Orthodontics Flashcards
In Volker’s 2016 case report “Management of Mesioverted Maxillary Canine Teeth and Linguoverted Mandibular Canine Teeth,” how was translational/bodily movement achieved?
JVD 2016
Elastomeric masel chain and incline planes on maxillary canines
Requires 2 forces simultaneously applied to the crown creating movement of root and crown in same direction
In Volker’s 2016 case report “Management of Mesioverted Maxillary Canine Teeth and Linguoverted Mandibular Canine Teeth,” how quickly was normal occlusion achieved with orthodontic treatment?
JVD 2016
14 days
Stretching and compressing the PDL result in stimulation of osteoblasts or osteoclasts?
Holstrom Vet Dental Techniques
Stretching PDL: osteoblasts
Compressing PDL: osteoclasts
Translation or bodily movement requires how much more force than tipping movement?
Holstrom Vet Dental Techniques
2x the amount of force
Which orthodontic movements require the least and greatest amount of force?
Holstrom Vet Dental Techniques
Least: Extrusion
Most: Intrusion
How long is the retention period typically in veterinary orthodontics?
Holstrom Vet Dental Techniques
2-4 weeks
How is the diameter of orthodontic wire measured?
Holstrom Vet Dental Techniques
thousandths of an inch
The higher the number, the greater the cross sectional area and relative rigidity of the wire
In human orthodontics how much time per day is required for an orthodontic removable appliance to be worn to produce tooth movement?
4-6 hour per day
After ~4 hours of light orthodontic pressure against a tooth what molecule levels become increased?
cAMP
After how many days of sustained light pressure does tooth movement begin?
~ 2 days
When heavy pressure is used for a sustained period of time leading to cell death in compressed area what type of resorption occurs and how delayed is tooth movement?
Undermining resorption
Movement occurs in 7-14 days vs 2 days (frontal resorption)
When PDL cells are compressed does RANKL, TNF-alpha, MMPs, TGF-beta and prostaglandin expression increase or decrease?
Increase
In tipping movement where is the true center of rotation/fulcrum?
Junction of the middle and apical thirds of the root
What is the optimal force range for tipping movements?
35-60 g
Lighter forces better for tipping: the lighter the force applied, the more apical the fulcrum
What ratio determines the type of tooth movement?
The moment produced by the force applied to move a tooth (MF) / the counterbalancing moment produced by the couple used to control lroot position (MC)
When the MF/MC ratio = 0 what type of movement is produced?
Tipping
Tooth rotates around the center of resistance
When the MC/MF ratio > 1 what type of movement occurs?
Radicular
Apex carries primary movement, fulcrum at the middle and cervical third of the root
When the MC/MF ratio = 1 what type of movement occurs?
Translation/bodily movement
crown and apex travel in same direction.
What are the four aims of orthodontics?
- Proper assessment and supervision of the occlusion
- Removal of etiological factors that may disrupt normal growth patterns (interceptive action)
- To correct conditions that may allow the occlusion to deteriorate (preventative measures)
- To establish and maintain as functional and as close to normal an occlusion (corrective acts)
What can be done to help counteract the recoil movements that tend to occur when attempting rotation/torsion movements?
wiggs
Rotate teeth with lighter pressure over longer period of time
Use alternating periods of movement and stabilization
Retainer applied for several months
What is the force range required for rotation?
VCNA
50-75g
What are the force range requirements for extrusion?
VCNA
50-75 g
According to the VCNA (differs from Holstrom) what type of orthodontic movement requires the least force?
Intrusion 15-25 g
What happens to the relative root dimensions secondary to orthodontic movement?
They become shorter but not thinner
It is generally agreed that what developmental tooth structure is necessary for eruption to occur?
Ten Cates
Dental follicle
What is the hyalinization process of orthodontic movement?
When force is great enough to totally occlude PDL blood vessels, sterile necrosis of compressed cells occurs which causes a delay of ~ 7-14 days for cellular elements to invade necrotic area and stimulate resorption and tooth movement
Heavier orthodontic forces cause faster or slower tooth movement?
Slower due to hyalinization
Clinically demonstrateable root resorption following orthodontic movement usually occurs only after application of heavy force and movement of teeth for more than how many days?
