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Medicine Phase One > Embryology: Mesoderm > Flashcards

Embryology: Mesoderm Flashcards

1
Q

Where does skeletal muslce develop from?

A

Paraxial mesoderm

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2
Q

Where does smooth muslce develop from?

A

Visceral plate of lateral plate

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3
Q

Where does cardiac muslce develop from?

A

Visceral plate of lateral plate

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4
Q

When do somites start to form?

A

Day 20

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5
Q

What is the clock gene, involved in the clock and wave front mechanism?

A

Notch

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6
Q

What is the wave gene, involved in the clock and wave front mechanism?

A

FGF8

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7
Q

What is a somite?

A

Block of paraxial mesoderm that gives rise to skeletal muslce

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8
Q

Once somites are formed, what do they differentiation into?

A

The ventral and medial part forms the Sclerotome and the dorsal part forms the dermomyotome.

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9
Q

What does the dermomyotome split into?

A

Dermatome and myotome

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10
Q

What does the Sclerotome from?

A

vertebrae and ribs

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11
Q

What does the myotome split into?

A

Primaxial and Abaxial muscles

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12
Q

Where are tendons derived from?

A

Sclerotome

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13
Q

What gene influences tendon formation?

A

Scleroaxis

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14
Q

What are the function of the transcription factors, MYOD and MYF5?

A

These activate muslce-specific genes and allow myoblast formation in the dermomyotome.

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15
Q

What is the function of Myogenin?

A

This allows the myoblast cells to align and fuse to from primary myotubes

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16
Q

How is MYOD activated?

A

WNT (activating) and BMP (inhibiting) are released from the neural tube. These work together to activate MYOD.

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17
Q

What creates MYF5?

A

MYOD

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18
Q

What forms the lateral body wall?

A

Somatic layer of lateral plate

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19
Q

What is responsible from smooth muscle differentiation?

A

Serum response factor

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20
Q

What does the intermediate mesoderm form?

A

Urogenital structures

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21
Q

What does the dermatome form?

A

Dermis and connective tissue

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22
Q

What does the parietal layer of the lateral plate form?

A

The Body wall and bones

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23
Q

What does the visceral layer of the lateral plate form?

A

Wall of the gut tube and serous membranes

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24
Q

What forms the wall of the gut tube?

A

Visceral layer

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25
Q

What forms the serous membranes?

A

Visceral layer

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26
Q

What forms the ribs and the vertebrae?

A

The Sclerotome

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27
Q

How many pairs of somites form from day 20 until week 5?

A

3 pairs a day

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28
Q

What are MOD and MYF5?

A

Transcription factors

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29
Q

When myoblast cells fuse, what do they form?

A

Primary myotubes

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30
Q

Where is WNT produced?

A

Neural tube

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31
Q

Where is BMP produced?

A

Neural tube

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32
Q

What type of muslce does the visceral layer of the lateral plate form?

A

The smooth muslce and cardiac muscle

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33
Q

What type of muslce does the paraxial muslce form?

A

Skeletal muscle

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34
Q

What forms the dermis?

A

The dermatome

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35
Q

What does the visceral layer of the lateral plate form?

A

Serous membranes and the wall of the gut tube

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36
Q

What does the parietal layer of the lateral plate form?

A

The body wall and bones

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37
Q

What does the Sclerotome form?

A

The vertebrae and ribs

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38
Q

What is the function of neurotrophin-3?

A

Directs the dermatome to become the dermis. It is secreted by the dorsal neural tube.

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39
Q

Neurotrophin-3 functions to direct the dermatome to become the dermis. Where is it secreted?

A

The dorsal tube.

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40
Q

What activates MYOD and subsequently MYF5?

A

Wnt (activating) and BMP (inhibiting) combine to MYOD and. MYOD creates a group of muslce cell precursors which express MYF5.

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41
Q

What is the function of MYOD and MYF5?

A

These are myogenic regulatory factors. These activate muscle-specific genes and can convert non-muslce cells to other muscle cells.

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42
Q

Name two myogenic regulatory factors

A

MYOD and MYF5

43
Q

What affect does Sonic Hedgehog and Noggin have on Sclerotome formation?

A

They induce it

44
Q

What is the lateral plate mesoderm?

A

This is the border between each somite and the lateral plate mesoderm. It separates the two mesodermal domains.

45
Q

What are the two mesodermal domains?

A

Primaxial: region around the neural tube that is somite derived mesoderm
Abaxial: parietals layer of the lateral plate mesoderm and some migratory somatic cells

46
Q

Where do the signals for the primaxial mesoderm come from?

A

Neural tube and notochord

47
Q

Where do the signals for the abaxial region come from?

A

Lateral plate mesoderm

48
Q

Where do the scalene muslces originate from?

A

Primaxial

49
Q

What is the origin of the Intercostal muslces?

A

Primaxial

50
Q

What is the origin of the Rhomboids?

