Perio Articles Flashcards
1
Q
In Davis’s 2016 review “Gene Sequence Analyses of the Healthy Oral Microbiome in Humans and Companion Animals: A Comparative Review,” what 6 phyla dominated the oral communities of humans, dogs and cats?
JVD 2016, Issue 2
A
Bacteroidetes
Proteobacteria
Firmicutes
Actinobacteria
Fusobacteria
Spirochaetae
2
Q
In Davis’s 2016 oral biome review article, the healthy oral microbiome in people is dominated by what type of bacteria?
JVD 2016, Issue 2
A
Gram-positive bacteria belonging to genus Streptococcus
3
Q
In Davis’s 2016 oral biome review article, the healthy oral microbiome in dogs is dominated by what type of bacteria?
A
Gram negative spp Moraxella, Bergeyella and Neisseria
4
Q
The bacterial culture-independent studies of dog oral microbiota from Segata 2012, Dewhirst 2012 and Davis 2013 found which bacterial phyla to most predominate?
A
Firmicutes most predominate
Segata and Dewhirst - Proteobacteria second most predominate
Davis - Bacteroidetes second most predominate
5
Q
According to Davis’s 2016 review article, what are the top 3 most predominate oral bacterial phyla in dogs?
Davis. Gene Sequence Analyses of the Healthy Oral Microbiome in Humans and Companion Animals: A Comparative Review. JVD 2016, Issue 2.
A
Firmicutes
Proteobacteria
Bacteroidetes
6
Q
According to Davis’s 2016 review article, what are the 4th-6th most predominate oral bacterial phyla in dogs?
A
Actinobacteria
Fusobacteria
Spriochaetes
7
Q
According to Perez-Salcedo’s 2013 paper “Isolation and identification of Porphyromonas ssp. and other putative pathogens from cats with periodontal disease,” what bacterial spp was found in 90% of cats with varying stages of PD?
JVD 2014, issue 4
A
Fusobacterium nucleatum
P. gulae 86%
P. circumdentaria 70%
8
Q
In Harris’s 2016 paper “A pyrosequencing investigation of differences in the feline subgingival microbiota in health, gingivitis and mild periodontitis,” what percentage of subgingival bacterial species in healthy cats were Gram negative bacteria
A
75%
9
Q
In Harris’s 2016 paper “A pyrosequencing investigation of differences in the feline subgingival microbiota in health, gingivitis and mild periodontitis,” what was the relationship between relative percentages of Gram positive and negative bacteria and periodontal health status?
A
Percentage of gram positive spp increased as periodontal health status declined
Cats with mild periodontitis had equal numbers of Gram positive and Gram negative spp subgingivally
10
Q
According to Davis’s 2016 review “Gene Sequence Analyses of the Healthy Oral Microbiome in Humans and Companion Animals: A Comparative Review,” dogs and cats have more gram negative or gram positive oral bacteria in health?
A
Gram negative
Opposite of humans
11
Q
In Kato’s 2011 study “Molecular Detection of Human Periodontal Pathogens in Oral Swab Specimens from Dogs in Japan,” what was the most common spp of Porphyromonas identified?
JVD 2011, Issue 2
A
P. gulae
P. gingivalis only identified in 1 dog
12
Q
In Rawlinson’s 2011 paper “Association of periodontal disease with systemic health indices and systemic response to treatment of periodontal disease,” what indices were associated with periodontal disease?
JAVMA 2011
A
Attachment loss and platelet number
Decrease in C-reactive protein after treatment correlated with severity of PD
Creatinine moderately negatively correlated with attachment loss
BUN concentration sig increased after treatment of PD
13
Q
In Kyllar’s 2013 study “Morphometric Assessment of Periodontal Tissues in Relation to Periodontal Disease in Dogs,” what was the relationship between thickness of periodontal tissues and dog size/weight?
JVD 2013, Issue 3
A
Periodontal tissues were stat sig thinner ( P < 0.001) in Group 1 toy breed dogs (< 5.0kg) than the small, medium sized dog groups
Periodontal tissues were also significantly thicker in areas of canine teeth and carnassial teeth
14
Q
In Riggio’s 2011 article “Molecular identification of bacteria associated with canine periodontal disease,” what predominant spp were identified for dogs with periodontitis using culture and PCR respectively?
Vet Microbiol 2011
A
Culture: Actinomyces canis
PCR: Desulfomicrobium orale
15
Q
In Glickman’s 2011 article “Association between chronic azotemic kidney disease and the severity of periodontal disease in dogs,” what associations were found?
Prev Vet Med 2011
A
The hazard ratio for azotemic CKD increased with increasing severity of periodontal disease
Increasing severity of periodontal disease also associated with serum creatinine > 1.4 and BUN > 36
16
Q
What are the main bacteria that produce volatile sulfur compounds?
Millela, JVD 2015, Issue 2
A
Porphyomonas gingivalis
Prevotella intermedia
Fusobacterium nucleatum
Treponema denticola
17
Q
What are the two Volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) most associated with oral malodor?
Millela, JVD 2015, Issue 2
A
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)
Methyl mercaptan (CH3SH)
18
Q
Are the concentrations of hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan higher in the mouth or periodontal pockets respectively
Millela, JVD 2015, Issue 2
A
Hydrogen sulfide: the mouth
Methyl mercaptain: periodontal pocket
19
Q
What is the role of volatile sulfur compounds on the development of periodontitis?
MIlella, “The Negative Effects of Volatile Sulphur Compounds,” JVD 2015, Issue 2
A
Increased permeability of oral mucosa → allows LPS and prostaglandins to penetrate → inflam response → exposure of connective tissue to periodontal pathogenic compounds
20
Q
Hydrogen sulfide may contribute to alveolar bone resorption via expression of what?