30 days
In Berman’s 2023 study “Prevalence of Dental and Skeletal Malocclusions in Mesaticephalic and Dolichocephalic Dogs—a Retrospective Study (2015–2018),” what percent of dogs overall had a malocclusion?
JVD 2023
13.7%
Less than Hoyer puppy malocclusion paper 26% (brachy breeds not included in present study)
In Berman’s 2023 study “Prevalence of Dental and Skeletal Malocclusions in Mesaticephalic and Dolichocephalic Dogs—a Retrospective Study (2015–2018),” were permanent or deciduous malocclusions more prevalent?
JVD 2023
Permanent 92% vs
Deciduous 34%
In Berman’s 2023 study “Prevalence of Dental and Skeletal Malocclusions in Mesaticephalic and Dolichocephalic Dogs—a Retrospective Study (2015–2018),” what were the two most common deciduous malocclusions?
JVD 2023
MAL1 60%: LV mandibular canines 93%
MAL2 48%
In Berman’s 2023 study “Prevalence of Dental and Skeletal Malocclusions in Mesaticephalic and Dolichocephalic Dogs—a Retrospective Study (2015–2018),” what percent of deciduous malocclusions were treated with interceptive orthodontics and of those treated what percent re-presented with adult malocclusions?
JVD 2023
75% treated with interceptive orthodontics
82% of treated cases re-presented with adult malocclusions
In Berman’s 2023 study “Prevalence of Dental and Skeletal Malocclusions in Mesaticephalic and Dolichocephalic Dogs—a Retrospective Study (2015–2018),” what were the two most common adult malocclusions?
MAL1 65%: LV mandibular canines 72%
MAL3: 38%
In Berman’s 2023 study “Prevalence of Dental and Skeletal Malocclusions in Mesaticephalic and Dolichocephalic Dogs—a Retrospective Study (2015–2018),” linguoverted mandibular canines comprised what percent of adult malocclusions?
46%
What are the orange and black arrows pointing to in the following picture?
Orange arrow - CEJ of 304
Black arrow - extrusion that occurred during tipping
In the study, “Assessment of Temporary Crown Extensions to Correct Linguoverted Mandibular Canine Teeth in 72 Client-Owned Dogs (2012-2016)” what are the advantages to temporary crown extensions over incline planes?
The upper jaw can can continue to grow and not be stunted. The diastema between I3 and C1 can widen. There is also minimal soft tissue irritation.
In the study, “Assessment of Temporary Crown Extensions to Correct Linguoverted Mandibular Canine Teeth in 72 Client-Owned Dogs (2012-2016)”, what was the most common malocclusion?
Class 1 73.6%
In the study, “Assessment of Temporary Crown Extensions to Correct Linguoverted Mandibular Canine Teeth in 72 Client-Owned Dogs (2012-2016)”, crown extensions are in what category of orthodontic treatment?
Corrective
The other two are preventative and interceptive.
Crown extensions use what type of force?
Passive/ intermittent force
How much force is required for tipping a tooth?
Blazejewski III. Thermoplastic Inclined Plane Aligner for Correction of Bilateral Mandibular Canine Tooth Distoclusion in a Cat. JVD 2013
35-60 g
How much force is required for translational movement of a tooth?
Blazejewski III. Thermoplastic Inclined Plane Aligner for Correction of Bilateral Mandibular Canine Tooth Distoclusion in a Cat. JVD 2013
70-120 g
In Blazejewski III’s 2013 case report, “Thermoplastic Inclined Plane Aligner for Correction of Bilateral Mandibular Canine Tooth Distoclusion in a Cat,” what is the recommended course of treatment for simple orthodontic movements vs complex movements?
JVD 2013
Simple movements: 2-6 weeks
Complex movements: 4-12 weeks
In Blazejewski III’s 2013 case report, “Thermoplastic Inclined Plane Aligner for Correction of Bilateral Mandibular Canine Tooth Distoclusion in a Cat,” what is the recommended length of time for a retainer phase?
JVD 2013
1.5 the time it takes to complete the movement
What are the advantages of thermoplastic aligners as incline planes?
