Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics

Question 1

toxicology

Answer 1

the study of adverse effects of drugs and other chemicals

Question 2

3 properties of an ideal drug

Answer 2

effectiveness, safety and selectivity

Question 3

Therapeutic uses of a drug

Answer 3

prevention, diagnosis, cure and symptom relief

Question 4

Pharmacokinetics

Answer 4

the study of the action of the drugs in the body so its “what the body does to the drug”

Question 5

Pharmacodynamics

Answer 5

the study of the biochemical and physiologic effects of drugs on the function of living organisms and of their component parts

-“what the drug does to the body”

Question 6

4 properties of Pharmacokinetics

Answer 6

Absorption, Distribution, Biotransformation (metabolism) and Excretion

Question 7

Pharmacokinetics: Absorption

Answer 7

1st property, it is the movement of the drug, how fast the med is dissolved and distributed

Question 8

Pharmacokinetics: Distribution

Answer 8

2nd property, plasma to the tissue

Question 9

Pharmacokinetics: Biotransformation (metabolism)

Answer 9

3rd property, enzymatic mediated alteration of a drug, med is broken down and metabolized, chemical inactivation can occur

Question 10

Pharmacokinetics: Excretion

Answer 10

4th property, movement of drug out of body

Question 11

bioavilability

Answer 11

how much of the drug that is administered reaches its site of action

Question 12

chemical equivalence

Answer 12

contain the same amount of the identical chemical compound (drug)

Question 13

bioequivalence

Answer 13

comparing 2 different drugs to see if they contain same ingredients, are identical in strength, have same rate and extent of bioavailability

Question 14

duration of action beginning and ending

Answer 14

begins at the onset of action and ends at the termination of effect

Question 15

Therapeutic range is inbetween what?

Answer 15

the minimum effective concentration and the toxic concentration

Question 16

which factors affect absorption?

Answer 16

drug characteristics, route of administration, blood flow, cell membranes

Question 17

lipid soluble absorbed fast or slow?

Answer 17

fast

Question 18

distribution is determined by 3 factors

Answer 18

1) blood flow to the tissues
2) exiting the vascular system
3) entering the cells

Question 19

which types of ways can the drug exit the vascular system?

Answer 19

capillary beds
blood-brain barrier
placental drug transfer
protein binding

Question 20

which factors determine the ability of a drug to cross the cell membrane?

Answer 20

lipid solubility, presence of a transport system

Question 21

where does Biotransformation (metabolism) occur mostly?

Answer 21

in the liver

Question 22

P450 system is produced by and what is it?

Answer 22

liver, composed of 12 enzyme families

Question 23

CYP1, CYP2, CYP3 do what and what are they?

Answer 23

they metabolize drugs, they are apart of the P450 system that is produced by the liver

Question 24

which enzyme metabolizes approx 50% of all drugs?

Answer 24

CYP3A4

Question 25

Therapeutic consequences of drug metabolism?

Answer 25

accelerated renal excretion of drugs, drug inactivation, increased therapeutic action, activation of prodrugs, increased/decreased toxicity

Question 26

inducers

Answer 26

increase rate of metabolism

Question 27

inhibitors

Answer 27

decrease the rate of metabolism

Question 28

Biotransformation: first pass effect

Answer 28

meds taken orally pass from the intestine directly to the liver by way of hepatic portal blood flow

Question 29

how does the liver excrete?

Answer 29

bile

Question 30

which organ excretes the most?

Answer 30

kidneys

Question 31

how can some drug escape elimination and become reabsorbed?

Answer 31

they escape by distal tubular reabsorption

Question 32

do plasma drug levels determine drug concentration at the site of action?

Answer 32

rarely

Question 33

plasma levels defined

Answer 33

the minimum effective concentration and toxic concentration, therapeutic effect is in between these

Question 34

what determines a drugs dosing interval?

Answer 34

drug half life

Question 35

half life

Answer 35

the time required for the amount of drugs in the body to decrease by 50%

Question 36

what effects half life?

Answer 36

volume distribution, clearance

Question 37

how many half lives does it take to reach a steady state concentration in the body?

Answer 37

4-5 half lives

Question 38

once a steady state is reached, any change upward or downward will require how many half lives until a new steady state is achieved and how long will it take until the drug is eliminated once it is stopped?

Answer 38

4-5 half lives

Question 39

dose-response relationships determine

Answer 39

minimal/maximal amount of drug needed to elicit a response

Question 40

potency of a drug

Answer 40

the drug activity measured in terms of the dose required to produce a particular effect.

Question 41

if you increase activity at a decreased dose what will happen to the potency of the drug?

Answer 41

increase

Question 42

do efficacy and relative potency relay on eachother?

Answer 42

no

Question 43

efficacy of a drug

Answer 43

maximal effect produced by a drug (effectiveness)

Question 44

intrinsic activity

Answer 44

the ability of a drug to activate a receptor upon binding

Question 45

which drugs do not produce intrinsic activity?

Answer 45

antagonist

Question 46

agonist

Answer 46

activate receptors

Question 47

hormones, neurotransmitters and other endogenous regulators activate the receptors to which they bind. These are considered which kind of drugs?

Answer 47

agonist

Question 48

what kind of affinity (relationship) do agonists have and what kind of intrinsic activity?

Answer 48

high affinity (fits receptors wells) and high intrinsic activity

Question 49

what kind of affinity (relationship) do antagonists have and what kind of intrinsic activity?

Answer 49

high affinity (fits receptors well) and no intrinsic factor (does not activate the receptor)

Question 50

antagonist

Answer 50

prevents receptor activation by other drugs (blocks them)

Question 51

partial agonist

Answer 51

act as agonists and antagonist

Question 52

what kind of affinity (relationship) do partial agonists have and what kind of intrinsic activity?

Answer 52

fit receptor site , has some affinity and has low intrinsic activity