Pharm Final Review Quizlet Flashcards
The study of drugs and their effects on the body.
Pharmacology
The study of the adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms.
Toxicology
Categories of drugs that share similar characteristics or effects.
Drug groups
The study of the effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action.
Pharmacodynamics
The study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of drugs.
Pharmacokinetics
The study of how genes affect a person’s response to drugs.
Pharmacogenomic
A substance used to diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent disease.
Drug
A substance that activates a receptor to produce a biological response.
Agonist
A substance that blocks or dampens the biological response of an agonist.
Antagonist
A protein molecule that receives and responds to a neurotransmitter or hormone.
Receptor
Substances that originate from within an organism.
Endogenous
Substances that originate from outside an organism.
Exogenous
Substances that can cause harm or death when introduced into the body.
Poisons
Poisonous substances produced by living organisms.
Toxins
A substance that activates a receptor but produces a weaker response than a full agonist.
Partial agonist
A substance that binds to a receptor and induces the opposite effect of an agonist.
Inverse agonist
The existence of two or more compounds with the same molecular formula but different spatial arrangements.
Steroisomerism
A substance that counteracts the effects of another substance through different mechanisms.
Physiologic antagonist
An equation used to calculate the pH of a buffer solution.
Henderson Hasselbach Equation
A graph that shows the relationship between the dose of a drug and its pharmacological effect.
Dose-Response Curve
The practice of administering the optimal dose of a drug to achieve the desired effect with minimal side effects.
Rational Dosing
A pharmacokinetic parameter that describes the distribution of a drug throughout the body.
Volume of Distribution (Vd)
A selective barrier that prevents certain substances from entering the brain from the bloodstream.
Blood-Brain Barrier
Categories of neurotransmitters including Esters, Monoamines, Amino Acids, Purines, Peptides, and Inorganic gases.
Neurotransmitter Classes
A class of neurotransmitters that includes Acetylcholine (ACh), which is cholinergic.
Esters of Cholene
A class of neurotransmitters that includes Norepinephrine (NE), Serotonin, and Dopamine, which are adrenergic.
Monoamines
A class of neurotransmitters that includes Glutamate (E) and GABA (I).
Amino Acids
A class of neurotransmitters that includes Adenosine and ATP.
Purines
A class of neurotransmitters that includes Substance P and Endorphins.
Peptides
A class of neurotransmitters that includes Nitric oxide (NO), which is not stored and made as needed.
Inorganic gases
The gut’s own ‘nervous system’.
Enteric nervous system
Leads to smooth muscle contraction and produces second messengers cAMP, DAG, and IP3.
Alpha 1 receptor activation
Characterized by long pre-ganglionic and short post-ganglionic nerve fibers.
Parasympathetic nervous system
Drugs that stimulate adrenergic receptors.
Adrenergic Agonists
Agonists that directly bind to adrenergic receptors.
Direct Acting Adrenergic Agonists
A direct acting adrenergic agonist used primarily for asthma.
Albuterol
A direct acting adrenergic agonist used to treat hypertension.
Clonidine
A direct acting adrenergic agonist used for heart failure.
Dobutamine
A direct acting adrenergic agonist used in shock and heart failure.
Dopamine
A direct acting adrenergic agonist used in anaphylaxis.
Epinephrine
A direct acting adrenergic agonist used for bradycardia.
Isoproterenol
A direct acting adrenergic agonist used in severe hypotension.
Norepinephrine
Agonists that increase the release of norepinephrine.
Indirect Acting Adrenergic Agonists
An indirect acting adrenergic agonist that increases norepinephrine release.
Amphetamine
A drug that has both direct and indirect acting properties.
Ephedrine
SV (70 mL/beat) X HR (75 beat/min) = 5250 ml/min.
Cardiac Output CO (mL/min) =
Compounds like epinephrine and norepinephrine that act on adrenergic receptors.
Catecholamines
Drugs that block adrenergic receptors.
Adrenoceptor Antagonist Drugs
A reversible adrenoceptor antagonist used for hypertension.
Phentolamine
An irreversible adrenoceptor antagonist that forms covalent bonds.
Phenoxybenzamine
Drugs that block beta adrenergic receptors.
