Endodontics Flashcards by Jennifer Kelley

What is the Basrani classification of fractured teeth?
Class A1, A2a, A2b

Holstroms Veterinary Dental Techniques 3rd edition

A1: enamel fracture of crown
A2a: crown enamel and dentin fracture
A2b: crown enamel, dentin and pulp exposed

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the Basrani classification of fractured teeth?
Class B
Class C

Holstroms Veterinary Dental Techniques 3rd edition

Class B: root fracture
Class C: crown and root fracture

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

According to Holstrom’s Veterinary Dental Techniques, what is the time of fracture cut off for performing vital pulp therapy on pulp-dentin fracture on a patient older than 18 months?

48 hours

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

According to Holstrom’s Veterinary Dental Techniques, what are the timing cut offs for vital pulp therapy for patients younger and older than 18 months?

Younger than 18 months: 2 weeks or less
Older than 18 months: 48 hours or less

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

According to Holstrom’s Veterinary Dental Techniques, the ideal working length is located where in relation to the apex?

1mm short of the apex

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

According to Holstrom’s Veterinary Dental Techniques, what rpm should rotary instruments be run at?

350rpm

Most low speed handpieces turn at 3000rpm

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What fibers in the dentin pulp complex are you testing when performing sensibility tests (i.e. thermal or electrical conduction)?

A-delta fibers

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In the study “Reliability of Electric Pulp Test, Cold Pulp Test
or Tooth Transillumination to Assess Pulpal
Health in Permanent Dog Teeth” what was considered the most and least reliable diagnostic test to evaluate pulp health in dogs?

Most reliable - EPT (electric pulp test)
Least reliable - TTI (tooth transillumination)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

According to Zacher’s 2021 review “Decision-Making and Management of Immature Permanent Teeth with Crown Fractures in Small Animals - A Review,” indirect pulp capping includes placement of what agent(s) as a base layer?

Manfra Marreta JVD 2021, Issue 2

Hard setting calcium hydroxide
MTA
newer generation bioceramic materials

Followed by glass ionomer or resin-modified glass ionomer then composite

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

According to Zacher’s 2021 review “Decision-Making and Management of Immature Permanent Teeth with Crown Fractures in Small Animals - A Review,” how many millimeters of calcium hydroxide or MTA should be applied to the pulp during VPT?

JVD 2021, Issue 2

2-3mm

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In the study “Reliability of Electric Pulp Test, Cold Pulp Test
or Tooth Transillumination to Assess Pulpal
Health in Permanent Dog Teeth” EPT identified what percentage of nonvital and vital teeth respectively?

96% nonvital, 100% vital

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

According to Zacher’s 2021 review “Decision-Making and Management of Immature Permanent Teeth with Crown Fractures in Small Animals - A Review,” for apexification the working length should be how many millimiters short of the apex and how many millimeters of the apex should be filled with MTA?

1-2mm short of the apex
fill the apical most 4-5mm

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Accoding to Zacher’s “Decision-Making and Management of Immature Permanent Teeth with Crown Fractures in Small Animals - A Review,” what are appropriate techniques for treating fractured teeth with vital pulps?

JVD 2021

Bonding and sealing
Indirect pulp capping
Pulpotomy with direct pulp capping/vital pulp therapy

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

JVD 2021

Regenerative endodontic therapy
Apexification followed by conventional root canal therapy

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What intraoperative findings are consistent with irreversible pulpitis?

Zacher “Decision-Making and Management of Immature Permanent Teeth with Crown Fractures in Small Animals - A Review,” JVD 2021

Excessive or deep pulpal hemorrhage from exposed or amputated pulp
Persistent hemorrhage for greater than 5 minutes following partial coronal pulpotomy

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

When immature teeth sustain crown fractures when is extraction indicated?

Zacher “Decision-Making and Management of Immature Permanent Teeth with Crown Fractures in Small Animals - A Review,” JVD 2021

Extensive alveolar bone loss that cannot be reversed
Insufficient crown structure for restoration
owners unable to pursue ongoing treatment

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

When the pinkish hue of a near pulp exposure is observed how many millimeters of pulp remains?