MIlella, “The Negative Effects of Volatile Sulphur Compounds,” JVD 2015, Issue 2
A
RANKL
21
Q
In Wallis’s 2016 paper “Quantification of Canine Dental Plaque Using Quantative Light-Induced Fluorescence,” plaque needs to be disclosed or undisclosed when using QLF to measure efficacy of products in reducing total plaque volume?
JVD 2016, Issue 1
A
Disclosed: not all bacteria in mature biofilms autofluoresce and QLF underestimates amount of total plaque on undisclosed teeth
22
Q
What were the methods of Riggio’s 2011 Vet Microbiol paper “Molecular identification of bacteria associated with canine periodontal disease?”
JVD 2011, issue 4
A
Swabs obtained from gingival margin of three dogs with gingivitis and three orally healthy controls and subjected to routine baccterial culture and culture independent methods
First study to use culture-independent methods for identification of bacteria associated with perio in dogs
23
Q
In Perez-Salcedo’s 2011 Vet Microbiol article “Comparison of two sampling methods for microbiological evaluation of periodontal disease in cats,” what two sampling methods were compared and which was most effective?
JVD 2011, Issue 4
A
Cottons swabs over mucosa and teeth vs subgingival paper points. Paper points most effective.
paper points had significantly higher recoveries of anaeorobic bacteria and periodontal pathogens
24
Q
In the 2012 paper on susceptibility of Porphy-romonas spp. and Fusobacterium spp in dogs, what antibiotics showed some resistance patterns?
Senhorinho GN, Nakano V, Liu C, et al. Occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Porphy-romonas spp. and Fusobacterium spp. in dogs with and without periodontitis. Anaerobe. 2012 May 17.
A
clarithromycin, erythromycin and metronidazole
25
In Senhorinho's 2012 paper "Occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Porphy-romonas spp. and Fusobacterium spp. in dogs with and without periodontitis," when compared with the dogs without periodontitis, the number of which bacteria were statistically significant in the group of dogs with periodontitis?
Porphyromonas gulae
26
In Senhorinho's 2012 paper "Occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Porphy-romonas spp. and Fusobacterium spp. in dogs with and without periodontitis," these bacteria were detected in what percent of samples for dogs with and without periodontitis?
forty-six (92%) out of 50 dogs with periodontitis
28 (56%) out of 50 dogs without periodontitis
27
In Nemec's 2012 study "Periodontal disease, periodontal treatment and systemic nitric oxide in dogs," increases in nitric oxide where seen in what treatment group?
## Footnote
Nemec A, Verstraete FJ, Jerin A, et al.Periodontal disease, periodontal treatment and systemic nitric oxide in dogs. Res Vet Sci. 2012 Nov 15
Nitric oxide was sig increased at the 2 week recheck for extractions in the group that had > 25% of their teeth affected by advanced periodontitis
## Footnote
more inflammation in that group
28
What is the experimentally determined subantimicrobial dosage of doxycycline?
## Footnote
"Experimental determination of a subantimicrobial dosage of doxycycline hyclate for treatment of periodontitis in Beagles." Kim, Am J Vet Res 2013
2mg/kg q24h
29
In Di Bello 2014 article "Periodontal disease associated with red complex bacteria in dogs," what three bacteria are referenced as Red Complex Bacteria?
## Footnote
Di Bello A, Buonavoglia A, Franchini D, et al. Periodontal disease associated with red complex bacteria in dogs. J Small Anim Pract. 2014 Mar;55(3):1
Treponema denticola
Tannerella forsythia
Porphyromonas gingivalis
30
In Di Bello 2014 article "Periodontal disease associated with red complex bacteria in dogs," for dogs with gingivitis or periodontitis what bacteria were stat sig associated?
Significant association between gingivitis/ periodontitis and presence of P. gingivalis, in combination w/ T. forsythia.
## Footnote
49.3% mixed infection w/ T. forsythia and P. gingivalis
12.3% samples positive only for P. gingivalis
31
In Carreira's 2015 study "Relationship Between Gender, Age, and Weight and the Serum Ionized Calcium Variations in Dog Periodontal Disease Evolution," what was the reltationship between ionized calcium and periodontal disease?
Lower ionized calcium levels were associated with more severe periodontal disease
## Footnote
Older dogs → Lower ionized calcium, more advanced PD
Lower body weight → more advanced PD
32
In Carreira's 2015 study "Serum Ionized Calcium Quantification for Staging Canine Periodontal Disease: A Preliminary Study," what was the relationship between PD stages and ionized calcium?
Stat sig differences were observed between PD1 and PD2 but not PD3 and PD4
## Footnote
Paper suggests that ionized calcium can be used as an additional tool to establish and monitor preliminary PD status
33
In O'Neil's 2014 paper "Prevalence of disorders recorded in cats attending primary-care veterinary practices in England," what was the most prevalent diagnosis-level distorder and the most prevalent disorder group?
## Footnote
Vet J 2014
Periodontal disease 14%
Dental conditions 15%
## Footnote
No increased prevalence of common disorders between purebred and crossbred cats
34
In Wallis's 2021 paper "Association of periodontal disease with breed size, breed, weight, and age in pure-breed client-owned dogs in the United States," what associations were found?
## Footnote
3 million medical records Banfield study of patients anesthetized for PRO
Extra-small (< 6.5kg) breeds were up to 5 times more likely to be diagnosed with PD
The majority of breeds diagnosed with PD were < 15kg
35
In Wallis's 2021 paper "Association of periodontal disease with breed size, breed, weight, and age in pure-breed client-owned dogs in the United States," what additional risk factors besides patient size and weight were found?
Age
Being overweight
Time since last scale and polish
36
In Wallis's 2021 paper "Association of periodontal disease with breed size, breed, weight, and age in pure-breed client-owned dogs in the United States," what was the overall prevalence rate of perio reported?
18%
37
In Wallis' 2019 study "Wallis, “A Longitudinal assessment of periodontal disease in Yorkshire terriers," what was the prevalence of periodontal disease?