Beta Antagonists
A non-selective beta antagonist that works on ?1 and ?2 receptors.
Propranolol
A beta antagonist with mainly ?1 selectivity
Metoprolol .
Drugs that mimic the action of acetylcholine.
Cholinomimetics
Bind to and activate M or N ACh receptors.
Direct Acting Cholinomimetics
Inhibit hydrolysis of ACh and prolong effects of ACh.
Indirect Acting Cholinomimetics
Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination, Diarrhea, Gastrointestinal distress, Emesis, Muscle weakness/Mydriasis
SLUDGE-M An acronym for symptoms of muscarinic excess:
Dilation of the pupil, a symptom of muscarinic excess.
Mydriasis
System for categorizing types of angina. (Insert Different Anginas)
AHA Angina Classification
Vasodilator that increases cGMP for relaxation.
Nitric Oxide (NO)
Medications that increase venous capacitance and reduce preload.
Nitrates
Activate GPCR, increase cAMP for relaxation.
Beta-2 Agonists
Decrease heart demand by reducing heart rate.
Beta-blockers
Reduce calcium influx, leading to smooth muscle relaxation.
Calcium Channel Blockers
Inhibits PDE5, increases cGMP for relaxation.
Sildenafil
Drop in blood pressure upon standing
Orthostatic Hypotension .
Increased heart rate due to blood pressure drop.
Reflex Tachycardia
Calcium blockers targeting peripheral vasculature.
Dihydropyridines
Calcium blocker with cardiac selectivity.
Verapamil
Blocks adrenergic receptors, lowers blood pressure.
Adrenoceptor Antagonist
Decrease sympathetic stimulation via brainstem action.
Centrally Acting Sympathoplegics
Medications that relax vascular smooth muscle.
Vasodilators
Opens K+ channels, dilates arteries and arterioles.
Minoxidil
Dilates arterioles, increases NO production.
Hydralazine
Used in hypertensive emergencies, releases NO.
Sodium Nitroprusside
Condition with reduced cardiac function or filling.
Heart Failure
Reduced cardiac function with decreased ejection fraction.
Systolic Failure
Reduced filling with normal ejection fraction.
Diastolic Failure
Product of stroke volume and heart rate.
Cardiac Output (CO)
Inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase, increases cardiac contractility.
Digoxin
Inactivate cAMP and cGMP, causing vasodilation.
Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors
Disturbances in heart’s electrical conduction.
Arrhythmias
Pacemaker of the heart, regulates contraction rate.
Sinoatrial Node
Medications classified by their mechanism of action.
Antiarrhythmic Agents
Sodium channel blockers affecting cardiac action potential.
Class I Antiarrhythmics
Medications that promote urine production.
Diuretics
Inhibit carbonic anhydrase, affecting bicarbonate reabsorption.
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors
Inhibit NaCl reabsorption in the thick ascending loop.
Loop Diuretics
Inhibit NaCl transport in distal convoluted tubule.
Thiazides
Block aldosterone receptors to conserve potassium.
Potassium Sparing Diuretics
Initial site of sodium and bicarbonate reabsorption.
Proximal Tubule
Sodium-hydrogen exchanger initiating sodium reabsorption.
NHE3
Mechanism enhancing concentration of urine.
Countercurrent Exchange
Section of nephron crucial for water reabsorption.
Loop of Henle
Impermeable to water, actively transports NaCl.
Thick Ascending Limb (TAL)
Prototype loop diuretic, inhibits NaCl reabsorption.
Furosemide
Prototype thiazide diuretic, administered orally.
Hydrochlorothiazide
Cells in collecting tubule for ion transport.
Principal Cells
Hormone increasing Na+ and water reuptake.
Aldosterone
Hormone enhancing water reabsorption in kidneys.
ADH (Vasopressin)
Osmotic diuretic reducing intracranial pressure.
Mannitol
Increased fluid volume outside cells, potential toxicity.
Extracellular Volume Expansion
ADH antagonist, reduces water reabsorption.
Conivaptan
Gradient facilitating water reabsorption in nephron.
Counter Current Medullary Gradient
Charge difference in collecting tubule influencing ion movement.
