Pharm Final Review Quizlet Flashcards
1
Q
The study of drugs and their effects on the body.
A
Pharmacology
2
Q
The study of the adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms.
A
Toxicology
3
Q
Categories of drugs that share similar characteristics or effects.
A
Drug groups
4
Q
The study of the effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action.
A
Pharmacodynamics
5
Q
The study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of drugs.
A
Pharmacokinetics
6
Q
The study of how genes affect a person’s response to drugs.
A
Pharmacogenomic
7
Q
A substance used to diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent disease.
A
Drug
8
Q
A substance that activates a receptor to produce a biological response.
A
Agonist
9
Q
A substance that blocks or dampens the biological response of an agonist.
A
Antagonist
10
Q
A protein molecule that receives and responds to a neurotransmitter or hormone.
A
Receptor
11
Q
Substances that originate from within an organism.
A
Endogenous
12
Q
Substances that originate from outside an organism.
A
Exogenous
13
Q
Substances that can cause harm or death when introduced into the body.
A
Poisons
14
Q
Poisonous substances produced by living organisms.
A
Toxins
15
Q
A substance that activates a receptor but produces a weaker response than a full agonist.
A
Partial agonist
16
Q
A substance that binds to a receptor and induces the opposite effect of an agonist.
A
Inverse agonist
17
Q
The existence of two or more compounds with the same molecular formula but different spatial arrangements.
A
Steroisomerism
18
Q
A substance that counteracts the effects of another substance through different mechanisms.
A
Physiologic antagonist
19
Q
An equation used to calculate the pH of a buffer solution.
A
Henderson Hasselbach Equation
20
Q
A graph that shows the relationship between the dose of a drug and its pharmacological effect.
A
Dose-Response Curve
21
Q
The practice of administering the optimal dose of a drug to achieve the desired effect with minimal side effects.
A
Rational Dosing
22
Q
A pharmacokinetic parameter that describes the distribution of a drug throughout the body.
A
Volume of Distribution (Vd)
23
Q
A selective barrier that prevents certain substances from entering the brain from the bloodstream.
A
Blood-Brain Barrier
24
Q
Categories of neurotransmitters including Esters, Monoamines, Amino Acids, Purines, Peptides, and Inorganic gases.
A
Neurotransmitter Classes
25
A class of neurotransmitters that includes Acetylcholine (ACh), which is cholinergic.
Esters of Cholene
26
A class of neurotransmitters that includes Norepinephrine (NE), Serotonin, and Dopamine, which are adrenergic.
Monoamines
27
A class of neurotransmitters that includes Glutamate (E) and GABA (I).
Amino Acids
28
A class of neurotransmitters that includes Adenosine and ATP.
Purines
29
A class of neurotransmitters that includes Substance P and Endorphins.
Peptides
30
A class of neurotransmitters that includes Nitric oxide (NO), which is not stored and made as needed.
Inorganic gases
31
The gut's own 'nervous system'.
Enteric nervous system
32
Leads to smooth muscle contraction and produces second messengers cAMP, DAG, and IP3.
Alpha 1 receptor activation
33
Characterized by long pre-ganglionic and short post-ganglionic nerve fibers.
Parasympathetic nervous system
34
Drugs that stimulate adrenergic receptors.
Adrenergic Agonists
35
Agonists that directly bind to adrenergic receptors.
Direct Acting Adrenergic Agonists
36
A direct acting adrenergic agonist used primarily for asthma.
Albuterol
37
A direct acting adrenergic agonist used to treat hypertension.
Clonidine
38
A direct acting adrenergic agonist used for heart failure.
Dobutamine
39
A direct acting adrenergic agonist used in shock and heart failure.
Dopamine
40
A direct acting adrenergic agonist used in anaphylaxis.
Epinephrine
41
A direct acting adrenergic agonist used for bradycardia.
Isoproterenol
42
A direct acting adrenergic agonist used in severe hypotension.
Norepinephrine
43
Agonists that increase the release of norepinephrine.
Indirect Acting Adrenergic Agonists
44
An indirect acting adrenergic agonist that increases norepinephrine release.
Amphetamine
45
A drug that has both direct and indirect acting properties.
Ephedrine
46
SV (70 mL/beat) X HR (75 beat/min) = 5250 ml/min.
Cardiac Output CO (mL/min) =
47
Compounds like epinephrine and norepinephrine that act on adrenergic receptors.
Catecholamines
48
Drugs that block adrenergic receptors.