Blazejewski III. Thermoplastic Inclined Plane Aligner for Correction of Bilateral Mandibular Canine Tooth Distoclusion in a Cat. JVD 2013
Decreased anesthetic episodes → lab can create multiple gradually angled IP aligners from initial impression
Minimize mucosal irritation and appear comfortable: Smooth surfaces, pliable edges, custom fit design
Replaceable if lost or damaged
Daily removal and cleaning of aligner → greatly decreases gingivitis
In Blazejewski III’s 2013 case report, “Thermoplastic Inclined Plane Aligner for Correction of Bilateral Mandibular Canine Tooth Distoclusion in a Cat,” what was the final outcome?
JVD 2013
Slightly open bite following 3 month treatment with failed crown extensions for 2 weeks and successful treatment with thermoplastic aligners to correct distoclusion of 304 and 404
In Hoyer’s 2019 study “Prevalence of Malocclusion of Deciduous Dentition in Dogs: An Evaluation of 297 Puppies,” what was the overall prevalence of malocclusions?
Rawlinson, JVD 2019
26%
In contrast to Berman 2023 study with overall malocclusion prevalence of puppies and adults of 14%
In Hoyer’s 2019 study “Prevalence of Malocclusion of Deciduous Dentition in Dogs: An Evaluation of 297 Puppies,” what was the most common malocclusion and what was the influence of purebreed or mixed breed dogs on presence of malocclusion?
Rawlinson JVD 2019
MAL3 most common: 17% malocclusions
When singles and litters combined: no sig difference between mixed vs purebreeds
When just litters assessed: sig difference between purebreeds (0/55) with malocclusions vs mixed breed (4/17)
In contrast to Berman 2023 study in which MAL1 LV 304 and 404 and MAL2 were most comomn deciduous malocclusions
In Godzibriewski’s 2023 study “Outcome of Surgical Extraction of Linguoverted Deciduous Mandibular Canine Teeth, Performed as an Interceptive Orthodontic Procedure in Puppies, on Permanent Occlusion,” what the association of age at time of surgery and malocclusion class (MAL1 or MAL2) on outcome?
JVD 2023
No association of age at time of surgery or malocclusion class with outcome?
Surgery at or before 12 weeks 43%
Surgery after 12 weeks old 57%
In Godzibriewski’s 2023 study “Outcome of Surgical Extraction of Linguoverted Deciduous Mandibular Canine Teeth, Performed as an Interceptive Orthodontic Procedure in Puppies, on Permanent Occlusion,” what was the effect of extraction on final occlusion?
JVD 2023
49% atraumatic occlusion at time of final review
51% required further treatment for malocclusion
50/50 chance improved occlusion
In Sigborn’s 2018 study “Assessment of Temporary Crown Extensions to Correct Linguoverted Mandibular Canine Teeth in 72 Client-Owned Dogs (2012-2016),” what percent of dogs achieved self retaining occlusion and what percent required longterm extensions to maintain their occlusion?
Reiter JVD 2018
Self retaining occlusion: 78%
Permanent extensions: 21%
In Sigborn’s 2018 study “Assessment of Temporary Crown Extensions to Correct Linguoverted Mandibular Canine Teeth in 72 Client-Owned Dogs (2012-2016),” what was the association with treatment times and malocclusion class on success?
Reiter, JVD 2018
No significant difference between treatment times and malocclusion class
In Sigborn’s 2018 study “Assessment of Temporary Crown Extensions to Correct Linguoverted Mandibular Canine Teeth in 72 Client-Owned Dogs (2012-2016),” what was the overall complication rate and what was the effect on outcome?
Reiter, JVD 2018
25% complication rate
not detrimental to outcome
In Sigborn’s 2018 study “Assessment of Temporary Crown Extensions to Correct Linguoverted Mandibular Canine Teeth in 72 Client-Owned Dogs (2012-2016),” what was the most commonly represented breed and what percent had moderate and severe malocclusions respectively?
Reiter, JVD 2018
Staffordshire Bull Terrier
Moderate 44%
Severe 21%
In Sigborn’s 2018 study “Assessment of Temporary Crown Extensions to Correct Linguoverted Mandibular Canine Teeth in 72 Client-Owned Dogs (2012-2016),” what was the most common clinical presentation in terms of malocclusion class, teeth affected and grade of malocclusion?
Reiter JVD 2018
Class 1 74%
Bilateral invovlement 58%
Moderate 44%
According to Sigborn’s 2018 study “Assessment of Temporary Crown Extensions to Correct Linguoverted Mandibular Canine Teeth in 72 Client-Owned Dogs (2012-2016),” what are advantages of temporary crown extensions vs incline planes for correction of linguoverted mandibular canine teeth?
