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Medicine Phase One > Keeping Peolpe Healthy: Week Three > Flashcards

Keeping Peolpe Healthy: Week Three Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main sugar in breast milk?

A

Lactose

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2
Q

What is the first milk made by the breast called?

A

Colostrum

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3
Q

What antibody is in breast milk?

A

IgA

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4
Q

What is the function of alpha-lactalbumin, located in breast milk?

A

Antibacterial and Immunostimulatory properties

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5
Q

What is the function of lactoferrin, located in breast milk?

A

Binds iron in competition with bacteria products, preventing iron overdoes

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6
Q

What is the function of Oligosaccrahries, located in breast milk?

A

Encourage the growth of beneficial probiotic organisms in the gut

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7
Q

What is the function of epidermal growth factor, located in breast milk?

A

Promotes healing

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8
Q

What is the function of neural growth factor, located in breast milk?

A

Promotes peristalsis development

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9
Q

What can long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids help with?

A

Brain development

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10
Q

What is Necrotising enterocolitis ?

A

Necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) is a serious illness in which tissues in the intestine (gut) become inflamed and start to die. This can lead to a perforation (hole) developing, which allows the contents of the intestine to leak into the abdomen (tummy). Formula fed babies are 6-10 times more likely to get this.

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11
Q

When and where is prolactin produced?

A

This is stimulated from the anterior pituitary gland when the nipple is stimulated.

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12
Q

What is the function of prolactin?

A

Cause lactocytes to make milk

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13
Q

When and where is oxytocin produced?

A

This is made in posterior pituitary and stimulated when there is nipple stimulation

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14
Q

What is the function of feedback inhibitor of lactation?

A

This will build up in the milk and cause lactation to stop.

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15
Q

What are some advantages of bottle feeding?

A
  • longer nights
  • separation
  • large volumes always available
  • same micronutrients
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16
Q

What intercostal spaces does the breast expand to and from?

A

2nd-6th

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17
Q

What is the pigmented area around the nipple called?

A

Areolar

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18
Q

What muscle cells surround the alveoli of the breast and help contraction?

A

Myoepithelial

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19
Q

What is the function of Cooper’s ligaments?

A

Hold breasts against chest wall

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20
Q

What is the function of the Montgomery glands?

A

Secrete a lipid fluid that helps lubricate the areolar and protect the nipple

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21
Q

What type of gland is the breast?

A

Apocrine

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22
Q

What is the epithelium of the nipple?

A

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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23
Q

What is the breast vascular supply?

A

Internal thoracic artery

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24
Q

What are the three lymphatic nodes of the breast?

