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Advanced Pharm Fall 24' > Pharm Final Drugs > Flashcards

Pharm Final Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

What is the drug class of Albuterol?

A

Beta-2 adrenergic agonist

Commonly used for asthma and COPD

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2
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Clonidine?

A

Stimulates alpha-2 adrenergic receptors in the brain, reducing sympathetic outflow

Used for hypertension and ADHD

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3
Q

Which drug class does Dobutamine belong to?

A

Beta-1 adrenergic agonist

Used in heart failure and cardiogenic shock

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4
Q

What receptors does Dopamine stimulate?

A

Dopamine, beta-1, and alpha-1 receptors

Used in shock and heart failure

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5
Q

What is the primary use of Epinephrine (Epi)?

A

Used in anaphylaxis, cardiac arrest, and asthma

Stimulates alpha and beta adrenergic receptors

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6
Q

Is Isoproterenol a selective or non-selective beta adrenergic agonist?

A

Non-selective beta adrenergic agonist

Used in bradycardia and heart block

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7
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Norepinephrine (Norepi)?

A

Stimulates alpha-1, alpha-2, and beta-1 adrenergic receptors

Used in shock and hypotension

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8
Q

What is the drug class of Amphetamine?

A

CNS stimulant

Used for ADHD and narcolepsy

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9
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Ephedrine?

A

Increases release of norepinephrine and directly stimulates adrenergic receptors

Used for nasal congestion and hypotension

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10
Q

What is Phentolamine used for?

A

Used in pheochromocytoma and hypertensive emergencies

Blocks alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenergic receptors

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11
Q

What type of antagonist is Prazosin?

A

Alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist

Used for hypertension and benign prostatic hyperplasia

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12
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Metoprolol?

A

Blocks beta-1 adrenergic receptors

Used for hypertension, angina, and heart failure

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13
Q

Fill in the blank: Edrophonium is an _______.

A

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor

Used in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis

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14
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Organophosphate?

A

Irreversibly inhibits acetylcholinesterase, increasing acetylcholine levels

Used as insecticides and nerve agents

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15
Q

What type of drug is Atropine?

A

Anticholinergic

Used in bradycardia and as an antidote for organophosphate poisoning

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16
Q

What is the drug class of Sildenafil?

A

Phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) inhibitor

Used to treat erectile dysfunction and pulmonary arterial hypertension

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17
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Dihydropyridines?

A

Inhibit L-type calcium channels, reducing calcium influx into vascular smooth muscle cells

Used to treat hypertension and angina

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18
Q

What is the drug class of Verapamil?

A

Calcium channel blocker

Used to treat hypertension, angina, and certain arrhythmias

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19
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Methyldopa?

A

Stimulates alpha-2 adrenergic receptors in the central nervous system, reducing sympathetic outflow

Used to treat hypertension, especially in pregnancy

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20
Q

What is the primary use of Propranolol?

A

Used to treat hypertension, angina, and certain arrhythmias

Blocks beta-adrenergic receptors

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21
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Minoxidil?

A

Opens potassium channels in vascular smooth muscle cells, leading to hyperpolarization and vasodilation

Used to treat severe hypertension and promote hair growth

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22
Q

What type of drug is Sodium nitroprusside?

A

Vasodilator

Used to treat hypertensive emergencies

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23
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Digoxin?

A

Inhibits sodium-potassium ATPase, increasing intracellular calcium and enhancing cardiac contractility

Used to treat heart failure and certain arrhythmias

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24
Q

What is the drug class of Amiodarone?

A

Antiarrhythmic (Class III)

