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Medicine Phase One > Phase One: Week Eleven > Flashcards

Phase One: Week Eleven Flashcards

1
Q

What type of cartilage makes up the auricle?

A

Elastic

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2
Q

What are the three ossicles?

A

Malleus, Stapes, Incus

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3
Q

Where is sound interpreted?

A

Primary auditory area in temporal lobes

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4
Q

Describe the pathway sound, from the stapes vibrating the oval window

A

The stapes is connected to the oval window which is connected to the scala vestibule. The Scala vestibule will run into the scale tympani and this runs to the round window. The stapes vibrating causes the perilymph present in the scale vestibule is vibrates and this is transmitted to the tectorial membrane. This basilar membrane will then start to move.
The basilar membrane has hair cell located on its surface and these have sterocilia located on their apical surface.
There are mechanically-gated channels on the stereo-cilia and these are connected by tip-link proteins. The movement against the tectorial membrane causes depolarization as potassium ions are released. The potassium depolarization causes sodium to be released and this generates a neurotransmitter.

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5
Q

Explain the process of fever

A

There are exogenous pathogens picked up by immune cells. T cell will release exogenous pyrogens, including TNF and IL-1. These will activate phospholipase A2 and this will increase the COX pathway. The production of PGE2 will cause the body’s temperature to be reset to a higher level.

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6
Q

Explain the arachidonic pathway

A

The phospholipid membrane is converted into arachidonic acid though the action of phospholipase A2. The arachidonic acid can be converted to thromboxane or prostaglandins through the COX enzymes. The arachidonic acid can be converted into leukotrienes through lipoxygenase.

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7
Q

Explain the pathology of otitis media

A

This is more common in children because their Eustachian tube is more horizontal and this allows fluid to accumulate. The fluid will cause inflammation and pus will build up, causing swelling.

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8
Q

Why can paracetamol causes negative effect on the stomach?

A

Prostaglandins have a protective effect on the stomach.

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9
Q

What organs does the vestibule contain for the vestibular apparatus?

A

Saccule and Utricle

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10
Q

What is the function of the stria vascularis, located in the scala media?

A

This regulates ionic and metabolic environment of scala media.

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11
Q

What determine resonant frequency?

A

Mass and stiffness

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12
Q

What happens do resonant frequency with increasing mass and stiffness?

A
  • goes up with increasing mass

- goes down with increased frequency

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13
Q

What are the characteristics of high frequency?

A

Stiff and light

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14
Q

What are the characteristics of low frequency?

A

Heavy and flexible

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15
Q

What happens when hair cell are lost?

A

Outer: vibration isn’t sufficient
Inner: no signal to the brain

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16
Q

What is impedance?

A

Resistant to vibration

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17
Q

How is the impedance achieved in the ear?

A

Difference in size of tympanic membrane compared to oval window.

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18
Q

What are the six NEWS sign?

A
  • temperature
  • respiraoty rate
  • consciousness
  • pulse
  • blood pressure
  • oxygen saturation
19
Q

Explain the meaning of the AVPU scale

A

A: patient is awake
V: patient responds to verbal stimulation
P: patient responds to pain
U: patient is unresponsive

20
Q

What is the pathway of light?

A

Cornea, anterior chamber, pupil and iris, lens, vitreous chamber, retina, sclera

21
Q

What is the nerve pathway for the eye?

A

Optic nerve, Optic chiasm, Optic tract, Optic radiation, Occipital lobe

22
Q

Where are tears made?

A

Lacrimal gland

23
Q

What bones make up the orbit?

A 
Frontal
Sphenoid
Zygomatic
Maxilla
Lacrimal
Ethmoid
Palatine
24
Q

What are the four sinuses?

A

Maxillary
Frontal
Sphenoid
Ethmoid

25
Q

What tow eye muscles are not supplied by the oculomotor?

A

Lateral rectus: trochlea

Superior Oblique: Abducens

26
Q

What is the buccal space?

A

Potential cheek space

27
Q

What is the lingual nerve a branch off?

A

Trigeminal and facial nerve

28
Q

What is the oral cavity made of?

A 
Maxillae
Palatine
Temporal bone
Mandible
Hydoid
Sphenoid
29
Q

What is the humans sound range?

A

20,000 - 20Hz

30
Q

What is the size difference of the tympanic membrane and the foot plate?

A

Tympanic membrane: 55 mm^2
Foot plate: 3.2mm^2
This allows a 25dB sound gain

31
Q

What is the membrane potential of hair cells?

A

-60mV

32
Q

Where are the locations of vallate papillae, filiform papillae and foliate papillae?

A

Vallate: located at the back of tongue
Filiform: tip and sides of tongue
Foliate: middle of tongue

33
Q

What is tonotopic mapping?

A

Afferent fibres from different parts of the basilar membrane are connected to different ganglion and hence frequency of impinging sounds are mapped along the ganglion.

34
Q

What are outer hair cell function?

A

These are amplifiers. This is because when stimulated, they change shape and stiffness.

35
Q

What is the difference between the nuerulation of inner and outer hair cells?

A

A single inner hair cell is innervated by numerous nerve fibers, whereas a single nerve fibre innervates many outer hair cells. Inner hair cell nerve fibers are also very heavily myelinated, which is in contrast to the unmyelinated outer hair cell nerve fibers.
Inner hair cells have afferent fibres and outer cells have efferent fibres.

36
Q

What liquid does the scala vestibule and scala tympani contain?

A

Perilymph

37
Q

What is the bottom membrane of the scala vestibule called?

A

Vestibule membrane (Reissner’s membrane membrane)

38
Q

What would high pitch sounds move?

A

These move the stiffer, lighter hair cells at the base of the membrane

39
Q

What would low pitch sounds move?

A

These would move more flexible and heavier hair cells at the apex of the membrane

40
Q

What is the function of inner hair cells?

A

These are responsible for transmitting the nerve impulses to the brain

41
Q

What is the function of the outer hair cells?

A

These are responsible for amplification. They amplify the sound by changing their shape and increasing the vibration of the basilar membrane.

42
Q

What would the consequence of losing the outer hair cells?

A

Hearing would be damped but not lost. Amplification would not occur but transmission of the nerve impulses do

43
Q

What type of signalling molecule can diffuse directly across the cell membrane?

A

Hydrophobic

Medicine Phase One (44 decks)

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