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Advanced Pharm Fall 24' > Pharm Final Review Quizlet Flashcards > Flashcards

Pharm Final Review Quizlet Flashcards

1
Q

The study of drugs and their effects on the body.

A

Pharmacology

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2
Q

The study of the adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms.

A

Toxicology

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3
Q

Categories of drugs that share similar characteristics or effects.

A

Drug groups

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4
Q

The study of the effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action.

A

Pharmacodynamics

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5
Q

The study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of drugs.

A

Pharmacokinetics

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6
Q

The study of how genes affect a person’s response to drugs.

A

Pharmacogenomic

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7
Q

A substance used to diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent disease.

A

Drug

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8
Q

A substance that activates a receptor to produce a biological response.

A

Agonist

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9
Q

A substance that blocks or dampens the biological response of an agonist.

A

Antagonist

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10
Q

A protein molecule that receives and responds to a neurotransmitter or hormone.

A

Receptor

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11
Q

Substances that originate from within an organism.

A

Endogenous

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12
Q

Substances that originate from outside an organism.

A

Exogenous

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13
Q

Substances that can cause harm or death when introduced into the body.

A

Poisons

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14
Q

Poisonous substances produced by living organisms.

A

Toxins

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15
Q

A substance that activates a receptor but produces a weaker response than a full agonist.

A

Partial agonist

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16
Q

A substance that binds to a receptor and induces the opposite effect of an agonist.

A

Inverse agonist

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17
Q

The existence of two or more compounds with the same molecular formula but different spatial arrangements.

A

Steroisomerism

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18
Q

A substance that counteracts the effects of another substance through different mechanisms.

A

Physiologic antagonist

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19
Q

An equation used to calculate the pH of a buffer solution.

A

Henderson Hasselbach Equation

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20
Q

A graph that shows the relationship between the dose of a drug and its pharmacological effect.

A

Dose-Response Curve

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21
Q

The practice of administering the optimal dose of a drug to achieve the desired effect with minimal side effects.

A

Rational Dosing

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22
Q

A pharmacokinetic parameter that describes the distribution of a drug throughout the body.

A

Volume of Distribution (Vd)

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23
Q

A selective barrier that prevents certain substances from entering the brain from the bloodstream.

A

Blood-Brain Barrier

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24
Q

Categories of neurotransmitters including Esters, Monoamines, Amino Acids, Purines, Peptides, and Inorganic gases.

A

Neurotransmitter Classes

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25
Q

A class of neurotransmitters that includes Acetylcholine (ACh), which is cholinergic.

A

Esters of Cholene

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26
Q

A class of neurotransmitters that includes Norepinephrine (NE), Serotonin, and Dopamine, which are adrenergic.

A

Monoamines

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27
Q

A class of neurotransmitters that includes Glutamate (E) and GABA (I).

A

Amino Acids

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28
Q

A class of neurotransmitters that includes Adenosine and ATP.

A

Purines

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29
Q

A class of neurotransmitters that includes Substance P and Endorphins.

A

Peptides

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30
Q

A class of neurotransmitters that includes Nitric oxide (NO), which is not stored and made as needed.

A

Inorganic gases

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31
Q

The gut’s own ‘nervous system’.

A

Enteric nervous system

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32
Q

Leads to smooth muscle contraction and produces second messengers cAMP, DAG, and IP3.

A

Alpha 1 receptor activation

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33
Q

Characterized by long pre-ganglionic and short post-ganglionic nerve fibers.

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

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34
Q

Drugs that stimulate adrenergic receptors.

A

Adrenergic Agonists

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35
Q

Agonists that directly bind to adrenergic receptors.

A

Direct Acting Adrenergic Agonists

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36
Q

A direct acting adrenergic agonist used primarily for asthma.

A

Albuterol

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37
Q

A direct acting adrenergic agonist used to treat hypertension.

A

Clonidine

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38
Q

A direct acting adrenergic agonist used for heart failure.

A

Dobutamine

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39
Q

A direct acting adrenergic agonist used in shock and heart failure.

A

Dopamine

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40
Q

A direct acting adrenergic agonist used in anaphylaxis.