Zacher “Decision-Making and Management of Immature Permanent Teeth with Crown Fractures in Small Animals - A Review,” JVD 2021

~0.5mm

Indirect pulp capping indicated

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In the study “Reliability of Electric Pulp Test, Cold Pulp Test
or Tooth Transillumination to Assess Pulpal
Health in Permanent Dog Teeth” TTI identified what percentage of nonvital and vital teeth respectively?

Nonvital 59% and Vital 95%

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What does thermal testing rely on?

Rapid temperature change of the tooth causes a sudden fluid flow within the tubules which stimulates the A-delta fiber nociceptors in the dentin-pulp complex.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In Luotonen’s 2014 article “Vital pulp therapy in dogs: 190 cases (2001–2011),” what was the range in hours of time since exposure to treatment and what was the correlation between time of exposure and treatment success?

J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2014

3 to 250 hours
Time since exposure had no significant correlation with success of treatment

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In the human literature, what factor is most important overall for success of vital pulp therapy?

Zacher “Decision-Making and Management of Immature Permanent Teeth with Crown Fractures in Small Animals - A Review,” JVD 2021

Removal of all inflamed superficial pulp

More necessary for success than timing

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What intraoperative error can lead to VPT failure?

Zacher “Decision-Making and Management of Immature Permanent Teeth with Crown Fractures in Small Animals - A Review,” JVD 2021

Deep penetration of pulp dressing material into pulp

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In Luotonen’s 2014 article “Vital pulp therapy in dogs: 190 cases (2001–2011),” what the overall failure rate of VPT with calcium hydroxide vs MTA?

Overall failure rate for VPT with calcium hydroxide was 5 times greater than with MTA

MTA: 92%
Calcium hydroxide: 58%

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In Luotonen’s 2014 article “Vital pulp therapy in dogs: 190 cases (2001–2011),” what was the association between antibiotic use and outcome?

No significant correlation with antibiotic usage and outcome when multivariate analysis used

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the definition of apexification?

a method to induce a calcified barrier in a root with an open apex or the continued apical development of an incompletely formed root in teeth with necrotic pulps

When MTA is used for apexification when is the apical barrier created? ## Footnote Zacher "Decision-Making and Management of Immature Permanent Teeth with Crown Fractures in Small Animals - A Review," JVD 2021

Created immediately upon placement at apex ## Footnote May perform apexification in 1 or 2 step procedures with MTA vs multiple procedures and months for apical hard tissue barrier to form when calcium hydroxide used

The 2012 human Mahidol study found that regenerative endodontics vs apexification with calcium hydroxide or MTA increases dentinal wall thickness and root length by what percent? ## Footnote Zacher "Decision-Making and Management of Immature Permanent Teeth with Crown Fractures in Small Animals - A Review," JVD 2021

Regenerative endodontics: Increased dentinal wall thickness by 28% Root length by 15% Calcium hydroxide, MTA dentinal wall thickness: 1.5%, 0.0% Calcium hydroxide, MTA root length: 0.4%, 6.1%

The 2012 human Mahidol study found tooth survival rates following regenerative endodontics and apexification with MTA and calcium hydroxide to what percent respectively? ## Footnote Zacher "Decision-Making and Management of Immature Permanent Teeth with Crown Fractures in Small Animals - A Review," JVD 2021

Regenerative endodontics: 100% Apexification MTA: 95% Apexification calcium hydroxide: 77%

What are the components of MTA? ## Footnote Thorne "Successful Use of MTA Fillapex as a Sealant for Feline Root Canal Therapy of 50 Canines in 37 Cats," JVD 2020

Portland cement and bismuth oxide

What does EPT (electrical pulp testing) rely on?

It relies on an ionic shift within the dentinal tubules. By applying an electrical current to the tooth surface, the ionic movement in the dentinal fluid causes a local depolarization and impulse propagation through the A-delta fibers.

What are the components of MTA Fillapex? ## Footnote Thorne "Successful Use of MTA Fillapex as a Sealant for Feline Root Canal Therapy of 50 Canines in 37 Cats," JVD 2020

salicylate resin, fluent resin, natural resin, bismuth oxide, nanoparticulated silica, titanium dioxide

A GRADUAL change in tooth temperature excites what type of fibers and elicits a diffuse ache over a sharp sudden pain?