98% at 37 weeks of age
38
In Wallis' 2019 study "Wallis, “A Longitudinal assessment of periodontal disease in Yorkshire terriers," what teeth had the highest probability of developing periodontitis?
Canines 95% at 37 weeks of age
Incisors 40% at 37 weeks of age
39
In Kortegaard's 2008 study "Periodontal disease in research beagle dogs-an epidemiological study," what was the prevalence of attachment loss greater than or equal to 1mm in 1 year old and 3 year old dogs?
1 year old dogs --> 20%
3 year old dogs --> 84%
40
In Kortegaard's 2008 study "Periodontal disease in research beagle dogs-an epidemiological study," what teeth were most likely to have attachment loss greater or equal to 1mm and periodontal pocketing of 4mm or greater?
Maxillary PM2, PM3, PM5 1mm or more attachment loss
Maxillary canines 4mm or more
41
In Marshall's 2014 study, "A longitudinal assessment of periodontal disease in 52 miniature schnauzers," how many dogs had teeth that progressed to PD2 throughout the course of the study?
## Footnote
Oral care regimen stopped and dogs anesthestized every 6 weeks for 60 weeks to assess progression of PD
35
42
In Marshall's 2014 study, "A longitudinal assessment of periodontal disease in 52 miniature schnauzers," what teeth were most commonly affected by periodontal disease and what aspect of these teeth were most affected?
Incisors (54% of teeth with periodontitis)
Lingual aspect most affected
43
In Glickman's 2009 article "Evaluation of the risk of endocarditis and other cardiovascular events on the basis of the severity of periodontal disease in dogs," what was the association between periodontal disease and endocarditis?
## Footnote
JAVMA 2009
risk of endocarditis was approximately 6-fold higher for dogs with stage 3 periodontal disease, compared with the risk for dogs in the nonperiodontal cohort.
*but not really clinically…and cardiologists wrote a letter to the editor disagreeing *
44
In Basuki's 2019 paper "Evaluation of Gingivitis in Pregnant Beagle Dogs," what was the association between gingivitis and pregnancy outcome?
## Footnote
Rawlinson, JVD 2019, Issue 3
None of the evaluated pregnancy outcomes had any significant correlations with the severity of dental scores
## Footnote
Age was stat sig correlated with increasing dental scores
45
In Wallis' 2018 article "A longitudinal assessment of periodontal health status in 53 Labrador Retrievers," what percentage of dogs developed periodontitis over 2 years and what teeth were most affected?
56% developed periodontitis
71% of teeth with perio incisors
## Footnote
25% increase in mean gingivitis score over 2 years
46
In Bellow's 2012 article "Efficacy of a Barrier Gel for Reducing the Development of Plaque, Calculus and Gingivitis in Cats," what indices were affected by treatment
## Footnote
Randomized, negative-controlled, outcome-evaluator-blinded, client-owned animal clinical field study to determine efficacy of a dental gel product in cats
Plaque indices were sig lower in treatment group
47
In Quest's 2013 “Oral health benefits of a daily dental chew in dogs,” what indices showed significant reductions in the Greenie once daily treatment group?
## Footnote
JVD 2013, Issue 2
Gingivitis, plaque, calculus, halitosis
48
How many dogs are required to measure reduction in plaque using quantative light fluorescence vs the Logan and Boyce method? (Power calculation got these numbers)
## Footnote
Wallis, Quantification of Canine Dental Plaque Using Quantative Light-Induced Fluorescence, JVD 2016, Issue 1
QLF 7 dogs
Logan Boyce Method 19 dogs
## Footnote
QLF uses blue light (405nm)
49
In Sitzman's 2013 article, “Evaluation of a Hydrophilic gingival dental sealant in beagle dogs," what indices were stat sig decreased?
## Footnote
JVD 2013
Plaque and calculus
No effect on gingivitis
## Footnote
Suspected that gingival sealant decreased scaffolding or available free floating bacteria from sulcus
50
In Millela's 2014 study "Milella, Beckman. “Evaluation of an anti-plaque gel for daily toothbrushing," what was the study design and what indices were decreased in the treatment group?
## Footnote
JVD 2014
Negative control → dry food diet, no brushing
Positive control → dry food diet, daily brushing, placebo gel
Test product group → dry food diet, daily brushing with test gel
Gingivitis and plaque scores sig lower in treatment group
51
In Smith's 2014 paper "Dental wax decreases calculus accumulation in small dogs," what indices were not decreased?
## Footnote
JVD 2014
Gingivitis and plaque
52
In Smith's 2014 paper "Dental wax decreases calculus accumulation in small dogs," what is the active ingredient in the dental wax and what is its MOA?
Active ingredient anthroquinones
antibiofilm effect by inhibiting glucosyl transferases (GTFs) --> Disrupt the biofilm structure by perturbation → decreased viscoelasticity of biofilm → increased fragility and susceptibility to disruption
53
In Chung's 2023 article "Submucosal Injection of Activated Platelet-Rich Plasma for Treatment of Periodontal Disease in Dogs," what indices were decreased?
## Footnote
JVD 2023, Issue 1
significant improvement in periodontal pocket depth, stage of PD, gingival index, and horizontal bone loss was observed in dogs injected with A-PRP after 56 days
54
What growth factors are induced by PRP and what affect on tissue regeneration do they have?
## Footnote
Chung "Submucosal Injection of Activated Platelet-Rich Plasma for Treatment of Periodontal Disease in Dogs," JVD 2023
TGF- Beta and Platelet derived growth factor (PDFG)
induce odontoblast differentiation and reparative dentin formation in cultured pulp cells and experimental animals.
55
In Kling's 2022 study "Effect of TrisEDTA and Chlorhexidine 0.12% on an In Vitro-Defined Biofilm Representing the Subgingival Plaque Biofilm of the Dog," which of following is most correct?