A

Epinephrine

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41
Q

A direct acting adrenergic agonist used for bradycardia.

A

Isoproterenol

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42
Q

A direct acting adrenergic agonist used in severe hypotension.

A

Norepinephrine

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43
Q

Agonists that increase the release of norepinephrine.

A

Indirect Acting Adrenergic Agonists

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44
Q

An indirect acting adrenergic agonist that increases norepinephrine release.

A

Amphetamine

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45
Q

A drug that has both direct and indirect acting properties.

A

Ephedrine

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46
Q

SV (70 mL/beat) X HR (75 beat/min) = 5250 ml/min.

A

Cardiac Output CO (mL/min) =

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47
Q

Compounds like epinephrine and norepinephrine that act on adrenergic receptors.

A

Catecholamines

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48
Q

Drugs that block adrenergic receptors.

A

Adrenoceptor Antagonist Drugs

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49
Q

A reversible adrenoceptor antagonist used for hypertension.

A

Phentolamine

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50
Q

An irreversible adrenoceptor antagonist that forms covalent bonds.

A

Phenoxybenzamine

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51
Q

Drugs that block beta adrenergic receptors.

A

Beta Antagonists

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52
Q

A non-selective beta antagonist that works on ?1 and ?2 receptors.

A

Propranolol

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53
Q

A beta antagonist with mainly ?1 selectivity

A

Metoprolol .

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54
Q

Drugs that mimic the action of acetylcholine.

A

Cholinomimetics

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55
Q

Bind to and activate M or N ACh receptors.

A

Direct Acting Cholinomimetics

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56
Q

Inhibit hydrolysis of ACh and prolong effects of ACh.

A

Indirect Acting Cholinomimetics

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57
Q

Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination, Diarrhea, Gastrointestinal distress, Emesis, Muscle weakness/Mydriasis

A

SLUDGE-M An acronym for symptoms of muscarinic excess:

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58
Q

Dilation of the pupil, a symptom of muscarinic excess.

A

Mydriasis

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59
Q

System for categorizing types of angina. (Insert Different Anginas)

A

AHA Angina Classification

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60
Q

Vasodilator that increases cGMP for relaxation.

A

Nitric Oxide (NO)

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61
Q

Medications that increase venous capacitance and reduce preload.

A

Nitrates

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62
Q

Activate GPCR, increase cAMP for relaxation.

A

Beta-2 Agonists

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63
Q

Decrease heart demand by reducing heart rate.

A

Beta-blockers

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64
Q

Reduce calcium influx, leading to smooth muscle relaxation.

A

Calcium Channel Blockers

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65
Q

Inhibits PDE5, increases cGMP for relaxation.

A

Sildenafil

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66
Q

Drop in blood pressure upon standing

A

Orthostatic Hypotension .

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67
Q

Increased heart rate due to blood pressure drop.

A

Reflex Tachycardia

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68
Q

Calcium blockers targeting peripheral vasculature.

A

Dihydropyridines

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69
Q

Calcium blocker with cardiac selectivity.

A

Verapamil

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70
Q

Blocks adrenergic receptors, lowers blood pressure.

A

Adrenoceptor Antagonist

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71
Q

Decrease sympathetic stimulation via brainstem action.

A

Centrally Acting Sympathoplegics

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72
Q

Medications that relax vascular smooth muscle.

A

Vasodilators

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73
Q

Opens K+ channels, dilates arteries and arterioles.

A

Minoxidil

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74
Q

Dilates arterioles, increases NO production.

A

Hydralazine

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75
Q

Used in hypertensive emergencies, releases NO.

A

Sodium Nitroprusside

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76
Q

Condition with reduced cardiac function or filling.

A

Heart Failure

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77
Q

Reduced cardiac function with decreased ejection fraction.

A

Systolic Failure

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78
Q

Reduced filling with normal ejection fraction.

A

Diastolic Failure

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79
Q

Product of stroke volume and heart rate.

A

Cardiac Output (CO)

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80
Q

Inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase, increases cardiac contractility.

A

Digoxin

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81
Q

Inactivate cAMP and cGMP, causing vasodilation.

A

Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors

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82
Q

Disturbances in heart’s electrical conduction.