C fibers

What are the characteristics of MTA that make it an ideal root sealant and pulp capping material? ## Footnote Thorne "Successful Use of MTA Fillapex as a Sealant for Feline Root Canal Therapy of 50 Canines in 37 Cats," JVD 2020

Biocompatible Bactericidal effects Noncytotoxic, radiopaque Impervious durable seal, dimensionally stable Good marginal adaption Can promote osteogenesis, odontogenesis, regeneration of periradicular tissues

MTA is the material of choice for what endodontic procedures? ## Footnote Thorne "Successful Use of MTA Fillapex as a Sealant for Feline Root Canal Therapy of 50 Canines in 37 Cats," JVD 2020

Repair of root perforations Root end filling Pulp capping Pulpotomy Apexification Root filling material

What are the advantages of MTA Fillapex as a root canal filling material? ## Footnote Thorne "Successful Use of MTA Fillapex as a Sealant for Feline Root Canal Therapy of 50 Canines in 37 Cats," JVD 2020

Good sealing → slight expansion on setting Good dentinal tubule, accessory and lateral canal penetration due to presence of nanoparticles

In Thorne's 2020 study "Successful Use of MTA Fillapex as a Sealant for Feline Root Canal Therapy of 50 Canines in 37 Cats," what were the outcome success rates for successful RCT, NEF and failure? ## Footnote JVD 2020, Issue 2

Success: 64% NEF: 28% Failure: 8% ## Footnote Success based off of 1 6 month recheck RAD

What type of sealer is AH Plus?

An epoxy resin sealer

In Thorne's 2020 study "Successful Use of MTA Fillapex as a Sealant for Feline Root Canal Therapy of 50 Canines in 37 Cats," was presence of preop periapical lucency, preop external root resorption, sealant extrusion or type of treatment performed statistically significantly associated with outcome?

Type of treatment: crown reduction + RCT stat sig more likely to fail ## Footnote Pre-op PA lucency not associated with outcome (in agreement with previous cat RCT study Strom 2018) Preop external root resorption not stat sig associated with outcome --> in contrast to previous studies

In Strom's 2018 study "Radiographic outcome of root canal treatment of canine teeth in cats: 32 cases (1998-2016)," what were the outcome success rates for successful RCT, NEF and failure? ## Footnote JAVMA 2018

Successful: 49% (18/37) NEF: 32% (12/37) Failure: 19% (7/37) ## Footnote Overall success rate 81%

In Strom's 2018 study "Radiographic outcome of root canal treatment of canine teeth in cats: 32 cases (1998-2016)," what variables were stat sig associated with outcome? ## Footnote JAVMA 2018

Periapical EIRR prior to RCT 10 fold increase in rate of failure Patient age greater or equal to 5 years increased rate of failure

How many dentinal tubules do dogs have per square millimeter of dentin?

50,000 to 100,000

What type of sealer is GuttaFlow 2?

Silicone sealer

In Goodman's 2020 study "The Incidence of Radiographic Lesions of Endodontic Origin Associated With Uncomplicated Crown Fractures of the Maxillary Fourth Premolar in Canine Patients," what was the overal incidence? ## Footnote Neimic, JVD 2020

24.3%

In Goodman's 2020 study "The Incidence of Radiographic Lesions of Endodontic Origin Associated With Uncomplicated Crown Fractures of the Maxillary Fourth Premolar in Canine Patients," what factors were not associated with increased LEOs? ## Footnote Neimic JVD 2020

Right vs left side Age Sex Working status

In Goodman's 2020 study "The Incidence of Radiographic Lesions of Endodontic Origin Associated With Uncomplicated Crown Fractures of the Maxillary Fourth Premolar in Canine Patients," what factor was stat sig associated with fractured teeth?

Weight For each kg increase in wt, 3.8% increase chance of having a fractured tooth ## Footnote Association of weight with LEO not stat sig

What is the working time and curing time of AH plus compared to GuttaFlow 2?

AH plus: working time 4 hours, setting time 8 hours GuttaFlow 2: working time 10-15 minutes, setting time 30 min

Do AH Plus and Gutta Flow 2 shrink or expand on setting?