Used to treat certain arrhythmias

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25
What is the mechanism of action of Adenosine?
Activates adenosine receptors, slowing conduction through the atrioventricular (AV) node ## Footnote Used to treat certain supraventricular tachycardias
26
What is the primary use of Magnesium in cardiac treatment?
Used to treat certain arrhythmias and magnesium deficiency ## Footnote Modulates ion transport and enzyme activity
27
What is the mechanism of action of Verapamil?
Inhibits L-type calcium channels, reducing calcium influx into cardiac and vascular smooth muscle cells, leading to decreased heart rate and vasodilation
28
What drug targets does Vasopressin act on?
Vasopressin receptors ## Footnote Used to treat diabetes insipidus and as a vasopressor
29
What type of drug is Furosemide?
Loop diuretic ## Footnote Used to treat edema and hypertension
30
What is the mechanism of action of Hydrochlorothiazide?
Inhibits sodium-chloride cotransporter in the distal convoluted tubule, increasing urine output
31
What is the drug class of Spironolactone?
Potassium-sparing diuretic ## Footnote Used to treat heart failure, hypertension, and hyperaldosteronism
32
What is the mechanism of action of Mannitol?
Increases osmotic pressure in the renal tubules, leading to increased urine output
33
What type of drug is Benadryl?
Antihistamine ## Footnote Used for allergy relief and as a sleep aid
34
What is the mechanism of action of Epi (Epinephrine)?
Stimulates alpha and beta-adrenergic receptors
35
What drug class does Theophylline belong to?
Methylxanthine ## Footnote Used for asthma and COPD
36
What is the mechanism of action of Atropine?
Blocks muscarinic acetylcholine receptors
37
What is the mechanism of action of Zileuton?
Inhibits 5-lipoxygenase, reducing leukotriene production
38
What type of drug is Omalizumab (Xolair)?
Monoclonal antibody ## Footnote Used for severe asthma and chronic idiopathic urticaria
39
What is the mechanism of action of Buspirone?
Partial agonist at serotonin 5-HT1A receptors
40
What are the drug targets of Ondansetron?
Serotonin 5-HT3 receptors ## Footnote Used to prevent nausea and vomiting
41
What is the drug class of Phenytoin?
Anticonvulsant ## Footnote Used for epilepsy
42
What is the mechanism of action of Valproic acid?
Increases GABA levels, inhibits voltage-gated sodium channels
43
What type of drug is Urokinase?
Fibrinolytic ## Footnote Used in pulmonary embolism
44
What is the mechanism of action of Warfarin?
Inhibits vitamin K epoxide reductase, reducing the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors
45
What are the drug targets of Clopidogrel (Plavix)?
ADP receptors ## Footnote Used to prevent ischemic events
46
What type of drug is Metformin?
Biguanide ## Footnote Used for type 2 diabetes management
47
Fill in the blank: The drug class of Ethacrynic acid is _______.
Loop diuretic
48
True or False: Salmeterol is a short-acting beta-2 agonist.
False ## Footnote Salmeterol is a long-acting beta-2 agonist (LABA)
49
What is the mechanism of action of Lamotrigine?
Inhibits voltage-gated sodium channels
50
What drug class does Zafirlukast belong to?
Leukotriene receptor antagonist ## Footnote Used for asthma
51
What is the mechanism of action of Dantrolene?
Inhibits calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
52
What is the drug class of Argatroban?
Direct Thrombin Inhibitor ## Footnote Used in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
53
What is the mechanism of action of Theobromine?
Inhibits phosphodiesterase, similar to theophylline
54
What is the mechanism of action of Aspirin?
Inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX), reducing thromboxane A2 production
55
What is the drug class of Neutral Protamine Hagedorn (NPH)?
Intermediate-acting insulin
56
What is the mechanism of action of NPH?
Facilitates glucose uptake by cells
57
What are the drug targets of NPH?
Insulin receptors on muscle and fat cells
58
What additional information is associated with NPH?
Provides basal insulin coverage
59
What drug class do Insulin (Glargine, Detemir) belong to?
Long-acting insulin
60
What is the mechanism of action of Insulin (Glargine, Detemir)?
Facilitates glucose uptake by cells
61
What are the drug targets of Insulin (Glargine, Detemir)?
Insulin receptors on muscle and fat cells
62
What additional information is associated with Insulin (Glargine, Detemir)?
Provides basal insulin coverage
63
What drug class does Metformin belong to?
Biguanide
64
What is the mechanism of action of Metformin?
Decreases hepatic glucose production, increases insulin sensitivity
65
What are the drug targets of Metformin?
Liver, muscle cells
66
What additional information is associated with Metformin?
First-line treatment for type 2 diabetes, no risk of hypoglycemia
67
What drug class do Sulfonylureas belong to?
Sulfonylureas
68
What is the mechanism of action of Sulfonylureas?