Reiter JVD 2018
Upper jaw can continue to grow
Diastema between I3 and C1 can widen
MInimal to no soft tissue irritation
Elastic ligature strength is achieved when the elastic is stretched to what length relative to its diameter?
twice the length of its diameter
Lothamer, Soukup. Treatment of Bignathic Malocclusions With Multistage Active Force Orthodontic Movements in a Cat. JVD 2016.
In Lothamer’s 2016 case report, “Treatment of Bignathic Malocclusions With Multistage Active Force Orthodontic Movements in a Cat,” root dilaceration of the maxillary canine resulted when what percent length reduction of the masel chain occurred?
Soukup JVD 2016
20% reduction
The Snowman technique allows a decrease in sequential elastic chain reduction by how much?
Composite button used in this report: Lothamer, Soukup. Treatment of Bignathic Malocclusions With Multistage Active Force Orthodontic Movements in a Cat. JVD 2016.
from 25% to 10% sequential length reductions
In Lothamer’s 2016 case report, “Treatment of Bignathic Malocclusions With Multistage Active Force Orthodontic Movements in a Cat,” use of the labial arch bar and labial power chain had what effect on the root and what percent chain length reduction was used?
Soukup JVD 2016
10% reduction
No developmental root alterations
In human literature what force do the lips and buccal mucosa put on the teeth?
Lothamer, Soukup. Treatment of Bignathic Malocclusions With Multistage Active Force Orthodontic Movements in a Cat. JVD 2016.
5g
In human literature what forces do the tongue put on the teeth?
Lothamer, Soukup. Treatment of Bignathic Malocclusions With Multistage Active Force Orthodontic Movements in a Cat. JVD 2016.
5-10g
Amount of root resorption and remodeling in orthodontic movement are dictated by what 2 factors?
Lothamer, Soukup. Treatment of Bignathic Malocclusions With Multistage Active Force Orthodontic Movements in a Cat. JVD 2016.
Type of tooth movement
Duration of force applied
NOT amount of force
In Mestrinho’s 2018 study “Oral and dental anomalies in purebred, brachycephalic Persian and Exotic cats,” what percent overall had malocclusions and what was the most common class?
JAVMA 2018
72% had malocclusions
MAL1 36%
In Mestrinho’s 2018 study “Oral and dental anomalies in purebred, brachycephalic Persian and Exotic cats,” what percent of cats had periodontal disease and tooth resorption respectively?
JAVMA 2018
PD 80%
TR 70%
In Mestrinho’s 2018 study “Oral and dental anomalies in purebred, brachycephalic Persian and Exotic cats,” what teeth were more commonly affected with external replacement resorption and external inflammatory resorption respectively?
JAVMA 2018
external replacement resorption: canine teeth
External inflammatory resorption: premolar teeth
In Taylor’s 2023 study, “Success of orthodontic treatment of linguoverted mandibular canine teeth using a direct incline plane (IP) appliance,” how many dogs required an anesthetized appliance adjustment?
Goldschmidt Frontiers 2023
31%
In Taylor’s 2023 study, “Success of orthodontic treatment of linguoverted mandibular canine teeth using a direct incline plane (IP) appliance,” how many dogs had adjuvant treatment of other teeth?
Goldschmidt Frontiers 2023
45.7%
In the study, “Success of orthodontic treatment of linguoverted mandibular canine teeth using a direct incline plane (IP) appliance,” how many dogs had rebound movement?
14.4%
In the study, “Success of orthodontic treatment of linguoverted mandibular canine teeth using a direct incline plane (IP) appliance,” what was the overall success rate?
96.6%
Complete resolution 71%
Functional resolution 24%
In Herrman’s 2022 study, “Assessment of extractions of deciduous mandibular canine teeth to correct linguoversaion malocclusion in 17 dogs,” what was the outcome?
Taney JVD 2022
Outcomes based on malocclusion class were significant.
Class 1 - 100% success
Class 2 - 27.27% success
What type of orthodontics when extracting mandibular deciduous canines that are LV?
Interceptive orthodontics - Aims to alleviate adverse dental interlock through selective extraction of any deciduous dentition that has the potential cause a physical barrier to maturation