AH plus shrinks (1.76%) Gutta Flow 2 expands (0.2%)

Lothamer's 2017 article, “Apical Microleakage in Root Canals Obturated with 2 Different Endodontic Sealer Systems in Canine Teeth of Dogs,” what were the differences in microleakage between the Gutta Flow 2 and AH plus groups? ## Footnote Snyder, Goldschimdt, Soukup. JVD 2017

No stat sig difference in prevalence of microleakage between groups Magnitude of dye penetration between groups not significant

In Adrian's study, “Radiographic Outcome of the Endodontic Treatment of 55 Fractured Canine Teeth in 43 Dogs (2013-2018)," what were the outcome success rates for successful RCT, NEF and failure? ## Footnote JVD 2022

Success: 93% (51/55) NEF: 5.5% (3/55) Failure: 2% (1/55) ## Footnote Overall success rate 98%

In Adrian's study, “Radiographic Outcome of the Endodontic Treatment of 55 Fractured Canine Teeth in 43 Dogs (2013-2018)," what variables influenced success in regards to presence of a preoperative periapical lucency? ## Footnote JVD 2022

Teeth with preop PAL were more likely to fail (40% success rate) Obturation material: teeth obturated with GP cone + flowable GP had higher success rates when preop PAL present Teeth with crowns had higher success rates when PAL present

How is a periapical lucency typically defined via imaging for root canal outcome papers?

Widening of the periapical periodontal ligament space greater than double the width of the PDL space in other areas surrounding the root

In humans after what time point if a periapical lucency has not decreased in size is root canal therapy considered to have failed?

4 years ## Footnote Kuntsi-VaattavaaraVerstraete, Kass. “Results of root canal treatment in dogs: 127 cases (1995-2000) JAVMA 2002

In Kuntsi-Vaattavaara and Verstraete's 2002 paper “Results of root canal treatment in dogs: 127 cases (1995-2000)," what were the outcome success rates for successful RCT, NEF and failure? ## Footnote JAVMA 2002

Successful: 69% (87/127) NEF: 26% (33/127) Failure: 6% (7/127) ## Footnote Overall success rate 94%

In Kuntsi-Vaattavaara and Verstraete's 2002 paper “Results of root canal treatment in dogs: 127 cases (1995-2000)," perioperative periapical lucencies and EIRR increased the risk of failure by how much respectively? ## Footnote JAVMA 2002

Periapical lucency 9.5x more likely to fail EIRR 2.3x ## Footnote Nonvital pulps also had lower success rates

In Kuntsi-Vaattavaara and Verstraete's 2002 paper “Results of root canal treatment in dogs: 127 cases (1995-2000)," what teeth had an increased risk of failure compared to the maxillary fourth premolar? ## Footnote JAVMA 2002

mandibular fourth premolars and first molars Canines

In Kuntsi-Vaattavaara and Verstraete's 2002 paper “Results of root canal treatment in dogs: 127 cases (1995-2000)," what variables were not associated with root canal outcome?

Age Sex Small vs large breed dogs not associated with outcome Voids and obturation method not associated with outcome

In Lee and Verstraete's 2022 study "“Radiographic outcome of root canal treatment in dogs: 281 teeth in 204 dogs (2001-2018),"what were the outcome success rates for successful RCT, NEF and failure?

Success: 71% (199/281) NEF: 25% (71/281) Failure: 4% (11/281) ## Footnote Overall success rate 96% virtually unchanged from same groups' 2002 paper 94%

In Lee and Verstraete's 2022 study "“Radiographic outcome of root canal treatment in dogs: 281 teeth in 204 dogs (2001-2018)," what affect did preop PAL and EIRR have on outcome? ## Footnote JAVMA 2022

PAL and EIRR NOT sig associated with increased risk of failure ## Footnote Opposite of 2002 study!

In Lee and Verstraete's 2022 study "“Radiographic outcome of root canal treatment in dogs: 281 teeth in 204 dogs (2001-2018)," what factor was significantly associated with outcome? ## Footnote JAVMA 2022

Mandibular first molar teeth had a stat sig higher incidence of failure ## Footnote Maxillary PM4 teeth had high rates of failure but not stat sig

What is the success rate of surgical endodontics in humans? ## Footnote Fulton, Arzi, Lommer. “Outcome of surgical endodontic treatment in dogs: 15 cases (1995-2011).” JAVMA 2012.