A.) When exposed to combined treatment with TrisEDTA and chlorhexidine 0.12% there were greater reductions in A. canis and N. canis than treatment with sterile water
B.) There were greater reductions in P. gulae counts when treated with chlorhexidine 0.12% alone
C.) When exposed to combined treatment with TrisEDTA and chlorhexidine 0.12% there were greater reductions in P. guale than treatment with sterile water
## Footnote
JVD 2022
C.) When exposed to combined treatment with TrisEDTA and chlorhexidine 0.12% there were greater reductions in P. guale than treatment with sterile water
## Footnote
Greater reductions in the numbers of CFU/mL of Actinomyces canis and Neisseria canis resulted from treatment with chlorhexidine 0.12% alone
56
Which of the following is true about chlorhexidine?
A.) It is a chelating agent
B.) Its action persists only as long as its physical exposure time
C.) It is a cationic bisbiguanide that binds to cell walls of Gram-negative bacteria
D.) It can only cause membrane damage to Gram-negative bacteria
C.) It is a cationic bisbiguanide that binds to cell walls of Gram-negative bacteria
## Footnote
A.) EDTA is a chelating agent
B.) chlorhexidine possess the properity of substantivity and its action therefore persists longer than physical exposure time
D.) It can cause membrane damage to Gram-positive, Gram-negative, facultative aerobic and anaerobic bacteria
57
What % reduction in calculus is needed for the VOHC approval?
20%
58
In Wallis's 2018 study "Validation of Quantitative Light-Induced Fluorescence for Quantifying Calculus on Dogs’ Teeth," QLF showed what percent calcus reduction vs the Warrick-Gorrel method
## Footnote
JVD 2018, Issue 3
QLF - 65% reduction
Warrick-Gorrel - 43% reduction
59
In Gawor's 2021 study, “Comparison of a vegetable-based dental chew to 2 other chews for oral health prevention," in what indice did the VeggieDents out perform the other chews?
## Footnote
JVD 2021
Gingival bleeding
## Footnote
All chews reduced plaque, calculus and gingival bleeding but Veggiedent was best at reducing gingival bleeding
60
In Scerl's 2019 study "“Two Randomized Trials Demonstrate Lactic Acid Supplementation in Pet Food Inhibits Dental Plaque, Calculus, and Tooth Stain in Cats,” reduction in the indices measured occurred at what time points?
## Footnote
JVD 2019
3 month study: by 2 months
1 year study: persisted at 6 and 12 month time points
61
What is the mechanism of action of lactic acid for calculus suppression?
## Footnote
Scerl "Two Randomized Trials Demonstrate Lactic Acid Supplementation in Pet Food Inhibits Dental Plaque, Calculus, and Tooth Stain in Cats,” JVD 2019
Lactic acid 1.2% is a good elating agent: can sequester calcium used to form calculus
## Footnote
Human studies have shown that addition of calcium lactate to toothpastes and mouthwashes reduces calculus formation
62
In Mateo's 2020 article "Evaluation of Efficacy of a Dental Chew to Reduce Gingivitis, Dental Plaque, Calculus and Halitosis in Toy Breed Dogs," what indices were reduced and what breed effect was noted?
## Footnote
JVD 2020. testing Advance Dental Care Stick Mini
Sig reduction in mean gingivitis, plaque, calculus and VSC conc
Yorkies had higher scores than Chihuahuas
63
In Do's 2019 study "Effects of Weissella cibaria CMU on Halitosis and Calculus, Plaque, and Gingivitis Indices in Beagles," which indices were reduced by treatment with CMU?
## Footnote
Do et al, JVD 2019, Issue 2
sig decreases in Fusobacterium nucleatum, Pophyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, and Tannerella forsythia
Plaque, calculus and VSCs decreased in treatment groups vs control
## Footnote
No difference in gingivitis between treatment and control
64
In Massae Oba's 2018 article, “Effects of Passive Immunization by Anti-Gingipain IgY on the Oral Health of Cats Fed Kibble Diets," what indices were lowered in the treatment group?
## Footnote
JVD 2018
Plaque indices sig lower in IgY-GP treatment group
No significant changes in calculus, gingivitis or % P. gingivalis
65
In Abreu-Villela's 2021 study, “Ozone Therapy in the Prevention of Dental Plaque Formation in Dogs, what indices were decreased and what were the limitations of this study?
## Footnote
JVD 2021
Sig reductions in plaque (20%) and gingivitis
Single application of product for control vs daily application for treatment
7 day study period not long enough
66
In Harvey's 2015 study, “Effect of Frequency of Brushing Teeth on Plaque and Calculus Accumulation, and Gingivitis in Dogs," what indices were significantly decreased for which frequencies of brushing?
## Footnote
JVD 2015
Plaque: sig reductions for daily (37%) and EOD (25%)
Calculus: sig reductions for daily (80%), EOD (62%), weekly (23%)
Gingivitis: sig reductions for daily (62%), EOD (33%)
67
In Silva's 2020 article, “Development and Evaluation of a Novel Oral Mucoadhesive Ointment Containing Pomegranate Peel Extract as an Adjuvant for Oral Hygiene of Dogs," what differences among the different formulations were observed?
## Footnote
JVD 2020
No significant differences observed in susceptibility testing among different concentrations
## Footnote
25% pomegranate extract concentration proposed as most suitable
68
What are the active ingredients of pomegrante extract and their MOA?
## Footnote
Silva, “Development and Evaluation of a Novel Oral Mucoadhesive Ointment Containing Pomegranate Peel Extract as an Adjuvant for Oral Hygiene of Dogs,” JVD 2020
Tannins are principally responsible for the antimicrobial activity of pomegranate extracts through their ability to form complexes with proteins and inactivate enzymes of the target microorganisms
Flavonoids are responsible for the antioxidant properties of the pomegranate.
