Advanced Pharmacology

Question 1

cost-effectiveness analysis

Answer 1

cost per unit of survival time

Question 2

cost-benefit analysis

Answer 2

cost to achieve therapeutic objective

Question 3

cost-minimization analysis

Answer 3

total cost in dollars

Question 4

cost-unity analysis

Answer 4

cost per quality-adjusted life year

Question 5

primary cost of therapy

Answer 5

cost of the drug itself

Question 6

secondary costs of therapy

Answer 6

med administration, lab monitoring, follow-up care, re-treatment/rescue therapy

Question 7

MedWatch 4 goals

Answer 7

• increase awareness of drug and device induced disease
• clarify what should(nt) be reported
• to report adverse events and product problems
• to provide regular feedback to health care members abut safety issues with medical products

Question 8

Adverse Drug reaction: Inherent effect

Answer 8

excessive degree or desired effect, unintended side effect

Question 9

Adverse Drug reaction: Allergy

Answer 9

classic manifestations of immunologic response

Question 10

Adverse Drug reaction: Local irritant

Answer 10

Hypersensitivity reaction

Question 11

Drug interaction: Addition

Answer 11

a response elicited by combining drugs thats equal to the combined responses of the individual drugs
1+1=2

Question 12

Drug interaction: Synergism

Answer 12

The response elicited by combined drugs is greater than the combined responses of the individual drugs
1+1=3

Question 13

Drug interaction: Potentiation

Answer 13

A drug which has no effect and enhances the effect of the 2nd drug
0+1=2

Question 14

Drug interaction: Antafonism

Answer 14

The drug inhibits the effect of another drug, usually antagonism has no inherent activity
0+1=0
1+1=0

Question 15

Type I hypersensitivity reaction

Answer 15

IgE medicated allergic reaction

Question 16

Type II hypersensitivity reaction

Answer 16

Cytotoxic reactions

Question 17

Type III hypersensitivity reaction

Answer 17

Immune complex reactions

Question 18

Type IV hypersensitivity reaction

Answer 18

Cell-mediated reactions

Question 19

Type D- Teratogenic drug reactions

Answer 19

delayed, becomes apparent after use of drug

Question 20

Thalidomide (Caontergan)

Answer 20

used as CNS depressant, causes severe birth defects

Question 21

Teratogen pre-implantation (first 2 weeks)

Answer 21

affected cells die or undifferentiated

Question 22

Teratogen effects on embryonic period (3-8 weeks)

Answer 22

most critical to avoid drug exposure

Question 23

Teratogen effects on fetal period (9 weeks-term)

Answer 23

organ structure grow, can cause intrauterine growth retardation

Question 24

what other factors affect teratology?

Answer 24

• maternal-fetal genotype(maternal absorption)
• dose-response relationships(route of administration, amount of med given)
• specificity of agent (maternal metabolism and placental transfer)
• drug interactions

Question 25

Teratology

Answer 25

the scientific study of congenital abnormalities and abnormal formations.

Question 26

FDA pregnancy category A

Answer 26

controlled studies, no risk to fetus in first trimester

Question 27

FDA pregnancy category B

Answer 27

animal studies= no risk, no pregnant studies

OR animal studies = risk but controlled pregnant studies =no risk

Question 28

FDA pregnancy category C

Answer 28

animal studies=risk, no pregnant studies

OR no studies available

Question 29

FDA pregnancy category D

Answer 29

pregnant risk but may be prescribed if benefit outweighs risk

Question 30

FDA pregnancy category X

Answer 30

absolute pregnancy risk, risk outweigh benefit

Question 31

predictors of non-adherence

Answer 31

low literacy, homelessness, depression, psychiatric disease, lack of insight to disease etc

Question 32

KISS principle (keep it simple stupid)

Answer 32

S=simplify regimen
I= Impart knowledge 
M= modify patient beliefs and human behavior
P= provide communication and trust
L= leave the bias
E= evaluate adherence

Question 33

contingency contracting

Answer 33

an agreement between a patient and provider for behavioral goals and reinforces and rewards that the patient will receive contingent upon achieving goals