90%

In Fulton's 2012 study “Outcome of surgical endodontic treatment in dogs: 15 cases (1995-2011)," what were the success rates? ## Footnote Arzi, Lommer, Verstraete. JAVMA 2012

Success: 66% (10/15) NEF: 33% (5/15) ## Footnote Overall success rate 100%

In Fulton's 2012 study “Outcome of surgical endodontic treatment in dogs: 15 cases (1995-2011)," did choice of root end filling material influence outcome

No influence on outcome ## Footnote Vast majority MTA used

In Hernandez's 2014 paper "Scanning Electron Microscopic Evaluation of Tooth Root Apices in the Dog," what teeth had significantly greater numbers of apical foramina? ## Footnote JVD 2013

Mandibular first molars ## Footnote Mandibular first molars 57 vs maxillary fourth premolars 36 and maxillary canines 38

What are the principles of the endodontic triad?

Preparation, sterilization and obturation

What were the organisms that were frequently isolated in "Microbiological Aspects of Naturally Occurring Primary Endodontic Infections in Dogs "?

Pasteurella, Bacteroides, Propionibacterium

What were the main findings of "Microbiological Aspects of Naturally Occurring Primary Endodontic Infections in Dogs" regarding associations between number of bacterial species involved and radiographic signs of endodontic disease?

There were no statistical significant associations

The number of bacterial species in root canals in the paper "Microbiological Aspects of Naturally Occurring Primary Endodontic Infections in Dogs " were found to _____ after they were over 12 months.

Decrease

Pasteurella, Bacteroides, Propionibacterium are what kind of pathogens in the oral cavity if dogs?

Opportunistic, and have been found in subgingival plaque in dogs aka normal flora in dogs

What is the sieved plug of the apical delta? ## Footnote Hernandez. "Scanning Electron Microscopic Evaluation of Tooth Root Apices in the Dog. JVD 2014.

An extension of the cementum within the root canal forming the apical delta measuring 2 +/-0.4mm

In Hernandez's 2014 paper "Scanning Electron Microscopic Evaluation of Tooth Root Apices in the Dog," what is the average apical foramen diameter in humans vs the average apical foramina in dogs? ## Footnote Hernandez. "Scanning Electron Microscopic Evaluation of Tooth Root Apices in the Dog. JVD 2014.

Humans average 380 micrometers Dogs 80% < 50 micrometers

After how many days is pulp necrosis expected after the pulp has been exposed?

65 days

Of the three teeth that were observed in the paper "Scanning Electron Microscopic Evaluation of Tooth Root Apices in the Dog" which tooth had the most significant amount of apical foramina?

The mandibular first molar with a mean of 57.3 +/-18.9 Maxillary fourth premolar 36 +/- 11.6 Maxillary canine 38 +/- 9.3

What is a "sieved plug"?

Cementum at the apical level of the root that separates the dental pulp from the periodontium.

In the study "The Incidence of Radiographic Lesions of Endodontic Origin Associated With Uncomplicated Crown Fractures of the Maxillary Fourth Premolar in Canine Patients" what was the percentage of UCF's that had lesions of endodontic origin?

24.3%

In the study "The Incidence of Radiographic Lesions of Endodontic Origin Associated With Uncomplicated Crown Fractures of the Maxillary Fourth Premolar in Canine Patients" explain what parameter that was statistically significant made a dog more likely to have an UCF?

Weight was a significant factor Average weight of control - 14.9 kg Average weight of all UCF - 21.5 kg Average weight of UCF with a LEO - 24 kg Average weight of UCF without a LEO - 15 kg

In Feigin's 2022 study "“Analysis and Assessment of Pulp Vitality of 102 Intrinsically Stained Teeth in Dogs," what percentage of intrinsically stained teeth were nonvital? ## Footnote Feigin, Bell, Shope, Snyder. JVD 2022, Issue 1

88%

In Feigin's 2022 study "“Analysis and Assessment of Pulp Vitality of 102 Intrinsically Stained Teeth in Dogs," what percentage of intrinsically stained teeth transilluminated abnormally and what percentage of teeth had signs of endodontic disease? ## Footnote Feigin, Bell, Shope, Snyder. JVD 2022, Issue 1

Transilluminated abnormally: 92% Endodontic disease: 57%

In Feigin's 2022 study "“Analysis and Assessment of Pulp Vitality of 102 Intrinsically Stained Teeth in Dogs," were teeth locally affected by intrinsic staining (< 50% crown) more or less likely nonvital or vital? ## Footnote Feigin, Bell, Shope, Snyder. JVD 2022, Issue 1

more likely to be nonvital (61%) than vital (38%)