Stimulates insulin release from pancreatic beta cells
69
What are the drug targets of Sulfonylureas?
Pancreatic beta cells
70
What additional information is associated with Sulfonylureas?
Risk of hypoglycemia, weight gain
71
What drug class does Acarbose belong to?
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor
72
What is the mechanism of action of Acarbose?
Delays carbohydrate absorption in the intestine
73
What are the drug targets of Acarbose?
Intestinal brush border enzymes
74
What additional information is associated with Acarbose?
Gastrointestinal side effects
75
What drug class do GLP1 agonists belong to?
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists
76
What is the mechanism of action of GLP1 agonists?
Mimic the action of GLP-1, enhancing glucose-dependent insulin secretion, inhibiting glucagon release, and slowing gastric emptying
77
What are the drug targets of GLP1 agonists?
GLP-1 receptors
78
What additional information is associated with GLP1 agonists?
Used to treat type 2 diabetes
79
What drug class do DPP4 antagonists belong to?
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors
80
What is the mechanism of action of DPP4 antagonists?
Inhibit DPP-4 enzyme, increasing levels of incretin hormones, which enhance glucose-dependent insulin secretion and inhibit glucagon release
81
What are the drug targets of DPP4 antagonists?
DPP-4 enzyme
82
What additional information is associated with DPP4 antagonists?
Used to treat type 2 diabetes
83
What drug class do SGLT2 inhibitors belong to?
Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors
84
What is the mechanism of action of SGLT2 inhibitors?
Inhibit SGLT2 in the proximal renal tubules, reducing glucose reabsorption and increasing urinary glucose excretion
85
What are the drug targets of SGLT2 inhibitors?
SGLT2
86
What additional information is associated with SGLT2 inhibitors?
Used to treat type 2 diabetes
87
What drug class do Statins belong to?
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors
88
What is the mechanism of action of Statins?
Inhibits HMG-CoA reductase, reducing cholesterol synthesis
89
What are the drug targets of Statins?
HMG-CoA reductase
90
What additional information is associated with Statins?
Used to lower LDL cholesterol levels
91
What drug class does Niacin belong to?
Nicotinic acid
92
What is the mechanism of action of Niacin?
Inhibits lipolysis in adipose tissue, reducing free fatty acids
93
What are the drug targets of Niacin?
Adipose tissue
94
What additional information is associated with Niacin?
Used to lower triglycerides and increase HDL cholesterol levels
95
What drug class do Fibrates belong to?
Fibric acid derivatives
96
What is the mechanism of action of Fibrates?
Activates PPAR-alpha, increasing lipoprotein lipase activity
97
What are the drug targets of Fibrates?
PPAR-alpha
98
What additional information is associated with Fibrates?
Used to lower triglycerides and increase HDL cholesterol levels
99
What drug class do Bile Acid Binding Resins belong to?
Bile acid sequestrants
100
What is the mechanism of action of Bile Acid Binding Resins?
Binds bile acids in the intestine, reducing cholesterol absorption
101
What are the drug targets of Bile Acid Binding Resins?
Intestinal bile acids
102
What additional information is associated with Bile Acid Binding Resins?
Gastrointestinal side effects, may affect absorption of other drugs
103
What drug class does Ezetimibe (Zetia) belong to?
Cholesterol absorption inhibitor
104
What is the mechanism of action of Ezetimibe (Zetia)?
Inhibits absorption of cholesterol in the small intestine
105
What are the drug targets of Ezetimibe (Zetia)?
NPC1L1 transporter
106
What additional information is associated with Ezetimibe (Zetia)?
Used to lower LDL cholesterol levels
107
What drug class do PCSK9 Inhibitors belong to?
Monoclonal antibodies
108
What is the mechanism of action of PCSK9 Inhibitors?
Inhibits PCSK9, increasing LDL receptor availability
109
What are the drug targets of PCSK9 Inhibitors?
PCSK9
110
What additional information is associated with PCSK9 Inhibitors?
Used to lower LDL cholesterol levels
111
What drug class does Penicillin belong to?
Beta-lactam antibiotic
112
What is the mechanism of action of Penicillin?
Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis
113
What are the drug targets of Penicillin?
Penicillin-binding proteins
114
What additional information is associated with Penicillin?
Used to treat various bacterial infections
115
What drug class do Cephalosporins belong to?
Beta-lactam antibiotic
116
What is the mechanism of action of Cephalosporins?
Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis
117
What are the drug targets of Cephalosporins?
Penicillin-binding proteins
118
What additional information is associated with Cephalosporins?
Used to treat various bacterial infections
119
What drug class does Vancomycin belong to?
Glycopeptide antibiotic
120
