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Advanced Pharm Fall 24' > Immunopharmacology > Flashcards

Immunopharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a neoplasm?

A

An abnormal mass of tissue, the growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with normal tissues

Neoplasms can be benign or malignant.

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2
Q

What does the term ‘tumor’ refer to?

A

A non-specific term meaning lump or swelling, often synonymous with neoplasm

Tumors can be benign or malignant.

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3
Q

Define cancer.

A

Any malignant neoplasm or tumor

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4
Q

What is metastasis?

A

Discontinuous spread of a malignant neoplasm to distant sites

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5
Q

What type of cancer is derived from epithelial origin?

A

Carcinoma

Examples include basal cell carcinoma and breast carcinoma.

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6
Q

What type of cancer originates from connective tissue or muscle?

A

Sarcoma

Examples include osteosarcoma and Kaposi’s sarcoma.

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7
Q

What cancers are classified as leukemias and lymphomas?

A

Cancers originating from immune cells

Examples include Hodgkin’s lymphoma and acute myelogenous leukemia (AML).

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8
Q

What are the traditional methods of cancer treatment?

A

Cut, burn, and poison

This includes surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy.

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9
Q

What are some new methods of cancer treatment?

A
  • Target cell pathways
  • Stem cell transplantation
  • Angiogenesis inhibition
  • Gene therapy
  • Cancer vaccines
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10
Q

What is primary chemotherapy?

A

Primary treatment is chemotherapy, especially for advanced disease to limit spread and improve quality of life.

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11
Q

What is neoadjuvant chemotherapy?

A

Chemotherapy induced to reduce tumor size prior to and after surgery

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12
Q

What is adjuvant chemotherapy?

A

Chemotherapy given after surgery to reduce incidence and resurgence of tumor

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13
Q

What are the goals of adjuvant chemotherapy?

A
  • Disease-free survival (DFS)
  • Overall survival (OS)
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14
Q

List the routes of chemotherapy administration.

A
  • Intravascular (peripheral vs. central lines)
  • Oral
  • Topical
  • Intra cavity
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15
Q

Name some general toxicities of cytotoxic drugs.

A
  • Nausea & Vomiting
  • Bone marrow depression
  • Alopecia
  • Oligospermia, impotence, ↓ ovulation
  • Abortion, fetal death, teratogenicity
  • Hyperuricemia
  • Immunosuppression
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16
Q

True or False: Cancer cells have normal mechanisms to suppress cell growth.

A

False

17
Q

What are Cell Cycle Specific Agents (CCS)?

A

Agents that act against specific proteins involved in cell cycle progression

Examples include 5-FU, paclitaxel, vinblastine.

18
Q

What are Cell Cycle Nonspecific Agents (CCNS)?

A

Agents whose effects are not reliant on cell cycle progression

Examples include mitomycin and doxorubicin.

19
Q

What is the purpose of combination drug therapy in cancer treatment?

A

Negates the effects of resistances of different drugs and can work synergistically

20
Q

What are alkylating agents?

A

Drugs that transfer alkyl groups to DNA, making it inactive

21
Q

Name a common alkylating agent.

A

Cyclophosphamide

22
Q

What is the mechanism of action of cisplatin?

A

Highly bound to plasma proteins, concentrates in kidney, intestine, testes, poorly penetrates BBB

23
Q

What are the uses of cisplatin?

A
  • Testicular cancer
  • Ovarian cancer
  • Other solid tumors (lung, esophagus, gastric)
24
Q

Name some adverse effects of cisplatin.

A
  • Emesis
  • Nephrotoxicity
  • Peripheral neuropathy
  • Ototoxicity
25
Q

What is the primary action of methotrexate?

A

Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) – interferes with DNA/RNA synthesis

26
Q

What are purine antagonists used to treat?

A

Lymphoblastic leukemia, autoimmune disease, inflammatory bowel disease, after transplant

27
Q

What do pyrimidine antagonists interfere with?

A

DNA synthesis and repair

28
Q

What are vinca alkaloids derived from?

A

Periwinkle plant

Examples include vincristine and vinblastine.

29
Q

What is the mechanism of action of taxanes?

A

Stabilize the mitotic spindle, preventing depolymerization and causing cell death

30
Q

What is the role of corticosteroids in cancer treatment?

A

Used in leukemias and lymphomas

31
Q

Name a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM).

A

Tamoxifen

32
Q

What are some miscellaneous agents in cancer treatment?

A
  • Inhibitors of growth factor receptors
  • Monoclonal antibodies
33
Q

What are some ways to reduce the risk of cancer?

A
  • Avoid tobacco
  • Maintain healthy weight
  • Regular physical activity
  • Eat healthy
  • Limit alcohol consumption
  • Protect your skin
  • Know your family history
  • Have regular checkups

Advanced Pharm Fall 24' (17 decks)

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