In Feigin's 2022 study "“Analysis and Assessment of Pulp Vitality of 102 Intrinsically Stained Teeth in Dogs," discolored teeth with pulp necrosis were what percent more likely to have a periapical lucency vs discolored teeth without pulp necrosis? ## Footnote Feigin, Bell, Shope, Snyder. JVD 2022, Issue 1

29% more likely to have radiographic PAL

In Feigin's 2022 study "“Analysis and Assessment of Pulp Vitality of 102 Intrinsically Stained Teeth in Dogs," what percentage of intrinsically stained teeth did not show any RAD evidence of endodontic disease and what percent of those teeth were nonvital? ## Footnote Feigin, Bell, Shope, Snyder. JVD 2022, Issue 1

42% intrinsically stained teeth did not show any RAD evidence of endodontic disease 77.5% found to be nonvital

What are the differential diagnoses for instrinsic staining? ## Footnote Feigin, Bell, Shope, Snyder. “Analysis and Assessment of Pulp Vitality of 102 Intrinsically Stained Teeth in Dogs.” JVD 2022, Issue 1.

amelogenesis imperfecta, dentinogenesis imperfecta, tetracycline ingestion during tooth development, dental fluorosis, tooth resorption, hyperbilirubinemia, pulp necrosis, injury, and aging

In Hale's 2001 study "Localized intrinsic staining of teeth due to pulpitis and pulp necrosis in dogs," how was pulp vitality determined? ## Footnote JVD 2001

Visual inspection of pulp for presence of bleeding via pulpotomy during root canal therapy (49/84 teeth) Or exploratory pulpotomy prior to extraction (15/84 teeth)

In Hale's 2001 study "Localized intrinsic staining of teeth due to pulpitis and pulp necrosis in dogs," what percentage of teeth were determined to have gross signs of partial or total pulp necrosis? ## Footnote JVD 2001

92%

In Hale's 2001 study "Localized intrinsic staining of teeth due to pulpitis and pulp necrosis in dogs," what percentage of teeth had signs of endodontic disease?

57%

In Hale's 2001 study and Feinin's 2022 intrinsically stained teeth studies what percent of teeth were nonvital and what percent had radiographic signs of endodontic disease respectively?

Hale: 92% nonvital, 57% rad signs Feinin: 88% nonvital, 57% rad signs

Changes associated with apical periodontitis are able to be visualized on histology and radiographs after how many days respectively? ## Footnote Menzies, RA, Reiter, AM, & Lewis, JR. Assessment of apical periodontitis in dogs and humans: a review. J Vet Dent. 2014

Histo changes: 7 days Radiographic changes: 15 days

In Menzies' 2014 paper"Assessment of apical periodontitis in dogs and humans: a review," what percent of obligate anaerobes are present in teeth with apical periodontitis with intact crowns vs those with pulp exposures? ## Footnote JVD 2014

Intact crowns 90% Pulp exposure 70%

True periapical cysts are thought to arise from proliferation of what structure? ## Footnote Menzies, RA, Reiter, AM, & Lewis, JR. Assessment of apical periodontitis in dogs and humans: a review. J Vet Dent. 2014

Cell rests of Malassez

How can one distinguish clinically between condensing osteitis vs osteosclerosis? ## Footnote Menzies, RA, Reiter, AM, & Lewis, JR. Assessment of apical periodontitis in dogs and humans: a review. J Vet Dent. 2014

Condensing osteitis present in teeth with endodontic pathology Osteosclerosis for teeth wiht no evidence of endodontic disease or only superficial carious lesions

Differentiation of stem cells into primary cementoblasts requires cross-communication between what cells? ## Footnote Menzies, RA, Reiter, AM, & Lewis, JR. Assessment of apical periodontitis in dogs and humans: a review. J Vet Dent. 2014

Hertwig's epithelial root sheath and ectomesenchymal cells in the dental follicle

How soon can CBCT identify apical periodontitis in dogs compared to RAD? ## Footnote Menzies, RA, Reiter, AM, & Lewis, JR. Assessment of apical periodontitis in dogs and humans: a review. J Vet Dent. 2014