What is the mechanism of action of Vancomycin?
Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis
121
What are the drug targets of Vancomycin?
D-alanyl-D-alanine terminus of cell wall precursors
122
What additional information is associated with Vancomycin?
Used to treat MRSA and other Gram-positive infections
123
What drug class does Polymyxin belong to?
Polypeptide antibiotic
124
What is the mechanism of action of Polymyxin?
Disrupts bacterial cell membrane
125
What are the drug targets of Polymyxin?
Bacterial cell membrane
126
What additional information is associated with Polymyxin?
Used to treat multi-drug resistant Gram-negative infections
127
What drug class does Tetracycline belong to?
Tetracycline antibiotic
128
What is the mechanism of action of Tetracycline?
Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis
129
What are the drug targets of Tetracycline?
30S ribosomal subunit
130
What additional information is associated with Tetracycline?
Used to treat various bacterial infections
131
What drug class does Erythromycin belong to?
Macrolide antibiotic
132
What is the mechanism of action of Erythromycin?
Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis
133
What are the drug targets of Erythromycin?
50S ribosomal subunit
134
What additional information is associated with Erythromycin?
Used to treat various bacterial infections
135
What drug class does Clarithromycin belong to?
Macrolide antibiotic
136
What is the mechanism of action of Clarithromycin?
Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis
137
What are the drug targets of Clarithromycin?
50S ribosomal subunit
138
What additional information is associated with Clarithromycin?
Used to treat various bacterial infections
139
What drug class does Azithromycin belong to?
Macrolide antibiotic
140
What is the mechanism of action of Azithromycin?
Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis
141
What are the drug targets of Azithromycin?
50S ribosomal subunit
142
What additional information is associated with Azithromycin?
Used to treat various bacterial infections
143
What drug class does Rifamycin belong to?
Rifamycin antibiotic
144
What is the mechanism of action of Rifamycin?
Inhibits bacterial RNA synthesis
145
What are the drug targets of Rifamycin?
Bacterial RNA polymerase
146
What additional information is associated with Rifamycin?
Used to treat tuberculosis and other bacterial infections
147
What drug class does Ciprofloxacin (Cipro) belong to?
Fluoroquinolone antibiotic
148
What is the mechanism of action of Ciprofloxacin (Cipro)?
Inhibits bacterial DNA synthesis
149
What are the drug targets of Ciprofloxacin (Cipro)?
DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV
150
What additional information is associated with Ciprofloxacin (Cipro)?
Used to treat various bacterial infections
151
What drug class does Levofloxacin (Levaquin) belong to?
Fluoroquinolone antibiotic
152
What is the mechanism of action of Levofloxacin (Levaquin)?
Inhibits bacterial DNA synthesis
153
What are the drug targets of Levofloxacin (Levaquin)?
DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV
154
What additional information is associated with Levofloxacin (Levaquin)?
Used to treat various bacterial infections
155
What drug class does Ofloxacin (Floxin) belong to?
Fluoroquinolone antibiotic
156
What is the mechanism of action of Ofloxacin (Floxin)?
Inhibits bacterial DNA synthesis
157
What are the drug targets of Ofloxacin (Floxin)?
DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV
158
What additional information is associated with Ofloxacin (Floxin)?
Used to treat various bacterial infections
159
What drug class does Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim, Septra) belong to?
Sulfonamide antibiotic
160
What is the mechanism of action of Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim, Septra)?
Inhibits bacterial folic acid synthesis
161
What are the drug targets of Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim, Septra)?
Dihydrofolate reductase and dihydropteroate synthase
162
What additional information is associated with Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim, Septra)?
Used to treat various bacterial infections
163
What drug class does Acyclovir belong to?
Antiviral
164
What is the mechanism of action of Acyclovir?
Inhibits viral DNA synthesis
165
What are the drug targets of Acyclovir?
Viral DNA polymerase
166
What additional information is associated with Acyclovir?
Used to treat herpes simplex and varicella-zoster infections
167
What drug class does Zidovudine (Azidothymidine) belong to?
Antiretroviral
168
What is the mechanism of action of Zidovudine (Azidothymidine)?
Inhibits viral reverse transcriptase
169
What are the drug targets of Zidovudine (Azidothymidine)?
Viral reverse transcriptase
170
What additional information is associated with Zidovudine (Azidothymidine)?
Used to treat HIV infection
171
What drug class does Lamivudine belong to?
