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Module 1 (Intro To Basics) > Pharmacology Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Pharmacology Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Adverse drug Response

A

only noxious, unintended, and undesired effects that occur at normal drug doses

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2
Q

ADR Mild effects

A

drowsy, itching, nausea, rash

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3
Q

ADR Severe effects

A

respiratory depression, organ injury, anaphylaxis, death

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4
Q

ADR Considerations

A

What increases the risk? illnesses
What impact whom? nurse, pt
How to minimize harm? check and monitor

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5
Q

Side effects def

A

nearly unavoidable secondary drug effect produced at therapeutic doses

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6
Q

Toxicity def

A

any severe ADR, regardless of dose that caused it

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7
Q

Allergic reaction def

A

immune response, the intensity determined by immune system not dosage

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8
Q

Idiosyncratic effect def

A

uncommon drug response resulting from a genetic predisposition

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9
Q

Paradoxical effect def

A

opposite of intended drug response

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10
Q

Iatrogenic disease def

A

occurs as a result of medication care or treatment, including disease produced by drugs

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11
Q

Physical dependence def

A

adapted to drug exposure in such a way that abstinence syndrome will develop if d/c

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12
Q

Carcinogenic effect def

A

ability of certain meds and chemicals to cause concern

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13
Q

Teratogenic def

A

drug induced birth effects

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14
Q

Hepatotoxic drugs effect the

A

liver

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15
Q

The liver is the primary site of

A

metabolism

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16
Q

Drugs are the leading cause of

A

liver failure

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17
Q

What increases the risk of liver injury?

A

combining hepatotoxic drugs

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18
Q

Hepatotoxic drug example
(Hint: cholesterol)

A

Statine

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19
Q

What type of drugs are toxic to the heart?

A

QT drugs

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20
Q

QT drugs do what to the body

A

prolong QT intervals
cause life-threatening dysrhythmias

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21
Q

What genders are at higher risk when taking QT drugs?

A

females

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22
Q

Multiple QT drugs are not given _____________

A

concurrently

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23
Q

Kidneys filter

A

metabolites out of the body
-cumulative exposure cause damage

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24
Q

Ototoxic reactions cause
(reason need to catch early)

A

permanent damage

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25
Q

How many approximate drugs are pneumotoxic

A

600 +

26
Q

How to identify ADR?

A

underlying diseases
polypharmacy
unknown

27
Q

Polypharmacy

A

simultaneous use of multiple drugs to treat a single ailment or condition

28
Q

What questions do you ask to know more about adverse drug reactions?

A

Symptoms appear shortly after 1st use?
Did they go away after d/c?
Reappear after reinstititution
Illness explain event?
Other drug regimen?

29
Q

How do you minimize ADRs?

A

early id is key
knowing the major ADRs a drug produces
monitor organ functions if toxic
individual therapy
pt teaching

30
Q

Black box warnings

A

strongest safety warning a drug can carry and still remain on the market
-concise summary of ADR with warnings and precautions
–most serious med warning required by FDA

31
Q

Considerations with Black Box Warnings

A

benefits outweigh the risks
safer and equally effective alternative
safer but less effective appropriate
warning applicable to specific pt
ameriorlate the potential of ADR

32
Q

Medication Error

A

any preventable event that may cause or lead to inappropriate meds used or pt harm
-direct harm
-indirect harm

33
Q

Med Error causes

A

human factors
communication mistakes
name confusions
packaging, formulations, and delivery services
labeling and references materials

34
Q

What medication error has a 90% fatality rate?

A

communication mistakes

35
Q

Body composition in relation to drug responses

A

if the same dose is given to a small and a big person = the drug concentration will be higher in the small person

36
Q

Infants has premature

A

organ systems

37
Q

Older adults have a decline in

A

organ functions (decline in liver/kidney functions and increase in level of drug in system)

38
Q

Individual Variation Factors in drug responses

A

tolerance
comorbidities
diet

39
Q

Tolerance

A

decrease in responsiveness to a drug as a result of repeated drug administration

40
Q

Comorbidities

A

taken to manage 1 condition may complicate management of another condition

41
Q

Diet in relation to ADRs

A

good diets elicit therapeutic responses and reduce harm from ADRs
-some foods interact with drugs

42
Q

Kidney disease pathophysiology

A

due to accumulation of drug toxicity
decrease rate of drug exertion

43
Q

Liver disease

A

drug accumulation of drug toxicity causes
decrease rate of drug metabolism

44
Q

Failing to take drugs as prescribed bc of

A

Patient compliance (manual dexterity or visual activity)
Intellectual capacity and psychologic state
attitude and belief
ability to pay
any steps of med errors

45
Q

In drug med errors, Nurses are the

A

last line of defense

46
Q

Drug therapy in older adults factors

A

organ function
comorbidities
polypharmacy
noncompliance

47
Q

Pharmacokinetics Changes
Absorption

A

rate slows
gastric acidity decreases

48
Q

Pharmacokinetics Changes
Distribution

A

Plasma drug lvl reduced
=increase in body fat
Plasma drug lvl increased
=decrease % lean body mass
=decrease in total body water
=decrease serum albumin concentration

49
Q

Pharmacokinetics Changes
Metabolism

A

decrease with age - highly variable

50
Q

Pharmacokinetics Changes
Excretion

A

reduce progressively in early adulthood

51
Q

What is the most important cause of ADRs in elderly

A

decrease progressively in excretion

52
Q

ADR is _____ times more common in the elderly.

A

7

53
Q

The elderly ADRs account for ____% of hospital admissions.

A

16

54
Q

The elderly ADRs account for ____% of all med-related deaths.

A

50
-mostly dose related
-mostly avoidable
-symptoms nonspecific

55
Q

Important Risk Factors in Elderly

A

-reduce renal function - drug accumulation
-polypharmacy
-greater severity of illness
-low therapeutic index drugs
-increase individual variation
-inadequate supervision of long-term therapy
-poor adherence

56
Q

Goal Treatment

A

reduce symptoms
improve quality of life

57
Q

Assessment of Risk factors

A

drug history
compliance

58
Q

Monitoring of Risk factors

A

clinical responses
plasma drug levels

59
Q

Teaching pts Risk factors of

A

how to take meds
strategies for compliance

60
Q

Nurse advocates for the best medication administration for the pt

A

simpliest regimen possible
easy to open containers
large print
cost

61
Q

Plasma drug lvl reduced =

A

increase in body fat

62
Q

Plasma drug lvl increased =

A

=decrease % lean body mass
=decrease in total body water
=decrease serum albumin concentration

Module 1 (Intro To Basics) (32 decks)

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