CBCT as soon as 7 days RAD 15 days

In Luotonen's 2014 article "Vital pulp therapy in dogs: 190 cases (2001–2011)," what was the overall success rate? ## Footnote JAVMA 2014

85%

In Luotonen's 2014 article "Vital pulp therapy in dogs: 190 cases (2001–2011)," what two factors were statistically significantly associated with increased risk of failure? ## Footnote AVMA 2014

Use of Calcium hydroxide failure rate > 5 fold that with MTA Deep penetration of dressing material into pulp (2.4 times more frequent with Calcium hydroxide used)

In Neimic's 2001 study, "Assessment of vital pulp therapy for nine complicated crown fractures and fifty-four crown reductions in dogs and cats," what reason for treatment in dogs was associated with a 100% failure rate? ## Footnote JVD 2001

CCFs all treated > 7 days after fracture

In Neimic's 2001 study, "Assessment of vital pulp therapy for nine complicated crown fractures and fifty-four crown reductions in dogs and cats," what was the success rate for teeth treated with crown height reductions and vital pulp therapy?

100%

In Neimic's 2001 study, "Assessment of vital pulp therapy for nine complicated crown fractures and fifty-four crown reductions in dogs and cats," what was the success rate for cases that had > or < 2 years of follow up respectively for all teeth treated? ## Footnote JVD 2001

> 2 years: 71% < 2 years: 93%

In Clarke's 2001 study "Vital pulp therapy for complicated crown fracture of permanent canine teeth in dogs: A three-year retrospective study," at the 36 month radiographic follow up, what percent of teeth were vital for the treatments groups with pulp exposures < 48 hours, 2-7 days and 1-3 weeks respectively? ## Footnote JVD 2001

< 48 hours: 88% vital 2-7 days: 41% vital 1-3 weeks: 23% vital

In Riehl's 2016 article "Detection of Pulpal Blood Flow In Vivo with Pulse Oximetry in Dogs," what were the mean vital tooth SpO2 levels and the mean tongue control SpO2 levels and were they significantly correlated? ## Footnote Riehl, Hetzel, Snyder, Soukup. Frontiers. 2016.

Mean tooth SpO2: 86% Mean tongue control SpO2: 98% Not significantly correlated ## Footnote Oxygen saturation measured from control 99% of time, measured from tooth 24% of time

In Srecnik's 2019 article "Microbiological Aspects of Naturally Occurring Primary Endodontic Infections in Dogs," what were the three most commonly identified bacteria genera isolated from root canals? ## Footnote JVD 2019

Pasteurella, Bacteroides, Propionibacterium

In Srecnik's 2019 article "Microbiological Aspects of Naturally Occurring Primary Endodontic Infections in Dogs," how were the canals sampled? ## Footnote JVD 2019

Teeth cleaned and disinfected with bleach for 90 seconds, flushed with sterile saline Canals accessed through fracture site or additional access if UCF with high speed handpiece and sterile saline irrigation Sterile H-file inserted into root canal to apex and manipulated with a few strokes to obtain sample

In Srecnik's 2019 article "Microbiological Aspects of Naturally Occurring Primary Endodontic Infections in Dogs," what were the relationships between number of bacterial spp and duration of fracture, and what associations were found between number of bacterial spp and rad or clinical signs of endodontic disease? ## Footnote JVD 2019

Number of bacterial spp declined with duration of fractures over 12 months No stat sig associations found between number of bacterial spp involved in root canal infection and any clinical or radiographic signs of endodontic disease

What is the definition of Young's modulus/elastic modulus? ## Footnote Guillory, Vall. Past, Present, and Future Trends of Nickel Titanium Rotary Instrumentation. JVD 2022

inherent stiffness of an object higher modulus = faster deformation with stress

What is superelasticity? ## Footnote Guillory, Vall. Past, Present, and Future Trends of Nickel Titanium Rotary Instrumentation. JVD 2022

resistance of permanent deformation

What is the austenite phase (A-phase) of NiTi alloy? ## Footnote Guillory, Vall. Past, Present, and Future Trends of Nickel Titanium Rotary Instrumentation. JVD 2022

The austenite phase (A-phase) is a hexagonal lattice that is strong and hard. As stress (shearing force) occurs there is a transformation from the austenite phase to the martensite phase (M-phase)

What is the martensite phase (M-phase) of NiTi alloy? ## Footnote Guillory, Vall. Past, Present, and Future Trends of Nickel Titanium Rotary Instrumentation. JVD 2022