A

Axillary, Parasternal, Posterior intercostal

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25
What is the passage way of breast milk out of the breast?
Alveoli (contained in the lobule) - lactiferous duct -lactiferous sinus - nipple
26
What three hormones prepare the alveolar cells to prepare for milk production during pregnancy?
Human placental lactogen, progesterone from the placenta. | Prolactin from the anterior pituitary.
27
Why is there no milk let-down during pregnancy?
Although there is prolactin stimulating let-down, it is inhibit by the placental progesterone.
28
What is the difference in the alveolar cells compared to pregnancy and lactation?
Pregnancy: columnar | Milk production: squamous and have microvilli
29
When is mature milk secreted?
2-3 weeks
30
What is the composition of colostrum?
This is low in fats, lactose and B vitamins, but high in protein and vitamins A,D,E and K and minerals, There are also IgAs.
31
What is the composition of mature milk?
Higher concentration of fats and sugars
32
What are the three main proteins of breast milk?
Casein, Alpha-lactalbumin, Lactoglobulin
33
What does Oligosaccharides help within the baby?
Lactose promotes growth of intestinal flora. | Galactose is essential in myelin production.
34
What should the proper attachment of the baby's mouth to the nipple be?
Nipple against roof, mouth wide open covering alveolar, tongue against bottom of areolae
35
Explain the process of milk production stimulation
Suckling initiates the neuroendocrine reflex, where mechanoreceptors are activated. This causes signals up to the hypothalamus via intercostal nerves and dorsal root ganglion. There is a decrease in prolactin inhibitory hormone (dopamine) and an increase in prolactin.
36
Explain the process of milk let-down stimulation
Oxytocin is responsible for this. This is made in the hypothalamus and secreted by the posterior pituitary. There will also be contraction of the Myoepithelial cells.
37
When will lactation cease if not stimulated?
2-3 weeks. Complete involution will take 3 months.
38
What are some conditions that the baby is more likely to get is they are formula fed?
- Otitis media - Asthma - Obesity - Diabetes - Lower respiratory infections - Eczema - Sudden infant death syndrome
39
What are some benefits for the mother when she breast feeds?
``` Weight loss Reduces cancer risk Reduces uterine bleeding Reduces risk of heart disease, osteoporosis, type II diabetes, arthritis Skin-to-Skin contact ```
40
What is the breast feeding bill of 2005?
This allows women to breast feed in a public place, as long as child is allowed to be there
41
How much colostrum will a baby require during each feed?
Teaspoon
42
What are some complications of breast feeding?
- cracked nipples - breast enlargement - blocked milk duct
43
When should weaning occur?
6 months
44
When should babies start being given vitamin D supplements?
From birth | A and C given from 6 months
45
What is the distance between each centile on a growth chart?
2/3 of a standard deviation
46
What are the two centiles that are two standard deviations above or below median?
2nd and 98th
47
What are the findings on a growth chart of an overweight and obese child?
Overweight: 91st Obese: 98th
48
What are some signs that there may be undernutrition?
Weight: 2nd or 9th Height: 25th
49
What is the liquid and calories intake recommended for infants?
Liquid: 150ml/kg/day Calories: 110kcal/kg/day
50
What are some macronutrients found in breast milk?
- phosphorus - calcium - magnesium - copper - iron - zinc
51
What is a short stature defined as?
2 standard deviations blow median
52
Name some common uses of hormonal contraception
- Oestrogen and Progesterone: pill, patch and vaginal ring | - Progesterone: pill, injectable, implant, mirena coil
53
Name some common contraceptives
- hormonal - condom - diaphragm - cervical caps - natural methods: temperature, rhythm, persona, withdrawal - sterilisation: tibiual ligation in women ( 1:300 failures) and vasectomy in males (1:2000 failures)
54
Name and describe the difference between the two types of oral emergency contraception
- Levonella: this has levonorgesterol (progesterone) and this is used within 72 hours - EllaOne: this is ullipristal and is used within 120 hours
55
Describe the intrauterine emergent contraception
This is a copper coil. This is 99% effect (the oral has 95%) and can be used within 120 hours. This is invasive and painful.
56
Give some examples of STIs
- Genital warts - HIV - Chlamydia - Genital Herpes - Gonorrhoea - Hep B - Trichomonas Vaginitis - Syphilis
57
Describe Genital warts
This is caused by HPV 6 and 11. There will be warts around the genital area and they might by asymptomatic.
58
Describe Chlamydia
This is mainly asymptomatic. However, it may cause dysuria, discharge, cervicitis, pelvis inflammatory disease and female infertility. This is causes by bacteria
59
What is Dysuria?
Painful urination
60
Describe Genital herpes
This is caused by Herpes simplex virus (cold sore). There will be painful ulcers that will heal but may recur.
61
Describe Hep B
This is from the Hepadnavirus. This can also be spread through blood and vertical transfer. This can case cirrhosis, liver failure and cancer.
62
Describe Trichomonas Vaginitis
This is caused by Flagellated bacteria. This is mainly asymptomatic. Women may have discharge and an odour Men may have discharge and dysuria
63
Describe Gonorrhoea
This is caused by Neisseria Gonorrhoea (negative diplococci). This is mainly asymptomatic but may cause men to have purulent urethral discharge and dysuria, Women may also have discharge. Complications include: PID, Conjunctivitis, Disseminated gonococcal infection
64
Describe Syphilis
This is caused by bacteria and can result in an ulcer or rash. If left untreated, it can cause neuropathy, aneurysm, It is usually treated with long acting penicillin.
65
Describe HIV
This is an STI more common in developing countries. Effective treatment has meant that, in many cases, the life expectancy is normal.
66
What thee STIs are males more likely to get if they have intercourse with other males?
HIV, Syphilis, Gonorrhoea
67
What kind of urine sample do men give for STI testing?
First void urine sample: Chlamydia and Gonorrhoea
68
What are the two types of tests for female STIs?
Self Swab: Chlamydia and Gonorrhoea | Blood: HIV and Syphilis
69
What do the Fraser Guidelines say in relation to a Doctor giving advice about sexual health to under 16s
Doctor can continue giving advice in the patient meets following criteria: - young person understands - young person won't tell parents - young person will continue having sex
70
What are the stages of the audit process?
- select the topic - define the standards - define the methods - pilot and data collection - analyses and report the data - make recommendations - implement change - re audit

Medicine Phase One (44 decks)

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