Adrenoceptor Antagonist Drugs
49
A reversible adrenoceptor antagonist used for hypertension.
Phentolamine
50
An irreversible adrenoceptor antagonist that forms covalent bonds.
Phenoxybenzamine
51
Drugs that block beta adrenergic receptors.
Beta Antagonists
52
A non-selective beta antagonist that works on ?1 and ?2 receptors.
Propranolol
53
A beta antagonist with mainly ?1 selectivity
Metoprolol .
54
Drugs that mimic the action of acetylcholine.
Cholinomimetics
55
Bind to and activate M or N ACh receptors.
Direct Acting Cholinomimetics
56
Inhibit hydrolysis of ACh and prolong effects of ACh.
Indirect Acting Cholinomimetics
57
Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination, Diarrhea, Gastrointestinal distress, Emesis, Muscle weakness/Mydriasis
SLUDGE-M An acronym for symptoms of muscarinic excess:
58
Dilation of the pupil, a symptom of muscarinic excess.
Mydriasis
59
System for categorizing types of angina. (Insert Different Anginas)
AHA Angina Classification
60
Vasodilator that increases cGMP for relaxation.
Nitric Oxide (NO)
61
Medications that increase venous capacitance and reduce preload.
Nitrates
62
Activate GPCR, increase cAMP for relaxation.
Beta-2 Agonists
63
Decrease heart demand by reducing heart rate.
Beta-blockers
64
Reduce calcium influx, leading to smooth muscle relaxation.
Calcium Channel Blockers
65
Inhibits PDE5, increases cGMP for relaxation.
Sildenafil
66
Drop in blood pressure upon standing
Orthostatic Hypotension .
67
Increased heart rate due to blood pressure drop.
Reflex Tachycardia
68
Calcium blockers targeting peripheral vasculature.
Dihydropyridines
69
Calcium blocker with cardiac selectivity.
Verapamil
70
Blocks adrenergic receptors, lowers blood pressure.
Adrenoceptor Antagonist
71
Decrease sympathetic stimulation via brainstem action.
Centrally Acting Sympathoplegics
72
Medications that relax vascular smooth muscle.
Vasodilators
73
Opens K+ channels, dilates arteries and arterioles.
Minoxidil
74
Dilates arterioles, increases NO production.
Hydralazine
75
Used in hypertensive emergencies, releases NO.
Sodium Nitroprusside
76
Condition with reduced cardiac function or filling.
Heart Failure
77
Reduced cardiac function with decreased ejection fraction.
Systolic Failure
78
Reduced filling with normal ejection fraction.
Diastolic Failure
79
Product of stroke volume and heart rate.
Cardiac Output (CO)
80
Inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase, increases cardiac contractility.
Digoxin
81
Inactivate cAMP and cGMP, causing vasodilation.
Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors
82
Disturbances in heart's electrical conduction.
Arrhythmias
83
Pacemaker of the heart, regulates contraction rate.
Sinoatrial Node
84
Medications classified by their mechanism of action.
Antiarrhythmic Agents
85
Sodium channel blockers affecting cardiac action potential.
Class I Antiarrhythmics
86
Medications that promote urine production.
Diuretics
87
Inhibit carbonic anhydrase, affecting bicarbonate reabsorption.
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors
88
Inhibit NaCl reabsorption in the thick ascending loop.
Loop Diuretics
89
Inhibit NaCl transport in distal convoluted tubule.
Thiazides
90
Block aldosterone receptors to conserve potassium.
Potassium Sparing Diuretics
91
Initial site of sodium and bicarbonate reabsorption.
Proximal Tubule
92
Sodium-hydrogen exchanger initiating sodium reabsorption.
NHE3
93
Mechanism enhancing concentration of urine.
Countercurrent Exchange
94
Section of nephron crucial for water reabsorption.
Loop of Henle
95
Impermeable to water, actively transports NaCl.
Thick Ascending Limb (TAL)
96
Prototype loop diuretic, inhibits NaCl reabsorption.
Furosemide
97
Prototype thiazide diuretic, administered orally.
Hydrochlorothiazide
98
Cells in collecting tubule for ion transport.
Principal Cells
99
Hormone increasing Na+ and water reuptake.
Aldosterone
100
Hormone enhancing water reabsorption in kidneys.
ADH (Vasopressin)
101
Osmotic diuretic reducing intracranial pressure.
Mannitol
102
Increased fluid volume outside cells, potential toxicity.
Extracellular Volume Expansion
103
ADH antagonist, reduces water reabsorption.
Conivaptan
104
Gradient facilitating water reabsorption in nephron.