69
In O’Neill's 2021 study "Epidemiology of Periodontal Disease in Dogs in the UK Primary-Care Veterinary Setting," what was the overall prevalence rate of periodontal disease?
12.5%
70
In O’Neill's 2021 study "Epidemiology of Periodontal Disease in Dogs in the UK Primary-Care Veterinary Setting," what breeds had the highest odds of developing periodontal disease and what types of dogs had greater odds of developing PD?
Toy poodles, King Charles Spaniel, Cavalier King Charles Spaniel, Greyhounds
Brachycephalic breeds → 1.25 times odds of PD than mesocephalic breeds
Spaniel types → 1.63 odds of PD vs non-Spaniel types
## Footnote
Increasing adult BW → progressively decreasing odds of PD
71
In Swami's 2022 article "Clinico-Radiographic Comparative Evaluation of 1% Metformin Gel Plus Platelet-Rich Fibrin Over Platelet-Rich Fibrin Alone in the Treatment of Grade II Furcation Defects: A Randomized Controlled Double-Blind Clinical Trial," which treatment group showed sig greater mean reductions clinical and radiographic parameters?
## Footnote
Human study, J Indian perio
Periodontol 2022
1% Metformin gel + PRF with open root planing better than ORP and PRF alone
72
In Scerl's 2022 article "A Semi-Automated Method for Measuring Biofilm Accumulation on the Teeth Using Quantitative Light-Induced Fluorescence in Dogs and Cats," what was the main difference in methodology between this and other QLF studies in animals?
## Footnote
JVD 2022, Issue 2
A specifically intra-oral camera was used that facilitates compliant pictures on conscious animals
## Footnote
There was agreement between the QLF and Logan and Boyce methods
73
What is the name of the structure that forms during the initial phase of periodontal tissue repair that prevents the regeneration of periodontal ligament tissue and reattachment of the tooth structure to the alveolar bone and cementum?
## Footnote
Ward. A Review of Tissue Engineering for Periodontal Tissue Regeneration. JVD 2022, Issue 1.
Long junctional epithelium
74
Guided tissue regeneration has the greatest effect on which periodontal structure?
## Footnote
Ward. A Review of Tissue Engineering for Periodontal Tissue Regeneration. JVD 2022, Issue 1.
Alveolar bone
## Footnote
No true synthesis of periodontal tissue
75
Tissue egineering of the periodontium relies on what 3 factors?
## Footnote
Ward. A Review of Tissue Engineering for Periodontal Tissue Regeneration. JVD 2022, Issue 1.
appropriate cells (stem cells or progenitor cells)
ECM (conductive scaffold)
signaling molecules (genes, growth factors)
76
What signaling molecule/growth factor has been shown to have minimal regenerative capacity?
## Footnote
Ward. A Review of Tissue Engineering for Periodontal Tissue Regeneration. JVD 2022, Issue 1.
TGF-β1
77
What signaling molecules/growth factors have been shown to shown to stimulate periodontal regeneration of cementum?
## Footnote
Ward. A Review of Tissue Engineering for Periodontal Tissue Regeneration. JVD 2022, Issue 1.
rhBMP-2
rhGDF-5
FGF-2
78
What types of stem cells have the highest growth potential for periodontal regeneration?
## Footnote
Ward. A Review of Tissue Engineering for Periodontal Tissue Regeneration. JVD 2022, Issue 1.
periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs)
Dentinal pulp stem cells (DPSCs)
79
If gingival epithelium, bone or gingival connective tissue are the first tissues to repopulate during GTR what occurs respectively?
## Footnote
Alterman. Guided Tissue Regeneration in Four Teeth Using a Liquid Polymer Membrane: A Case Series. JVD 2016, Issue 3.
Gingival epithelium: long junctional epithelium
Bone: ankylosis or root replacement resorption
Gingival CT: alveolar bone regenerates with no connection to cementum
80
What type of cells are capable of regenerating tooth attachment?
## Footnote
Alterman. Guided Tissue Regeneration in Four Teeth Using a Liquid Polymer Membrane: A Case Series. JVD 2016, Issue 3.
Only PDL cells
81
What are the indications for guided tissue regeneration?
## Footnote
Alterman. Guided Tissue Regeneration in Four Teeth Using a Liquid Polymer Membrane: A Case Series. JVD 2016, Issue 3.
2 or 3 walled vertical bony defects
Class 2 furcations
Circumferential infrabony osseous defects
82
What are factors for GTR that influence the likelihood of success?
## Footnote
Alterman. Guided Tissue Regeneration in Four Teeth Using a Liquid Polymer Membrane: A Case Series. JVD 2016, Issue 3.
deep >4mm infrabony pockets
<45 degree narrow defect angle
vertical bone loss has more favorable prognosis
83
In Alterman's 2016 article "Alterman. Guided Tissue Regeneration in Four Teeth Using a Liquid Polymer Membrane: A Case Series," what was the membrane being studied?
Doxirobe: (N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and poly [DL-lactide]) with 8.5% doxycycline hyclate
84
In Alterman's 2016 article "Alterman. Guided Tissue Regeneration in Four Teeth Using a Liquid Polymer Membrane: A Case Series," how many teeth had attachment gain, new growth and decreased probing depths at the 6 month anesthetized recheck?
All four teeth
85
In Alterman's 2016 article "Alterman. Guided Tissue Regeneration in Four Teeth Using a Liquid Polymer Membrane: A Case Series," what are the benefits of doxycycline for GTR?
Downregulates matrix metalloproteinases
Upregulation of collagen production --> stiumulation of osteoblastic activity, new bone formation
86
Canine demineralized bone matrix is what kind of scaffold?
## Footnote
Alterman. Guided Tissue Regeneration in Four Teeth Using a Liquid Polymer Membrane: A Case Series. JVD 2016, Issue 3.