A

Arrhythmias

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83
Q

Pacemaker of the heart, regulates contraction rate.

A

Sinoatrial Node

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84
Q

Medications classified by their mechanism of action.

A

Antiarrhythmic Agents

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85
Q

Sodium channel blockers affecting cardiac action potential.

A

Class I Antiarrhythmics

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86
Q

Medications that promote urine production.

A

Diuretics

87
Q

Inhibit carbonic anhydrase, affecting bicarbonate reabsorption.

A

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors

88
Q

Inhibit NaCl reabsorption in the thick ascending loop.

A

Loop Diuretics

89
Q

Inhibit NaCl transport in distal convoluted tubule.

A

Thiazides

90
Q

Block aldosterone receptors to conserve potassium.

A

Potassium Sparing Diuretics

91
Q

Initial site of sodium and bicarbonate reabsorption.

A

Proximal Tubule

92
Q

Sodium-hydrogen exchanger initiating sodium reabsorption.

A

NHE3

93
Q

Mechanism enhancing concentration of urine.

A

Countercurrent Exchange

94
Q

Section of nephron crucial for water reabsorption.

A

Loop of Henle

95
Q

Impermeable to water, actively transports NaCl.

A

Thick Ascending Limb (TAL)

96
Q

Prototype loop diuretic, inhibits NaCl reabsorption.

A

Furosemide

97
Q

Prototype thiazide diuretic, administered orally.

A

Hydrochlorothiazide

98
Q

Cells in collecting tubule for ion transport.

A

Principal Cells

99
Q

Hormone increasing Na+ and water reuptake.

A

Aldosterone

100
Q

Hormone enhancing water reabsorption in kidneys.

A

ADH (Vasopressin)

101
Q

Osmotic diuretic reducing intracranial pressure.

A

Mannitol

102
Q

Increased fluid volume outside cells, potential toxicity.

A

Extracellular Volume Expansion

103
Q

ADH antagonist, reduces water reabsorption.

A

Conivaptan

104
Q

Gradient facilitating water reabsorption in nephron.

A

Counter Current Medullary Gradient

105
Q

Charge difference in collecting tubule influencing ion movement.

A

Net Negative Charge

106
Q

Promote water excretion by increasing osmolarity in the nephron.

A

Osmotic Diuretics

107
Q

A compound involved in immune responses, with four receptors (H1, H2, H3, H4) in humans.

A

Histamine

108
Q

A receptor that mediates bronchoconstriction and vasodilation.

A

H1 Receptor

109
Q

H1 selective inverse agonists used to treat allergic reactions.

A

Antihistamines

110
Q

An antihistamine commonly known as Benadryl, useful for Type I hypersensitivity.

A

Diphenhydramine

111
Q

A skin reaction characterized by redness and swelling, also known as the ‘Triple Response’.

A

Wheal and Flare

112
Q

Antihistamines that cause sedation and resemble antimuscarinic drugs.

A

1st Gen. H1 Receptor Antagonist

113
Q

A type of antihistamine that is not as effective as PPIs and has heavy OTC use.

A

H2 Receptor Antagonist

114
Q

Mediators that cause bronchospasm, mucous secretion, microvascular permeability, and airway edema.

A

Leukotrienes

115
Q

Medications used to reduce inflammation in conditions like asthma.

A

Anti-inflammatory Drugs

116
Q

Drugs that relax airway smooth muscle to improve airflow.

A

Bronchodilators

117
Q

Long-acting bronchodilators with lipid solubility and no cardiac effects.

A

?-2 Selective Agonists

118
Q

A class of drugs including Theophylline, Theobromine, and Caffeine that can cause skeletal muscle tremors.

A

Methylxanthines

119
Q

Drugs that block contraction of airway smooth muscle and mucus secretion.

A

Muscarinic Antagonist

120
Q

Medications that interrupt the synthesis pathway of leukotrienes.

A

Leukotriene Pathway Inhibitors

121
Q

An anti-IgE monoclonal antibody that targets IgE binding to mast cells.

A

Omalizumab (Xolair)

122
Q

A neurotransmitter that affects the nervous system, respiratory system, and gastrointestinal tract.