Counter Current Medullary Gradient
105
Charge difference in collecting tubule influencing ion movement.
Net Negative Charge
106
Promote water excretion by increasing osmolarity in the nephron.
Osmotic Diuretics
107
A compound involved in immune responses, with four receptors (H1, H2, H3, H4) in humans.
Histamine
108
A receptor that mediates bronchoconstriction and vasodilation.
H1 Receptor
109
H1 selective inverse agonists used to treat allergic reactions.
Antihistamines
110
An antihistamine commonly known as Benadryl, useful for Type I hypersensitivity.
Diphenhydramine
111
A skin reaction characterized by redness and swelling, also known as the 'Triple Response'.
Wheal and Flare
112
Antihistamines that cause sedation and resemble antimuscarinic drugs.
1st Gen. H1 Receptor Antagonist
113
A type of antihistamine that is not as effective as PPIs and has heavy OTC use.
H2 Receptor Antagonist
114
Mediators that cause bronchospasm, mucous secretion, microvascular permeability, and airway edema.
Leukotrienes
115
Medications used to reduce inflammation in conditions like asthma.
Anti-inflammatory Drugs
116
Drugs that relax airway smooth muscle to improve airflow.
Bronchodilators
117
Long-acting bronchodilators with lipid solubility and no cardiac effects.
?-2 Selective Agonists
118
A class of drugs including Theophylline, Theobromine, and Caffeine that can cause skeletal muscle tremors.
Methylxanthines
119
Drugs that block contraction of airway smooth muscle and mucus secretion.
Muscarinic Antagonist
120
Medications that interrupt the synthesis pathway of leukotrienes.
Leukotriene Pathway Inhibitors
121
An anti-IgE monoclonal antibody that targets IgE binding to mast cells.
Omalizumab (Xolair)
122
A neurotransmitter that affects the nervous system, respiratory system, and gastrointestinal tract.
Serotonin
123
Seven families of receptors that mediate various effects of serotonin.
Serotonin Receptors
124
A potentially life-threatening condition caused by excessive serotonin activity.
Serotonin Syndrome
125
MAOIs, TCAs, and SSRIs, all carrying a black box warning for suicidal tendencies.
Antidepressant Treatment Includes:
126
Categorization of seizures, including focal and generalized types.
Seizure Classification (Insert Classes)
127
An anticonvulsant medication with therapeutic levels of 10-20 mcg/ml.
Phenytoin
128
A class of drugs used to treat seizures and anxiety, effective in status epilepticus.
Benzodiazepines
129
Range of 10-20 mcg/ml for effective treatment. (Anti-Seizure)
Therapeutic Phenytoin Levels
130
Levels above 30 mcg/ml that can lead to adverse effects.(Seizure Treatment)
Toxic Phenytoin Levels
131
(SSRI) A class of antidepressants that inhibit the serotonin transporter (SERT).
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor
132
Abnormal lipid levels in the blood.
Dyslipidemia
133
Formation of blood clots in vessels.
Thrombogenesis
134
Narrowing of blood vessels.
Vasoconstriction
135
Platelets stick to damaged blood vessels.
Platelet Adhesion
136
Platelets clump together to form plugs.
Platelet Aggregation
137
Protein converted to fibrin during clotting.
Fibrinogen
138
Precursor to thrombin in coagulation.
Prothrombin
139
Enzyme that converts fibrinogen to fibrin.
Thrombin
140
Regulates coagulation and fibrinolysis.
Protein C
141
Process where the body uses up all its clotting factors and goes through a series of clotting and bleeding. Immediate treatment required.
DIC Disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome.
142
Activates plasminogen to dissolve clots.
t-PA
143
Anticoagulant that enhances antithrombin activity.
Heparin
144
Vitamin K antagonist for anticoagulation.
Warfarin
145
Agents that dissolve blood clots.
Fibrinolytics
146
Inhibits fibrinolysis, used in bleeding disorders.
Aminocaproic Acid
147
Chronic condition with elevated blood glucose.
Diabetes Mellitus
148
Insulin-dependent diabetes, autoimmune destruction.
Type I Diabetes
149
Non-insulin dependent, insulin resistance.
Type II Diabetes
150
Hormone regulating blood glucose levels.
Insulin
151
Transporter for glucose into cells.
GLUT
152
Biguanide that reduces hepatic glucose production and increases the body's insulin sensitivity.
Metformin
153
Insulin secretagogues that stimulate insulin release.
Sulfonylureas
154
Nuclear receptor involved in glucose and lipid metabolism.