Osteoinductive and osteoconductive
## Footnote
Leads to new bone and cementum formation
87
What is the MOA of the osteoinductive properties of canine demineralized bone matrix?
## Footnote
Alterman. Guided Tissue Regeneration in Four Teeth Using a Liquid Polymer Membrane: A Case Series. JVD 2016, Issue 3.
demineralization → exposure of collagen fibrils and bone morphogenic proteins (BMP)
BMPs induce differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells to osteoblasts cells which enable new bone formation
88
What is this instrument?
Reusable cortical bone grafter
89
In Rice's 2012 paper "Use of an Autogenous Cortical Graft in Combination with Guided Tissue Regeneration for Treatment of an Infrabony Defect," what material was used for the membrane?
Doxirobe membrane
90
Can periodontal tissue regeneration be diagnosed base off of radiographs?
## Footnote
Rice. Use of an Autogenous Cortical Graft in Combination with Guided Tissue Regeneration for Treatment of an Infrabony Defect. JVD 2012, Issue 3.
No, can only be called regeneration if histo performed
Clinically called new attachment
91
What type of bone graft is the only one that is osteogenic?
## Footnote
Rice. Use of an Autogenous Cortical Graft in Combination with Guided Tissue Regeneration for Treatment of an Infrabony Defect. JVD 2012, Issue 3.
Autogenous bone grafts
## Footnote
osteogenic → capable of incorporating osteoprogenitor cells to induce new bone formation
92
What is the superior source of autogenous bone graft- cancellous or cortical?
## Footnote
Rice. Use of an Autogenous Cortical Graft in Combination with Guided Tissue Regeneration for Treatment of an Infrabony Defect. JVD 2012, Issue 3.
Cancellous → lead to rapid integration of graft due to sig higher content of pluripotent osteoprogenitor cells
## Footnote
Disadvantages: higher donor morbidity, more technically challenging and time consuming
93
What type of bone graft has the highest antigenic potential?
## Footnote
Rice. Use of an Autogenous Cortical Graft in Combination with Guided Tissue Regeneration for Treatment of an Infrabony Defect. JVD 2012, Issue 3.
Xenograft
## Footnote
Grafts taken from one individual and donated interspecies to genetically dissimilar recipient
94
Alloplasts are what kind of graft?
Osteoconductive only
95
In Assuncao's 2023 paper "Microscopic Alterations of the Dental Pulp in Surgically Extracted Teeth of Dogs," what were the most prevalent histologic findings?
Fibrosis (26%)
Calcification (14%)
Necrosis associated with abscence of odontoblasts (14%)
96
In Stepaniuk's 2015 study "Evaluation of an Osseous Allograft Membrane for Guided Tissue Regeneration in the Dog," what membrane was studied and what bone graft was used?
## Footnote
JVD 2015, Issue 4.
Ossiflex: demineralized freeze-dried cortical bone membrane allograft
Periomix: canine demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft
97
In Stepaniuk's 2015 study "Evaluation of an Osseous Allograft Membrane for Guided Tissue Regeneration in the Dog," what was the mean periodontal probing depth gain post GTR and how many teeth showed radiographic improvement?
## Footnote
JVD 2015, Issue 4
Mean probing depth gain: 5.4mm (range 3-9mm)
Radiographic improvement subjectively noted in all cases (11/11)
## Footnote
108, 208: 3
104, 204: 8
98
In Stepaniuk's 2015 study "Evaluation of an Osseous Allograft Membrane for Guided Tissue Regeneration in the Dog," how many owners were compliant with daily brushing?
6/8
99
In DeRose's 2023 study, "Owner Survey of 55 Dogs That Underwent Full Mouth Extraction Procedures in a Referral Practice," what was the overall client satisfaction rate, what percent of patients ate the same day as the surgery, and what percent of owners reported improved postoperative oral comfort?
## Footnote
JVD 2023, Issue 2
Overall client satisfaction: 82%
Ate same day as surgery: 53%
Improved postop oral comfort: 93%
99
In Martel's 2019 study, "Comparison of closed root planing with versus without concurrent doxycycline hyclate or clindamycin hydrochloride gel application for the treatment of periodontal disease in dogs," what differences were identified among the 3 treatment groups?
## Footnote
JAVMA 2019
no significant differences were identified among the 3 treatment groups in the amount of improvement observed in values for periodontal disease indices following treatment
Only significant different --> CRP + doxycycline gel had significantly improved gingivitis indexes
100
How long do Doxirobe (8.5% doxycycline gel) and Clindoral (2% clindamycin hydrochloride gel) physically persist in the periopocket?
## Footnote
Martel "Comparison of closed root planing with versus without concurrent doxycycline hyclate or clindamycin hydrochloride gel application for the treatment of periodontal disease in dogs," JAVMA 2019
Doxirobe: 3-6 weeks
Clindoral: 7-10 days, antimicrobial activity reportedly persists for up to 12 weeks
## Footnote
Clindoral gel has no anticollagenase effect
101
In Martel's 2019 study, "Comparison of closed root planing with versus without concurrent doxycycline hyclate or clindamycin hydrochloride gel application for the treatment of periodontal disease in dogs," teeth with what pocket depths had the greatest amount of improvement?
Teeth that were more severely affected (pocket depths 5.0-5.5mm) had the greatest improvement
102
In Johnston's 2011 article "Canine Periodontal Disease Control Using a Clindamycin Hydrochloride Gel," what was the greatest improvement in pocket depth and what mm reduction was seen for the treatment and control group?
## Footnote
JVD 2011, Issue 4
Greatest improvement noted in PRO + CH gel group > 0.5mm reduction in pocket depth
Control PRO group < 0.2mm reduction in pocket depth
Or in other words: reduction in depth by 0.7mm test, 0.1mm control
## Footnote
19% reduction in pocket depth with treatment group (significant)
103
In Johnston's 2011 article "Canine Periodontal Disease Control Using a Clindamycin Hydrochloride Gel," what were the mean reductions in periodontal pocket depth in the clindamycin treated group vs root planing controls?