A

Serotonin

123
Q

Seven families of receptors that mediate various effects of serotonin.

A

Serotonin Receptors

124
Q

A potentially life-threatening condition caused by excessive serotonin activity.

A

Serotonin Syndrome

125
Q

MAOIs, TCAs, and SSRIs, all carrying a black box warning for suicidal tendencies.

A

Antidepressant Treatment Includes:

126
Q

Categorization of seizures, including focal and generalized types.

A

Seizure Classification (Insert Classes)

127
Q

An anticonvulsant medication with therapeutic levels of 10-20 mcg/ml.

A

Phenytoin

128
Q

A class of drugs used to treat seizures and anxiety, effective in status epilepticus.

A

Benzodiazepines

129
Q

Range of 10-20 mcg/ml for effective treatment. (Anti-Seizure)

A

Therapeutic Phenytoin Levels

130
Q

Levels above 30 mcg/ml that can lead to adverse effects.(Seizure Treatment)

A

Toxic Phenytoin Levels

131
Q

(SSRI) A class of antidepressants that inhibit the serotonin transporter (SERT).

A

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor

132
Q

Abnormal lipid levels in the blood.

A

Dyslipidemia

133
Q

Formation of blood clots in vessels.

A

Thrombogenesis

134
Q

Narrowing of blood vessels.

A

Vasoconstriction

135
Q

Platelets stick to damaged blood vessels.

A

Platelet Adhesion

136
Q

Platelets clump together to form plugs.

A

Platelet Aggregation

137
Q

Protein converted to fibrin during clotting.

A

Fibrinogen

138
Q

Precursor to thrombin in coagulation.

A

Prothrombin

139
Q

Enzyme that converts fibrinogen to fibrin.

A

Thrombin

140
Q

Regulates coagulation and fibrinolysis.

A

Protein C

141
Q

Process where the body uses up all its clotting factors and goes through a series of clotting and bleeding. Immediate treatment required.

A

DIC Disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome.

142
Q

Activates plasminogen to dissolve clots.

A

t-PA

143
Q

Anticoagulant that enhances antithrombin activity.

A

Heparin

144
Q

Vitamin K antagonist for anticoagulation.

A

Warfarin

145
Q

Agents that dissolve blood clots.

A

Fibrinolytics

146
Q

Inhibits fibrinolysis, used in bleeding disorders.

A

Aminocaproic Acid

147
Q

Chronic condition with elevated blood glucose.

A

Diabetes Mellitus

148
Q

Insulin-dependent diabetes, autoimmune destruction.

A

Type I Diabetes

149
Q

Non-insulin dependent, insulin resistance.

A

Type II Diabetes

150
Q

Hormone regulating blood glucose levels.

A

Insulin

151
Q

Transporter for glucose into cells.

A

GLUT

152
Q

Biguanide that reduces hepatic glucose production and increases the body’s insulin sensitivity.

A

Metformin

153
Q

Insulin secretagogues that stimulate insulin release.

A

Sulfonylureas

154
Q

Nuclear receptor involved in glucose and lipid metabolism.

A

PPAR

155
Q

Lipid involved in cell membrane structure.

A

Cholesterol

156
Q

Inhibit HMG-CoA reductase to lower cholesterol.

A

Statins

157
Q

Vitamin B3 that increases HDL levels.

A

Niacin

158
Q

Lower triglycerides and increase lipolysis.

A

Fibrates

159
Q

Target LDLR for degradation, raising LDL.

A

PCSK9

160
Q

Targets and inhibits protein that degrades LDL Receptors to help decrease LDL.

A

PCSK9 Inhibitors

161
Q

Beta-lactam antibiotic inhibiting cell wall synthesis.

A

Penicillin

162
Q

Bacteriostatic antibiotics inhibiting protein synthesis.

A

Tetracyclines

163
Q

Antibiotic that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit of bacteria

A

Macrolides

164
Q

Inhibits bacterial mRNA synthesis.

A

Rifamycin

165
Q

NRTI used in HIV treatment.

A

Zidovudine

166
Q

Movement disorder characterized by TRAP symptoms.

A

Parkinsonism

167
Q

Tremor, Rigidity, Akinesia, Postural instability.