PPAR
155
Lipid involved in cell membrane structure.
Cholesterol
156
Inhibit HMG-CoA reductase to lower cholesterol.
Statins
157
Vitamin B3 that increases HDL levels.
Niacin
158
Lower triglycerides and increase lipolysis.
Fibrates
159
Target LDLR for degradation, raising LDL.
PCSK9
160
Targets and inhibits protein that degrades LDL Receptors to help decrease LDL.
PCSK9 Inhibitors
161
Beta-lactam antibiotic inhibiting cell wall synthesis.
Penicillin
162
Bacteriostatic antibiotics inhibiting protein synthesis.
Tetracyclines
163
Antibiotic that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit of bacteria
Macrolides
164
Inhibits bacterial mRNA synthesis.
Rifamycin
165
NRTI used in HIV treatment.
Zidovudine
166
Movement disorder characterized by TRAP symptoms.
Parkinsonism
167
Tremor, Rigidity, Akinesia, Postural instability.
TRAP
168
Pathway affected in Parkinson's disease, decreased dopamine.
Nigro-striatal pathway
169
Dopamine precursor, 1-3% crosses BBB.
Levodopa
170
Medications like Pramipexole and Ropinirole.
Dopamine Receptor Agonists
171
Genetic disorder causing GABA reduction in basal ganglia.
Huntington's Disease
172
Dopamine depleting agent for Huntington's treatment.
Tetrabenazine
173
NSAID, COX-1 inhibitor, used for pain relief.
Aspirin
174
Cyclooxygenase involved in normal physiological functions. (Especially thromboxane A2)
COX-1
175
Cyclooxygenase involved in inflammatory responses.
COX-2
176
Drugs modifying disease progression in rheumatoid arthritis.
DMARDs
177
Non-biologic DMARD, reduces inflammation.
Methotrexate
178
Drugs like morphine and fentanyl that activate receptors.
Opioid Agonists
179
Receptors mediating analgesia and euphoria.
Mu opioid receptors
180
Opioid antagonist used for overdose reversal.
Naloxone
181
Class of opioids including morphine and codeine.
Phenanthrenes
182
Drugs inducing sleep or relaxation, e.g., benzodiazepines.
Sedative-Hypnotics
183
Alcohol affecting CNS, metabolized by ADH pathway.
Ethanol
184
Long-acting opioid antagonist for alcohol dependence.
Naltrexone
185
Adjunct therapy for alcohol dependence treatment.
Acamprosate
186
Inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase, used in alcoholism.
Disulfiram
187
Use of drugs to induce loss of sensation.
Anesthesia
188
Process from in vitro to human trials.
Drug Development
189
Normal genes that can become oncogenes.
Proto-oncogenes
190
Genes preventing uncontrolled cell growth.
Tumor Suppressors
191
Cancer originating from epithelial cells.
Carcinoma
192
Cancer arising from connective tissues.
Sarcoma
193
Blood cancers affecting bone marrow.
Leukemias
194
Cancers of the lymphatic system.
Lymphomas
195
Use of drugs to kill cancer cells.
Chemotherapy
196
Treatment before primary therapy to shrink tumors.
Neoadjuvant therapy
197
Treatment after primary therapy to prevent recurrence.
Adjuvant therapy
198
Harmful effects on rapidly dividing cells.
Toxicity
199
Non-cell cycle specific chemotherapy agent.
Cisplatin
200
Better tolerated than cisplatin in treatments.
Carboplatin
201
Drugs that interfere with DNA synthesis.
Antimetabolites
202
Plant-based chemotherapy agent, inhibits cell division.
Vincristine
203
Antibiotic used in cancer treatment.
Dactinomycin
204
Suppress immune response, mimic adrenal corticosteroids.
Glucocorticoids
205
Inhibitors Prevent T-cell activation in immune response.
Calcineurin
206
Immunosuppressive agent targeting rapidly proliferating cells.
Azathioprine
207
Genetic disorder causing absence of thymus.
DiGeorge Syndrome
208
Severe combined immunodeficiency, lacking B and T cells.
SCID
209
Overreaction of immune system to harmless stimuli.
Hypersensitivity
210
Immune response against healthy body tissues.
Autoimmunity
211
Monoclonal antibody for Rh incompatibility.
RhoGAM
212
Strong opioid agonist with phenylpiperidine structure.
Fentanyl
213
Cytokines that have antiviral properties.
Interferons
214
Cytokine that kills tumor cells and regulates inflammation.
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
