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Module 1 (Intro To Basics) > Immunity/Reactivity > Flashcards

Immunity/Reactivity Flashcards

1
Q

Immunity def

A

physiologic process that provides an individual with protection or defense from disease
-responds to threats on an individualized basis

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2
Q

Acquired Immunity

A

produced by prior exposure or antibody production

Active and Passive Immunity

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3
Q

Innate Immunity

A

genetically determined - no prior exposure or antibody production involved

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4
Q

Natural flora immunity is under the

A

innate immunity

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5
Q

Active Immunity

A

produced by antibodies that develop in response to antigens
immune response

Natural or Induced

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6
Q

Passive Immunity

A

produced by transfer of antibodies from another person

Induced and Natural passive

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7
Q

Naturally Acquired Immunity

A

develops after exposure to antigens in environment

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8
Q

Induced active immunity

A

develops after the administration of antigens to prevent diseases

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9
Q

Vaccines are what type of immunity?

A

Active induced

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10
Q

Plasma and antibody transfer immunity to a specific disease given to someone what type of immunity?

A

Induced passive immunity

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11
Q

Induced passive immunity

A

conferred by the administration of antibodies to combat infection

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12
Q

Nutrition helps the immune system by

A

fighting infection and natural immunity in the body

-innate immunity
-anti-inflammation
-anti-aging
-anticancer

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13
Q

Natural passive immunity

A

conferred by transfer of maternal antibodies across placenta or in the breast milk

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14
Q

Attributes of Immunity

A

Normal WBC and differential counts
negative bacterial and viral cultures
soft, non-tender lymph nodes
recognition of self
recognition of foreign proteins

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15
Q

Malnutrition: Protein Risk Factors
psychological, social, and environmental

A

social isolation, grieving, finances, mistreatment, hospitalization, change in lifestyle

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16
Q

Malnutrition: Protein Risk Factors
Oral and dental disorders

A

poorly fitted dentures, mouth dryness, poor dental status, taste disorders, oral mucosa disorders

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17
Q

Malnutrition: Protein Risk Factors
Swallowing disorders

A

dysphagia

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18
Q

Malnutrition: Protein Risk Factors
Psychiatric disorders

A

eating and depressive disorders

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19
Q

Malnutrition: Protein Risk Factors
Change in mental status

A

confusion, stroke, paralysis

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20
Q

Malnutrition: Protein Risk Factors
Long-term drug therapy/polymedication

A

loss of appetite, dry mouth, drowsiness

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21
Q

Malnutrition: Protein Risk Factors
Acute/Chronic diseases

A

pain, constipation, disability

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22
Q

Malnutrition: Protein Risk Factors
Dependent of ADLs

A

need assistance with cooking, eating, mobility

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23
Q

Malnutrition: Protein Risk Factors
Restrictive Diets

A

physician order diets or slimming diet

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24
Q

Antigen

A

proteins that induce an immune response when they enter the body

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25
Q

Antigens are found in

A

microorganisms
vaccines
transplanted organs
allergens (animal dander, pollen, foods)

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26
Q

Inflammation

A

cellular response to injury, infection, or irritation

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27
Q

Localized Inflammation S/S

A

redness, swelling, heat, pain, loss of function

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28
Q

Systemic Inflammation S/S

A

fever, increase WBC, malaise, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, lymph node tenderness/enlargement, organ failure

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29
Q

Inflammatory Response

A

non-specific response to something that is harmful to the body ( infection, injury, or allergen)

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30
Q

_____________ plays a role in many chronic diseases.

A

Inflammation

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31
Q

Chronic response

A

-Cause of inflammation remains active
-Tissue destruction continues
-Scar tissue may continue to form rather than a normal functional tissue
-Response to infections is inadequate
-Patient experiences chronic symptoms (e.g., pain)

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32
Q

Allergic Response

A

hypersensitive immune reaction to a substance that is normally harmless or would not cause an immune response in everyone
-Mild to life-threatening
-Histamine released
-body produces antibodies to the substance

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33
Q

Factors increasing Host susceptibility infection

A

developmental
breaks in skin
illness, injury, chronic disease
smoking
substance abuse
multiple sex partners
environmental factors
invasive procedures
suppressed immune system/medications

34
Q

Americans eat __% of toxic junk food with only __% to __% nutritious foods from fruits, veggies, grains, and legumes.

A

90%; 10-11%

35
Q

Malnutrition

A

infections are frequent and chronic
Micronutrient deficiency affects innate and adaptive immune response

36
Q

Micronutrients

A

iron
zinc
copper
selenium
vitamins

37
Q

Stress on the immune system

A

Corticosteroids - stress hormone suppresses the immune system
-decreases T cells
Unhealthy coping strategies (drinking, smoking, insomnia)

38
Q

Exercise on immune system

A

-increase t-cells
-lower levels of inflammation
-causes WBC to circulate more rapidly
-greater response to vaccines
-flushes out toxins from the body through sweat, urine, and respiratory tract

39
Q

Older Adult Immune Systems

A

less able to distinguish self from nonself
macrophages destroy antigens more slowly
T-cells respond less quickly to antigens
WBC are fewer therefore the body is less stable to remember and defend itself
Antibodies become less able to attach to antigens
Decrease in thirst therefore an increase in UTIs

40
Q

Nursing Interventions in Immunity

A

Nutrition
Hand hygiene
Immunization
Adequate rest and exercise
education

41
Q

Antioxidant

A

protects against cell damage

42
Q

Vitamins

A

A, B6, B12, C, D, E, Folate
Zinc, Iron, Copper, Selenium

43
Q

Vitamin C

A

stimulates the production, function, and movement of leukocytes. Increases levels of antibodies

44
Q

Vitamin D

A

limits inflammatory response promoted by specific T cell types.