A

TRAP

168
Q

Pathway affected in Parkinson’s disease, decreased dopamine.

A

Nigro-striatal pathway

169
Q

Dopamine precursor, 1-3% crosses BBB.

A

Levodopa

170
Q

Medications like Pramipexole and Ropinirole.

A

Dopamine Receptor Agonists

171
Q

Genetic disorder causing GABA reduction in basal ganglia.

A

Huntington’s Disease

172
Q

Dopamine depleting agent for Huntington’s treatment.

A

Tetrabenazine

173
Q

NSAID, COX-1 inhibitor, used for pain relief.

A

Aspirin

174
Q

Cyclooxygenase involved in normal physiological functions. (Especially thromboxane A2)

A

COX-1

175
Q

Cyclooxygenase involved in inflammatory responses.

A

COX-2

176
Q

Drugs modifying disease progression in rheumatoid arthritis.

A

DMARDs

177
Q

Non-biologic DMARD, reduces inflammation.

A

Methotrexate

178
Q

Drugs like morphine and fentanyl that activate receptors.

A

Opioid Agonists

179
Q

Receptors mediating analgesia and euphoria.

A

Mu opioid receptors

180
Q

Opioid antagonist used for overdose reversal.

A

Naloxone

181
Q

Class of opioids including morphine and codeine.

A

Phenanthrenes

182
Q

Drugs inducing sleep or relaxation, e.g., benzodiazepines.

A

Sedative-Hypnotics

183
Q

Alcohol affecting CNS, metabolized by ADH pathway.

A

Ethanol

184
Q

Long-acting opioid antagonist for alcohol dependence.

A

Naltrexone

185
Q

Adjunct therapy for alcohol dependence treatment.

A

Acamprosate

186
Q

Inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase, used in alcoholism.

A

Disulfiram

187
Q

Use of drugs to induce loss of sensation.

A

Anesthesia

188
Q

Process from in vitro to human trials.

A

Drug Development

189
Q

Normal genes that can become oncogenes.

A

Proto-oncogenes

190
Q

Genes preventing uncontrolled cell growth.

A

Tumor Suppressors

191
Q

Cancer originating from epithelial cells.

A

Carcinoma

192
Q

Cancer arising from connective tissues.

A

Sarcoma

193
Q

Blood cancers affecting bone marrow.

A

Leukemias

194
Q

Cancers of the lymphatic system.

A

Lymphomas

195
Q

Use of drugs to kill cancer cells.

A

Chemotherapy

196
Q

Treatment before primary therapy to shrink tumors.

A

Neoadjuvant therapy

197
Q

Treatment after primary therapy to prevent recurrence.

A

Adjuvant therapy

198
Q

Harmful effects on rapidly dividing cells.

A

Toxicity

199
Q

Non-cell cycle specific chemotherapy agent.

A

Cisplatin

200
Q

Better tolerated than cisplatin in treatments.

A

Carboplatin

201
Q

Drugs that interfere with DNA synthesis.

A

Antimetabolites

202
Q

Plant-based chemotherapy agent, inhibits cell division.

A

Vincristine

203
Q

Antibiotic used in cancer treatment.

A

Dactinomycin

204
Q

Suppress immune response, mimic adrenal corticosteroids.

A

Glucocorticoids

205
Q

Inhibitors Prevent T-cell activation in immune response.

A

Calcineurin

206
Q

Immunosuppressive agent targeting rapidly proliferating cells.

A

Azathioprine

207
Q

Genetic disorder causing absence of thymus.

A

DiGeorge Syndrome

208
Q

Severe combined immunodeficiency, lacking B and T cells.

A

SCID

209
Q

Overreaction of immune system to harmless stimuli.

A

Hypersensitivity

210
Q

Immune response against healthy body tissues.

A

Autoimmunity

211
Q

Monoclonal antibody for Rh incompatibility.

A

RhoGAM

212
Q

Strong opioid agonist with phenylpiperidine structure.

A

Fentanyl

213
Q

Cytokines that have antiviral properties.

A

Interferons

214
Q

Cytokine that kills tumor cells and regulates inflammation.

A

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)

Advanced Pharm Fall 24' (17 decks)

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