four stages of the T category in the TNM system?
T1: tumour invaded only submucosae and mucosa
T2: tumour invaded muslce layer
T3: tumour invaded serosa layer
T4: tumour outside of the tissue
What are the three stages of the N category in the TNM system?
N0: no nodes affected
N1: 1-3 nodes affected
N2: >4 nodes affected
What are the two stages of the M category in the TNM system?
M0: no metastases
M1: metastases
What are the different stages of the number staging of cancer and what do the mean?
Stage One: the cancer is obtained in the organ (T1, N0, M0)
Stage Two: the cancer is within the organ but is larger and there may be lymph nodes involved (T2-3, N0-1, M0)
Stage Three: the cancer has spread to surrounding tissue and lymph nodes (T4, N1-2, M0)
Stage Four: the caner has metastases (Any T, Any N, M1)
What is the meaning of neoplasia?
Abnormal growth
What is the meaning of anaplasia?
Loss of cellular differentiation
What is the meaning of dysplasia?
Change in cell or tissue and abnormal growth
What is the meaning of metaplasia?
A change from one type of differentiated tissue to anothe
What are the four ways that cancer can spread?
Lymphatic : through lymph nodes
Transcoelomic: through body cavities
Haematogenous: through blood
Canalicular: though anatomical canalicular spaces for example bile duct or urinary system
What is the difference between dysplasia and metaplasia?
Dysplasia is cancerous whereas Metaplasia is non-cancerous.
What are the three developmental stages of life before birth and give their timings?
Pre-implantation: weeks 1-2
Embryonic: weeks 2-8
Fetal: weeks 9- 28
Which germ layer gives rise to the pancreas?
Endoderm
Which germ layer gives rise to the tooth enamel?
Ectoderm
Which germ layer gives rise to the notochord?
Mesoderm
Which germ layer gives rise to the thyroid gland?
Endoderm
Which germ layer gives rise to the Adrenal medulla?
Ectoderm
Which germ layer gives rise to the Adrenal cortex?
Mesoderm
What is the difference is the germ layer derivates in the adrenal cortex and medulla?
The Adrenal cortex is from the mesoderm and the Adrenal Medulla is from the ectoderm.
What cyclin-dependent kinase is used for regulation of the S phase?
CDK 2 - Cyclin E
What occurs in G1?
Cells grow and prepare for DNA synthesis.
What occurs in the S phase?
DNA synthesis