45
Q

Vitamin A

A

helps maintain the structural and functional integrity of mucosal cells in innate barriers

46
Q

Vitamin E

A

antioxidant and protects the integrity of cell membranes. Enhances T cell functions and lymphocyte proliferation

47
Q

Vitamin B6

A

Helps regulate inflammation. Has a role in antibody production

48
Q

Vitamin B12

A

Facilitates production of T lymphocytes

49
Q

Folate

A

maintains innate immunity and has roles in cell immunity

50
Q

Zinc

A

maintains skin and mucosal membrane integrity. Central role in cellular growth and differentiation of immune cells.

51
Q

Iron

A

Forms highly toxic hydroxyl radicals involved in killing bacteria. Important in proliferation of T lymphocytes

52
Q

Copper

A

antimicrobial properties. Has roles in both T cell proliferation, antibody production and cellular immunity

53
Q

Selenium

A

Involved in T lymphocyte proliferation, humoral system and immunoglobulin production.

54
Q

The primary mediator of Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction is

A

Immunoglobulin E (IgE)

55
Q

Allergy Type 1

A

-deleterious effects of hypersensitivity to exogenous antigens
-atopic-genetic predisposed

56
Q

Most common allergies is

A

Type 1

57
Q

Examples of Allergy Type 1

A

pollen, mold, fungi, foods, animals, dust, and almost anything we encounter in our environment

58
Q

S/S of allergies

A

watery, runny eyes
runny nose
sneezing
nasal congestion
an itchy rash or hives

59
Q

Anaphylaxis

A

-Immediate Type 1 hypersensitivity
-rapid release of IgE-mediated chemicals
-induces severe, life-threatening allergic reaction
-food, drug, and insect bites

60
Q

Anaphylaxis Lung S/S

A

Trouble breathing or noisy breathing
Coughing, wheezing
Sneezing
Congestion
Tightness in lungs
Hoarseness

61
Q

Anaphylaxis Skin S/S

A

Pale or flushed skin
Hives or Welts
Itchy skin
Sweating

62
Q

Anaphylaxis Mouth S/S

A

Swelling of throat, face, lips, or tongue

63
Q

Anaphylaxis Heart and Blood vessels S/S

A

Chest pain
Low blood pressure
Weak, rapid pulse
Dizziness, fainting

64
Q

Anaphylaxis Stomach and digestion S/S

A

Abdominal pain
Nausea, vomiting
Diarrhea

65
Q

IgE

A

reactions are mediated by antigen-specific IgE and the products of tissue mast cells

66
Q

Treatment

A

1st - Epinephrine
Benadryl

67
Q

EPI-Pen

A

dosage: 0.3 mg IM, one-time use
light-sensitive, keep in a storage tube
administer in thigh

~ Very Expensive ~

68
Q

Epinephrine action

A

adrenergic response

69
Q

Epinephrine Routes: SQ

A

Onset 5-10 mins
Peak 20 mins
Duration 1-4 hrs

70
Q

Epinephrine Routes: IM

A

Onset 6-12 mins
Peak Unknown
Duration 1-4 hrs

71
Q

Epinephrine Routes: IV

A

Onset rapid
Peak 20 mins
Duration 20-30 mins

72
Q

Epinephrine for Anaphylactic Reaction
SQ, IM dosage and frequency

A

0.1-0.5mg (not to exceed 1mg); may repeat every 10-15 mins

73
Q

Epinephrine for Anaphylactic Reaction
IV dosage and frequency

A

0.25mg every 5-15 mins, may be followed by 1-4mcg continuous infusion

74
Q

Benadryl action

A

antagonizes the effects of histamine at the receptor site

75
Q

Benadryl route - PO

A

Onset 15-60 mins
Peak 2-4 hrs
Duration 4-8 hrs

76
Q

Benadryl route - IM

A

Onset 20-30 mins
Peak 2-4 hrs
Duration 4-8 hrs

77
Q

Benadryl route - IV

A

Onset Rapid
Peak Unknown
Duration 4-8 hrs

78
Q

Benadryl for Anaphylactic Reaction
PO dose and frequency

A

25-50mg every 4-6 hrs, not to exceed 300mg/ day

79
Q

Benadryl for Anaphylactic Reaction
IM dose and frequency

A

25-50mg every 4 hrs, not to exceed 400mg/day

80
Q

If both parents have a specific allergy, then the child has a _______ chance of getting it.

A

80% likely

81
Q

If anaphylaxis is left untreated, what can it ultimately lead to?

A

Heart failure

82
Q

Anaphylatic Reaction

A

rapid onset
dyspnea (tight throat, bronchospasm, laryngeal edema)
feeling of apprehension
tingling and swelling in mouth, face, throat, and tongue
itching
decrease bp
tachycardia
LOC

Module 1 (Intro To Basics) (32 decks)

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