Net Negative Charge
Promote water excretion by increasing osmolarity in the nephron.
Osmotic Diuretics
A compound involved in immune responses, with four receptors (H1, H2, H3, H4) in humans.
Histamine
A receptor that mediates bronchoconstriction and vasodilation.
H1 Receptor
H1 selective inverse agonists used to treat allergic reactions.
Antihistamines
An antihistamine commonly known as Benadryl, useful for Type I hypersensitivity.
Diphenhydramine
A skin reaction characterized by redness and swelling, also known as the ‘Triple Response’.
Wheal and Flare
Antihistamines that cause sedation and resemble antimuscarinic drugs.
1st Gen. H1 Receptor Antagonist
A type of antihistamine that is not as effective as PPIs and has heavy OTC use.
H2 Receptor Antagonist
Mediators that cause bronchospasm, mucous secretion, microvascular permeability, and airway edema.
Leukotrienes
Medications used to reduce inflammation in conditions like asthma.
Anti-inflammatory Drugs
Drugs that relax airway smooth muscle to improve airflow.
Bronchodilators
Long-acting bronchodilators with lipid solubility and no cardiac effects.
?-2 Selective Agonists
A class of drugs including Theophylline, Theobromine, and Caffeine that can cause skeletal muscle tremors.
Methylxanthines
Drugs that block contraction of airway smooth muscle and mucus secretion.
Muscarinic Antagonist
Medications that interrupt the synthesis pathway of leukotrienes.
Leukotriene Pathway Inhibitors
An anti-IgE monoclonal antibody that targets IgE binding to mast cells.
Omalizumab (Xolair)
A neurotransmitter that affects the nervous system, respiratory system, and gastrointestinal tract.
Serotonin
Seven families of receptors that mediate various effects of serotonin.
Serotonin Receptors
A potentially life-threatening condition caused by excessive serotonin activity.
Serotonin Syndrome
MAOIs, TCAs, and SSRIs, all carrying a black box warning for suicidal tendencies.
Antidepressant Treatment Includes:
Categorization of seizures, including focal and generalized types.
Seizure Classification (Insert Classes)
An anticonvulsant medication with therapeutic levels of 10-20 mcg/ml.
Phenytoin
A class of drugs used to treat seizures and anxiety, effective in status epilepticus.
Benzodiazepines
Range of 10-20 mcg/ml for effective treatment. (Anti-Seizure)
Therapeutic Phenytoin Levels
Levels above 30 mcg/ml that can lead to adverse effects.(Seizure Treatment)
Toxic Phenytoin Levels
(SSRI) A class of antidepressants that inhibit the serotonin transporter (SERT).
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor
Abnormal lipid levels in the blood.
Dyslipidemia
Formation of blood clots in vessels.
Thrombogenesis
Narrowing of blood vessels.
Vasoconstriction
Platelets stick to damaged blood vessels.
Platelet Adhesion
Platelets clump together to form plugs.
Platelet Aggregation
Protein converted to fibrin during clotting.
Fibrinogen
Precursor to thrombin in coagulation.
Prothrombin
Enzyme that converts fibrinogen to fibrin.
Thrombin
Regulates coagulation and fibrinolysis.
Protein C
Process where the body uses up all its clotting factors and goes through a series of clotting and bleeding. Immediate treatment required.
DIC Disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome.
Activates plasminogen to dissolve clots.
t-PA
Anticoagulant that enhances antithrombin activity.
Heparin
Vitamin K antagonist for anticoagulation.
Warfarin
Agents that dissolve blood clots.
Fibrinolytics
Inhibits fibrinolysis, used in bleeding disorders.
Aminocaproic Acid
Chronic condition with elevated blood glucose.
Diabetes Mellitus
Insulin-dependent diabetes, autoimmune destruction.
Type I Diabetes
Non-insulin dependent, insulin resistance.
Type II Diabetes
Hormone regulating blood glucose levels.
Insulin
Transporter for glucose into cells.
GLUT
Biguanide that reduces hepatic glucose production and increases the body’s insulin sensitivity.
Metformin
Insulin secretagogues that stimulate insulin release.
Sulfonylureas
Nuclear receptor involved in glucose and lipid metabolism.