Clindamycin gel treated group: 0.7mm mean pocket reduction
Control group: 0.1mm mean pocket reduction
104
In Johnston's 2011 article "Canine Periodontal Disease Control Using a Clindamycin Hydrochloride Gel," what were the two most commonly identified bacteria from the periodontal pockets?
Treponema denticola
Fusobacterium nucleatum
105
In Bissett's 2021 study "A Retrospective Evaluation of Secondary Wound Healing for Extraction of the Maxillary First Molar in Dogs," what was the success rate?
## Footnote
JVD 2021, Issue 4
99%
106
In Dennis's 2012 paper "Retention of Antimicrobial Activity After Reconstitution of Doxycycline Gel," for how long was no visible reduction in the zone of inhibition noted?
## Footnote
JVD 2012, Issue 2
Experiment 1: no visible reduction at 30 days
Experiment 2: no visible reduction at 56 days
107
In Perry's 2022 article "Clinical evaluation of Er,Cr:YSGG laser therapy used as an adjunct to non-surgical treatment of periodontitis: Twelve- month results from a pilot study," what pocket depths were associated with improved outcome in the treatment group compared to the control?
## Footnote
J Perio 2022
greater than or equal to 7mm pockets
108
In Yun's 2022 article "The effect of 3-D printed polylactic acid scaffold with and without hyaluronic acid on bone regeneration," the bone volume/tissue volume ratio was significantly higher in what treatment groups?
The bone volume/tissue volume ratio was significantly higher in the 3D printed polylactic acid with HA groups at 12 weeks. No diff at 4 weeks between groups
This was tested in Calvaria defects in rabbits
109
In Naira's 2022 study "Open flap debridement compared to repeated applications of photodynamic therapy in the treatment of residual pockets: A randomized clinical trial," the open flap debridement group (OFD) and photodynamic therapy groups (aPDT) were were superior at reducing what indices specifically?
## Footnote
Human randomized control study
Residual pockets were divided between two groups: (1) aPDT group: received ultrasonic periodon- tal debridement followed by immediate application of aPDT, and repeated on1st, 2nd, 7th, and 14th days; and (2) OFD group: treated by modified papilla preservation technique, where granula- tion tissue and visible calculus were removed with hand curettes and an ultrasonic device.
OFD: superior at reducing deep pockets, only group to reduce A. actinomycemtemcomitans levels
aPDT: produced less GR, dentin sensitivity
110
In Kapa's 2022 paper "Coronally Advanced Flap Combined With Sticky Bone and i-PRF-Coated Collagen Membrane to Treat Single Maxillary Gingival Recessions: Case Series," how many cases achieved complete root coverage and what Miller's class of gingival recession lesions were treated?
12/16 cases complete root coverage
Miller's Class I or II lesions
## Footnote
Class 1: marginal tissue recession that does not extend to the MGJ
Class 2: Marginal tissue recession that extends to or beyond the MGJ with no periodontal attachment loss in the interdental area
111
In Swami's 2022 article "Clinico-Radiographic Comparative Evaluation of 1% Metformin Gel Plus Platelet-Rich Fibrin Over Platelet-Rich Fibrin Alone in the Treatment of Grade II Furcation Defects: A Randomized Controlled Double-Blind Clinical Trial," which treatment group showed sig greater mean reductions clinical and radiographic parameters?
1% Metformin gel + PRF
112
In Sauve's 2019 study "ONF/OAF was identified in a population of dachshund patients (dachshund group) and was compared to a population of small breed dogs of similar age, sex and weight (control group)," Dachshunds were how many times more likely to have an ONF/OAF than controls and what teeth were most commonly associated with ONF?
## Footnote
JVD 2019, Issue 4
Dachshunds were 3.3 times more likely to have an ONF/OAF than controls
Maxillary canines were most commonly affected in both groups
113
In Calisir's 2019 study "Humic Acid, a Polyphenolic Substance, Decreases Alveolar Bone Loss in Experimental Periodontitis in Rats," significantly lower bone loss was present in what treatment groups and what cytokine was sig lower in the treatment groups?
## Footnote
JVD 2019, Issue 4
HA 20mg/kg/d and HA 150mg/kg/d
IL-1Beta
114
In Marshall-Jones' 2017 study "Assessment of dental plaque coverage by Quantitative Light-induced Fluorescence (QLF) in domestic short-haired cats," determined that how many cats would be needed to detect a 15% difference between treatments in a two-way crossover study for the QLF vs modified Logan Boyce method respectively?
## Footnote
Res Vet Sci 2017
QLF: 10 cats
Modified Logan and Boyce: over 30 cats
115
In Allan's 2019 study "Prospective randomised blinded clinical trial assessing effectiveness of three dental plaque control methods in dogs," what plaque control methods were assessed and which was most effective?
## Footnote
J Small Anim Pract 2019
Daily dental brushing vs daily dental chew vs prescription dental diet
Daily tooth brushing was more than 3 times more effective than dental chews or diets
Dental chews and diets not sig different from one another
116
In Enlund's 2020 study "Dental Home Care in Dogs - a Questionnaire Study Among Swedish Dog Owners, Veterinarians and Veterinary Nurses," what percent of dog owners brushed their dog's teeth daily and what percent of dogs recieved dental chews?
## Footnote
BMC Vet Res 2020
daily brushing: less than 4%
Dental chews: 14%
117
In Enlund's 2020 study "Dental Home Care in Dogs - a Questionnaire Study Among Swedish Dog Owners, Veterinarians and Veterinary Nurses," what percent of dog owners, veterinarians and veterinary nurses thought that tooth brushing is important for good dental health?