Antiretroviral
172
What is the mechanism of action of Lamivudine?
Inhibits viral reverse transcriptase
173
What are the drug targets of Lamivudine?
Viral reverse transcriptase
174
What additional information is associated with Lamivudine?
Used to treat HIV and hepatitis B infections
175
What drug class does Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) belong to?
Antiviral
176
What is the mechanism of action of Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)?
Inhibits viral neuraminidase
177
What are the drug targets of Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)?
Viral neuraminidase
178
What additional information is associated with Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)?
Used to treat and prevent influenza
179
What drug class does Zanamivir (Relenza) belong to?
Antiviral
180
What is the mechanism of action of Zanamivir (Relenza)?
Inhibits viral neuraminidase
181
What are the drug targets of Zanamivir (Relenza)?
Viral neuraminidase
182
What additional information is associated with Zanamivir (Relenza)?
Used to treat and prevent influenza
183
What drug class does Baloxavir (Xofluza) belong to?
Antiviral
184
What is the mechanism of action of Baloxavir (Xofluza)?
Inhibits viral cap-dependent endonuclease
185
What are the drug targets of Baloxavir (Xofluza)?
Viral cap-dependent endonuclease
186
What additional information is associated with Baloxavir (Xofluza)?
Used to treat influenza
187
What drug class does Carbidopa levodopa belong to?
Dopamine precursor
188
What is the mechanism of action of Carbidopa levodopa?
Carbidopa inhibits the peripheral breakdown of levodopa, allowing more levodopa to reach the brain where it is converted to dopamine
189
What are the drug targets of Carbidopa levodopa?
Dopamine receptors in the brain
190
What additional information is associated with Carbidopa levodopa?
Used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease
191
What drug class does Pramipexole belong to?
Dopamine agonist
192
What is the mechanism of action of Pramipexole?
Stimulates dopamine receptors in the brain
193
What are the drug targets of Pramipexole?
Dopamine receptors
194
What additional information is associated with Pramipexole?
Used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and restless legs syndrome
195
What drug class does Ropinirole belong to?
Dopamine agonist
196
What is the mechanism of action of Ropinirole?
Stimulates dopamine receptors in the brain
197
What are the drug targets of Ropinirole?
Dopamine receptors
198
What additional information is associated with Ropinirole?
Used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and restless legs syndrome
199
What drug class does Rotigotine belong to?
Dopamine agonist
200
What is the mechanism of action of Rotigotine?
Stimulates dopamine receptors in the brain
201
What are the drug targets of Rotigotine?
Dopamine receptors
202
What additional information is associated with Rotigotine?
Used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and restless legs syndrome
203
What drug class does Selegiline belong to?
MAO-B inhibitor
204
What is the mechanism of action of Selegiline?
Inhibits the breakdown of dopamine in the brain
205
What are the drug targets of Selegiline?
Monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B)
206
What additional information is associated with Selegiline?
Used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease
207
What drug class does Entacapone belong to?
COMT inhibitor
208
What is the mechanism of action of Entacapone?
Inhibits the breakdown of levodopa in the periphery
209
What are the drug targets of Entacapone?
Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)
210
What additional information is associated with Entacapone?
Used in combination with levodopa/carbidopa in the treatment of Parkinson's disease
211
What drug class does Apomorphine belong to?
Dopamine agonist
212
What is the mechanism of action of Apomorphine?
Stimulates dopamine receptors in the brain
213
What are the drug targets of Apomorphine?
Dopamine receptors
214
What additional information is associated with Apomorphine?
Used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease
215
What drug class does Amantadine belong to?
Antiviral, dopamine agonist
216
What is the mechanism of action of Amantadine?
Increases dopamine release and blocks dopamine reuptake
217
What are the drug targets of Amantadine?
Dopamine receptors
218
What additional information is associated with Amantadine?
Used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and influenza A
219
What drug class does Tetrabenazine belong to?
VMAT2 inhibitor
220
What is the mechanism of action of Tetrabenazine?
Depletes dopamine stores in the brain
221
What are the drug targets of Tetrabenazine?
Vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2)
222
What additional information is associated with Tetrabenazine?
Used in the treatment of Huntington's disease and tardive dyskinesia