A

Primaxial

51
Q

What is the origin of the Levator scapulae?

A

Primaxial

52
Q

What is the origin of the latissimi dorsi?

A

Primaxial

53
Q

What is the origin of the Infrahyoid muslces?

A

Abaxial

54
Q

What is the origin of the Geniohyoid muslces?

A

Primaxial

55
Q

What is the origin of the pectoralis major and minor?

A

Abaxial

56
Q

What is the origin of the external and internal oblique muscles?

A

Abaxial

57
Q

What is the origin of the transverses and rectus abdominus muslces?

A

Abaxial

58
Q

What is the origin of the distal limb muslces?

A

Abaxial

59
Q

What is the origin of the pelvis diaphragm?

A

Abaxial

60
Q

What are the epaxial and hypaxial regions supplied by?

A

Epaxial (true back muslces): dorsal primary rami

Hypaxial (limb and body wall): ventral primary rami

61
Q

What are limb buds?

A

Small buds of undifferentiated mesoderm cells that are covered with cuboidal ectoderm

62
Q

What shape is the ectoderm covering the limb buds?

A

Cuboidal

63
Q

At what day do the limb buds first become visible?

A

Day 24

64
Q

What is the time period of limb morphogenesis?

A

Weeks 4-8

65
Q

Where is mesenchyme derived from?

A

Dorsolateral mesoderm of the somites and parietal layer of the lateral plate mesoderm

66
Q

When the ectoderm at the distal border thickens, what does it form?

A

The apical ectodermal ridge

67
Q

The apical ectodermal ridge always remains undifferentiated. true or False?

A

True

68
Q

What is limb outgrowth initiated by?

A

FGF10

69
Q

What is the function of FGF10 during limb development?

A

Initiate limb outgrowth

70
Q

What does the dorsal ectodermal ridge express?

A

Radical fringe

71
Q

What does the ventral ectodermal ridge express?

A

Engrailed-1

72
Q

Where is Engrailed-1 expressed?

A

Engrailed-1 is expressed in the ventral ectodermal ridge

73
Q

Where is radical fringe expressed?

A

Dorsal ectodermal ridge

74
Q

Once the AER (apical ectodermal ridge) is established, what does it express?

A

FGF4 and FGF8

75
Q

What is the function of FGF4 and FGF8?

A

Essential for maintenance of an undifferentiated zone

76
Q

Where is FGF10 secreted?

A

Lateral plate mesoderm. This is responsible for limb outgrowth.

77
Q

What is the function of retinoic acid in limb development?

A

This is present on the proximal ends of the limbs and starts differentiation into the proximal compartments.

78
Q

What is the function of Radical fringe?

A

This restricts the AER to dorsal tip

79
Q

What is the function of Engrailed?

A

This restricts the AER to the ventral tip

80
Q

What does the AER promote and prevent?

A

The AER promotes mitosis and prevents differentiation.

81
Q

What is polydactyly?

A

This is the presence of extra digits

82
Q

What the three possible genes that can be mutated in polydactyly?

A

Hox, Shh or Wnt

83
Q

Is Polydactyly recessive or dominant?

A

Recessive

84
Q

When do the terminal portions of limb buds become flattened and what do they form?

A

Week 6: handplates and footplate

85
Q

Development of limb buds occurs in what direction?

A

Proximodistally

86
Q

What are the three comparts of the limb development, proximal to distal?

A

Stylopod, Zeugopod, Autopod

87
Q

What is positioning of limbs along the craiocaudal axis regulated by?

A

HOX genes

88
Q

What how gene is only present in the hands?

A

Hox-13

89
Q

What gene family is responsible for designating upper and lower limbs?

A

T-box transcription factors

90
Q

What T-box transcription factor is expressed in upper limbs?

A

TBX-5

91
Q

What T-box transcription factor is expressed in the hind-limbs?

A

TBX-4 and PITX1

92
Q

Briefly describe the formation of the digits?

A

There is cell death in the AER and this separates the ridges into 5 parts. The five fingers will then grow out. Digit separation is complete by day 56.

93
Q

When is digit separation complete?

A

Day 56

94
Q

When does limb rotation occur?

A

Week 7

95
Q

What is the direction of rotation that occurs with limbs?

A

Coronal to Parasagittal, then along the long axis

96
Q

What way does the upper limb rotate?

A

90 degrees laterally

97
Q

What way does the lower limb rotate?

A

90 degrees medially

98
Q

Where do the extensor muslces of the upper limb lie?

A

Lateral and posterior side

99
Q

Where do the extensor muslces of the lower limb lie?

A

Anterior surface

100
Q

When can cartilage models be seen?

A

Week 6

101
Q

What is the function of WNT 14?

A

Cell proliferation, increased density, cell differentiation and cell death

102
Q

When does ossification begin?

A

Week 8

103
Q

When are all primary centres of ossification present in long bones?

A

Week 12

Medicine Phase One (44 decks)

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