PPAR
Lipid involved in cell membrane structure.
Cholesterol
Inhibit HMG-CoA reductase to lower cholesterol.
Statins
Vitamin B3 that increases HDL levels.
Niacin
Lower triglycerides and increase lipolysis.
Fibrates
Target LDLR for degradation, raising LDL.
PCSK9
Targets and inhibits protein that degrades LDL Receptors to help decrease LDL.
PCSK9 Inhibitors
Beta-lactam antibiotic inhibiting cell wall synthesis.
Penicillin
Bacteriostatic antibiotics inhibiting protein synthesis.
Tetracyclines
Antibiotic that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit of bacteria
Macrolides
Inhibits bacterial mRNA synthesis.
Rifamycin
NRTI used in HIV treatment.
Zidovudine
Movement disorder characterized by TRAP symptoms.
Parkinsonism
Tremor, Rigidity, Akinesia, Postural instability.
TRAP
Pathway affected in Parkinson’s disease, decreased dopamine.
Nigro-striatal pathway
Dopamine precursor, 1-3% crosses BBB.
Levodopa
Medications like Pramipexole and Ropinirole.
Dopamine Receptor Agonists
Genetic disorder causing GABA reduction in basal ganglia.
Huntington’s Disease
Dopamine depleting agent for Huntington’s treatment.
Tetrabenazine
NSAID, COX-1 inhibitor, used for pain relief.
Aspirin
Cyclooxygenase involved in normal physiological functions. (Especially thromboxane A2)
COX-1
Cyclooxygenase involved in inflammatory responses.
COX-2
Drugs modifying disease progression in rheumatoid arthritis.
DMARDs
Non-biologic DMARD, reduces inflammation.
Methotrexate
Drugs like morphine and fentanyl that activate receptors.
Opioid Agonists
Receptors mediating analgesia and euphoria.
Mu opioid receptors
Opioid antagonist used for overdose reversal.
Naloxone
Class of opioids including morphine and codeine.
Phenanthrenes
Drugs inducing sleep or relaxation, e.g., benzodiazepines.
Sedative-Hypnotics
Alcohol affecting CNS, metabolized by ADH pathway.
Ethanol
Long-acting opioid antagonist for alcohol dependence.
Naltrexone
Adjunct therapy for alcohol dependence treatment.
Acamprosate
Inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase, used in alcoholism.
Disulfiram
Use of drugs to induce loss of sensation.
Anesthesia
Process from in vitro to human trials.
Drug Development
Normal genes that can become oncogenes.
Proto-oncogenes
Genes preventing uncontrolled cell growth.
Tumor Suppressors
Cancer originating from epithelial cells.
Carcinoma
Cancer arising from connective tissues.
Sarcoma
Blood cancers affecting bone marrow.
Leukemias
Cancers of the lymphatic system.
Lymphomas
Use of drugs to kill cancer cells.
Chemotherapy
Treatment before primary therapy to shrink tumors.
Neoadjuvant therapy
Treatment after primary therapy to prevent recurrence.
Adjuvant therapy
Harmful effects on rapidly dividing cells.
Toxicity
Non-cell cycle specific chemotherapy agent.
Cisplatin
Better tolerated than cisplatin in treatments.
Carboplatin
Drugs that interfere with DNA synthesis.
Antimetabolites
Plant-based chemotherapy agent, inhibits cell division.
Vincristine
Antibiotic used in cancer treatment.
Dactinomycin
Suppress immune response, mimic adrenal corticosteroids.
Glucocorticoids
Inhibitors Prevent T-cell activation in immune response.
Calcineurin
Immunosuppressive agent targeting rapidly proliferating cells.
Azathioprine
Genetic disorder causing absence of thymus.
DiGeorge Syndrome
Severe combined immunodeficiency, lacking B and T cells.
SCID
Overreaction of immune system to harmless stimuli.
Hypersensitivity
Immune response against healthy body tissues.
Autoimmunity
Monoclonal antibody for Rh incompatibility.
RhoGAM
Strong opioid agonist with phenylpiperidine structure.
Fentanyl
Cytokines that have antiviral properties.
Interferons
Cytokine that kills tumor cells and regulates inflammation.
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