## Footnote
BMC Vet Res 2020
Dog owners: 29%
Veterinarians: 66%
Vet nurses: 80%
## Footnote
For dog owners the smaller the dog the more positive attitude towards brushing
118
In Yigitarslan's 2023 study "Thermographic Examination of the Gingiva of 16 Dogs," what indices had thermal differences between tissues that were stat sig?
## Footnote
JVD 2023
Gingivitis index (GI
Papillary bleeding index (PBI)
119
In Yigitarslan's 2023 study "Thermographic Examination of the Gingiva of 16 Dogs," what was the relationship between plaque and temperature?
The absence of plaque affects surface temperature
120
In Yigitarslan's 2023 study "Thermographic Examination of the Gingiva of 16 Dogs," what was the relationship between temperature and severity of disease?
More severely affected tissues have lower temperatures suspected to be due to congestion and stasis of blood in capillaries
121
In Ruparell's 2020 article "The canine oral microbiome: variation in bacterial populations across different niches," what tested area/niche had the highest bacterial diversity and largest number of significant differences in individual taxa?
Supragingival plaque
122
In Ruparell's 2020 article "The canine oral microbiome: variation in bacterial populations across different niches," what three discrete oral niches of bacterial community profiles were identified?
Soft tissue surfaces: buccal mucosa and tongue dorsum
Hard tissue surfaces: supragingival plaque
Saliva
123
In Ruparell's 2020 article "The canine oral microbiome: variation in bacterial populations across different niches," what were the three most abundant phyla across all niches?
Proteobacteria
Firmicutes
Bacteroidetes
124
In Ruparell's 2020 article "The canine oral microbiome: variation in bacterial populations across different niches," what niches had the greatest to least species richness?
Supragingival plaque
Buccal mucosa and tongue dorsum
Saliva
125
In the study, "A water additive with pomegranate can reduce dental plaque and calculus accumulation in dogs," what were the significant findings?
Plaque and calculus was significantly smaller in the Aquadent group compared to the control group
As for gingivitis, both control and the Aquadent group had significantly decreased GBI, but the decrease was significantly grater in the Aquadent group
126
What was the main take away in, "A water additive with pomegranate can reduce dental plaque and calculus accumulation in dogs"?
These results showed for the first time that the water additive tested can reduce dental deposit accumulation in dogs and improve gingival health. It can be recommended after a dental cleaning, especially to owners who are reluctant to provide dental care at home due to a lack of time or convenience.
127
In the study (Frontiers 2023), "Effectiveness of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) 38% on reduction of gingivitis in dogs: a randomized clinical trial," what was their main finding?
A single application of SDF 38% did not significantly lower GI relative to the
control group. However, the GI score dropped significantly in both groups relative
to baseline, with a 53% reduction in the average GI score for dogs that received
SDF 38% treatment and a 44% reduction for dogs that received placebo treatment.
128
In the study, Humic Acid, a Polyphenolic Substance, Decreases Alveolar Bone Loss in Experimental Periodontitis in Rats ," which experimental group had the highest amount of alveolar bone loss?
LO (ligature-only) group
129
In the study, Humic Acid, a Polyphenolic Substance, Decreases Alveolar Bone Loss in Experimental Periodontitis in Rats ," what was the overall takeaway?
That humic acid, when administered locally at 20 and 80 mg/kg doses, may prevent alveolar bone loss in the rat model
130
In the study, "Efficacy of a Barrier Gel for Reducing the Development of Plaque, Calculus and Gingivitis in Cats " what was their only significant finding?
Change in plaque score from baseline, for all teeth assessed (all 4 canine teeth, and all 4 maxillary
fourth premolar teeth), was significantly (P < 0.05) lower for treated cats than for control cats for both left side
average and right side average on day 56. No statistical differences were seen for calculus, gingivitis, or gingival
bleeding in this study.
131
What are gingipains?
Proteases secreted by P. gingivalis that promote the disruption of cell adhesion and the differentiation of osteoclasts.
132
In the study,"Effects of Passive Immunization by Anti-Gingipain IgY on the Oral Health of Cats Fed Kibble Diets" what were the significant findings?
After 40 days of IgY-GP consumption, the plaque index was significantly lower compared to the baseline. There were no significant changes in calculus index, gingivitis index, and %PG-OC (Porphyromonas gingivalis) between groups after 40 days (P > .05).
133
In the study, "Periodontal Disease as a Potential Factor for Systemic Inflammatory Response in the Dog" what were the significant findings?
Statistically significant relationship between gingival bleeding index (TMPS-G) and CRP concentrations (p= 0.026)
Statistically significant relationship between TMPS-G and WBC and PMN (polymorphonuclear cell) (p = 0.016)
134
What were the significant findings in the study," Canine Periodontal Disease Control Using a Clindamycin Hydrochloride Gel"?
Statistically significantly decreased in periodontal pocket depth (19%), gingival index (16%), and the number of bleeding sites (64%) at 90 days when they received the CHgel.
The greatest improvement was seen in high type pockets >5 mm.
Non significant 93% reduction in suppurating sites at day 90
135
In the study,"Development and Evaluation of a Novel
Oral Mucoadhesive Ointment Containing
Pomegranate Peel Extract as an Adjuvant
for Oral Hygiene of Dogs," what was the main takeaway?
The formulation containing 25.0% w/w of the extract was considered most suitable for the intended use as it showed antiseptic activity and demonstrated a swelling index of approximately 35% in the first 20 minutes of the test, high spreadability, and suitable mechanical properties
136
How does Orabase in the study," Development and Evaluation of a Novel Oral Mucoadhesive Ointment Containing Pomegranate Peel Extract as an Adjuvant for Oral Hygiene of Dogs" work?
Orabases are composed of hydrogel-forming polymers dispersed in a hydrophobic base and, upon contact with saliva, they swell and adhere to the site of application – longer contact time, theoretically more effective than drugs
137