223
What drug class does Haloperidol belong to?
Antipsychotic
224
What is the mechanism of action of Haloperidol?
Blocks dopamine receptors in the brain
225
What are the drug targets of Haloperidol?
Dopamine receptors
226
What additional information is associated with Haloperidol?
Used in the treatment of schizophrenia and acute psychosis
227
What drug class does Aspirin belong to?
Antiplatelet
228
What are the drug targets of Aspirin?
Cyclooxygenase (COX)
229
What additional information is associated with Aspirin?
Used to prevent ischemic events
230
What drug class does Celecoxib belong to?
NSAID
231
What is the mechanism of action of Celecoxib?
Selectively inhibits COX-2, reducing inflammation and pain
232
What are the drug targets of Celecoxib?
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)
233
What additional information is associated with Celecoxib?
Used in the treatment of arthritis and acute pain
234
What drug class does Ibuprofen belong to?
NSAID
235
What is the mechanism of action of Ibuprofen?
Inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX), reducing inflammation and pain
236
What are the drug targets of Ibuprofen?
Cyclooxygenase (COX)
237
What additional information is associated with Ibuprofen?
Used in the treatment of pain, fever, and inflammation
238
What drug class does Indomethacin belong to?
NSAID
239
What is the mechanism of action of Indomethacin?
Inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX), reducing inflammation and pain
240
What are the drug targets of Indomethacin?
Cyclooxygenase (COX)
241
What additional information is associated with Indomethacin?
Used in the treatment of pain, fever, and inflammation
242
What drug class does Acetaminophen belong to?
Analgesic, antipyretic
243
What is the mechanism of action of Acetaminophen?
Inhibits prostaglandin synthesis in the CNS
244
What are the drug targets of Acetaminophen?
Cyclooxygenase (COX)
245
What additional information is associated with Acetaminophen?
Used in the treatment of pain and fever
246
What drug class does Hydrocortisone belong to?
Corticosteroid
247
What is the mechanism of action of Hydrocortisone?
Reduces inflammation by inhibiting multiple inflammatory cytokines
248
What are the drug targets of Hydrocortisone?
Glucocorticoid receptors
249
What additional information is associated with Hydrocortisone?
Used in the treatment of inflammation and adrenal insufficiency
250
What drug class does Prednisone belong to?
Corticosteroid
251
What is the mechanism of action of Prednisone?
Reduces inflammation by inhibiting multiple inflammatory cytokines
252
What are the drug targets of Prednisone?
Glucocorticoid receptors
253
What additional information is associated with Prednisone?
Used in the treatment of inflammation and autoimmune diseases
254
What drug class does Dexamethasone belong to?
Corticosteroid
255
What is the mechanism of action of Dexamethasone?
Reduces inflammation by inhibiting multiple inflammatory cytokines
256
What are the drug targets of Dexamethasone?
Glucocorticoid receptors
257
What additional information is associated with Dexamethasone?
Used in the treatment of inflammation and autoimmune diseases
258
What drug class does Methotrexate belong to?
Antimetabolite
259
What is the mechanism of action of Methotrexate?
Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase, reducing DNA synthesis
260
What are the drug targets of Methotrexate?
Dihydrofolate reductase
261
What additional information is associated with Methotrexate?
Used in the treatment of cancer and autoimmune diseases
262
What drug class does Cyclophosphamide belong to?
Alkylating agent
263
What is the mechanism of action of Cyclophosphamide?
Cross-links DNA, preventing cell division
264
What are the drug targets of Cyclophosphamide?
DNA
265
What additional information is associated with Cyclophosphamide?
Used in the treatment of cancer and autoimmune diseases
266
What drug class does Cyclosporine belong to?
Immunosuppressant
267
What is the mechanism of action of Cyclosporine?
Inhibits calcineurin, reducing T-cell activation
268
What are the drug targets of Cyclosporine?
Calcineurin
269
What additional information is associated with Cyclosporine?
Used in the prevention of organ transplant rejection and treatment of autoimmune diseases
270
What drug class does Abatacept (Orencia) belong to?
Immunosuppressant
271
What is the mechanism of action of Abatacept (Orencia)?
Inhibits T-cell activation by binding to CD80 and CD86
272
What are the drug targets of Abatacept (Orencia)?
CD80, CD86
273
What additional information is associated with Abatacept (Orencia)?
Used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis
274
What drug class does Rituximab (Rituxan) belong to?
Monoclonal antibody
275
What is the mechanism of action of Rituximab (Rituxan)?
Binds to CD20 on B-cells, leading to their destruction
276
What are the drug targets of Rituximab (Rituxan)?
CD20
277
What additional information is associated with Rituximab (Rituxan)?
Used in the treatment of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and rheumatoid arthritis
278
What drug class does Adalimumab (Humira) belong to?
Monoclonal antibody
279
What is the mechanism of action of Adalimumab (Humira)?
Binds to TNF-alpha, inhibiting its activity
280
What are the drug targets of Adalimumab (Humira)?
TNF-alpha
281
What additional information is associated with Adalimumab (Humira)?
Used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune diseases
282
What drug class does Morphine belong to?
Opioid analgesic
283
What is the mechanism of action of Morphine?
Binds to opioid receptors in the CNS, reducing pain perception
284
What are the drug targets of Morphine?
Opioid receptors
285
What additional information is associated with Morphine?
Used in the treatment of severe pain
286
What drug class does Naloxone belong to?
Opioid antagonist
287
What is the mechanism of action of Naloxone?
Binds to opioid receptors, reversing the effects of opioids
288
What are the drug targets of Naloxone?
Opioid receptors
289
What additional information is associated with Naloxone?
Used in the treatment of opioid overdose
290
What drug class does Hydromorphone belong to?
Opioid analgesic
291
What is the mechanism of action of Hydromorphone?
Binds to opioid receptors in the CNS, reducing pain perception
292
What are the drug targets of Hydromorphone?
Opioid receptors
293
What additional information is associated with Hydromorphone?
Used in the treatment of severe pain
294
What drug class does Heroin belong to?
Opioid analgesic
295
What is the mechanism of action of Heroin?
Binds to opioid receptors in the CNS, reducing pain perception
296
What are the drug targets of Heroin?
Opioid receptors
297
What is the mechanism of action of Naloxone?
Binds to opioid receptors, reversing the effects of opioids.
298
What class of drug is Hydromorphone?
Opioid analgesic
299
What is the primary use of Hydromorphone?
Used in the treatment of severe pain.
300
True or False: Heroin is used medically in the United States.
False
301
What is the mechanism of action of Methadone?
Binds to opioid receptors in the CNS, reducing pain perception.
302
What is Fentanyl primarily used for?
Used in the treatment of severe pain.
303
What class of drug is Meperidine?
Opioid analgesic
304
What is Codeine used for?
Used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain and cough suppression.
305
Fill in the blank: Oxycodone is classified as an _______.
Opioid analgesic
306
What is the mechanism of action of Percocet?
Combination of oxycodone and acetaminophen, binds to opioid receptors in the CNS, reducing pain perception.
307
What class of drug is Loperamide?
Antidiarrheal
308
What is the primary use of Naltrexone?
Used in the treatment of opioid and alcohol dependence.
309
What is the mechanism of action of Diazepam?
Enhances the effect of GABA at the GABA-A receptor.
310
What class of drug is Midazolam?
Benzodiazepine
311
True or False: Phenobarbital is used in the treatment of seizures.
True
312
What is the mechanism of action of Ethanol?
Enhances the effect of GABA at the GABA-A receptor.
313
What class of drug is Zolpidem?
Sedative-hypnotic
314
What is the primary use of Ramelteon?
Used in the treatment of insomnia.
315
What is the mechanism of action of Buspirone?
Partial agonist at serotonin 5-HT1A receptors.
316
What class of drug is Acamprosate?
Alcohol dependence treatment
317
What is the mechanism of action of Disulfiram?
Inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase, causing unpleasant effects when alcohol is consumed.
318
Fill in the blank: Methotrexate is classified as an _______.
Antimetabolite, antifolate
319
What is the primary use of 5-FU (Fluorouracil)?
Used to treat various cancers, including colorectal and breast cancer.
320
What is the mechanism of action of Vincristine?
Inhibits microtubule formation, disrupting mitosis.
321
What class of drug is Paclitaxel (Taxol)?
Taxane
322
What is the mechanism of action of Dexamethasone?
Modulates gene expression, reducing inflammation and immune response.
323
What is the primary use of Adalimumab?
Used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, and other inflammatory conditions.
324
True or False: Mycophenolate Mofetil is used to prevent organ transplant rejection.
True
325
What class of drug is Sirolimus?
Immunosuppressant
326
What is the mechanism of action of Thalidomide Derivatives?
Modulate immune response, inhibit angiogenesis.
327
What is the primary use of Ginkgo biloba?
Used to improve memory and cognitive function.
328
What class of drug is St. John's Wort?
Herbal supplement
329
What is the mechanism of action of Saw palmetto?
Believed to inhibit 5-alpha-reductase, reducing the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone.

Advanced Pharm Fall 24' (18 decks)

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