The martensite phase is more elastic and has greater tensile strength than the austenite phase. Once the stress is released, the M-phase transforms back to austenite due to martensite high memory trait

What is a phase of NiTi alloy associated with precipitates or dislocations in aging files? ## Footnote Guillory, Vall. Past, Present, and Future Trends of Nickel Titanium Rotary Instrumentation. JVD 2022

R-phase: rhombohedral distortion of cubic austenite phase

What property of NiTi alloy allows it to return to its normal shape on unloading before deformation or shape memory? ## Footnote Guillory, Vall. Past, Present, and Future Trends of Nickel Titanium Rotary Instrumentation. JVD 2022

Low modulus of elasticity

How many bending cycles can steel withstand vs NiTi alloy? ## Footnote Guillory, Vall. Past, Present, and Future Trends of Nickel Titanium Rotary Instrumentation. JVD 2022

Stainless steel 20 cycles NiTi alloy 1000 cycyles

Smaller vs larger files are prone to fracturing due to what method of failure respectively? ## Footnote Guillory, Vall. Past, Present, and Future Trends of Nickel Titanium Rotary Instrumentation. JVD 2022

Smaller files: torsional failure Larger files: cyclic fatigue ## Footnote torsional failure: instrument tip is locked within canal while shaft continues to rotate Cyclic failure/fatigue: instrument rotates in a curved canal leading to motion induced repeated compressive and tensile stress

What are the characteristics of first generation NiTi files? ## Footnote Guillory, Vall. Past, Present, and Future Trends of Nickel Titanium Rotary Instrumentation. JVD 2022

U-shaped tip Radial lands Fixed tapers

What are the advantages and disadvantages of first generation LightSpeed files (LS1)? ## Footnote Guillory, Vall. Past, Present, and Future Trends of Nickel Titanium Rotary Instrumentation. JVD 2022

Advantages: instrument tip and radial land help them avoid ledging and transportation Disadvantages: concern for file separation

What are the differences between second generation and first generation NiTi files? ## Footnote Guillory, Vall. Past, Present, and Future Trends of Nickel Titanium Rotary Instrumentation. JVD 2022

Active cutting edges without radial lands --> higher cutting efficiency Positive rake angles introduced --> higher cutting efficiency Increased taper Electropolishing

What is electropolishing? ## Footnote Guillory, Vall. Past, Present, and Future Trends of Nickel Titanium Rotary Instrumentation. JVD 2022

an electrochemical process that reduces the microscopic surface roughness by immersing the material in a highly ionic solution with an electric current.

What are the disadvantages of micropolishing NiTi files? ## Footnote Guillory, Vall. Past, Present, and Future Trends of Nickel Titanium Rotary Instrumentation. JVD 2022

Reported to dull cutting edge leading to an increased forward pressure when advancing file that can lead to taper lock

What advancements were made in third generation NiTi files? ## Footnote Guillory, Vall. Past, Present, and Future Trends of Nickel Titanium Rotary Instrumentation. JVD 2022

Improvements in metallurgy in the utilization of heating and cooling methods to reduce cyclic fatigue and improve incidence of broken files M-wire technology: applying heat treatments at various temperatures to wire blanks --> includes martensite and R-phase for improved elastic status

What advancements were made with fourth generation NiTi files? ## Footnote Guillory, Vall. Past, Present, and Future Trends of Nickel Titanium Rotary Instrumentation. JVD 2022

Focus on reciprocation: back and forth up and down motion

What is the fourth generation self-adjusting file system (SAF)? ## Footnote Guillory, Vall. Past, Present, and Future Trends of Nickel Titanium Rotary Instrumentation. JVD 2022

Hollow, open tube design that exerts uniform pressure on surrounding dentinal walls Handpiece produces vibrating movements and constant irrigation ## Footnote Adaption to canal can minimize file separation and breakage

What are the characteristics of fifth generation NiTi file systems? ## Footnote Guillory, Vall. Past, Present, and Future Trends of Nickel Titanium Rotary Instrumentation. JVD 2022

Offset center of rotation Produces mechanical wave of motion that travels along length of file Offset design minimizes contact and engagement between file and dentinal walls ## Footnote ProTaper Next

What is the recommended rpm for use of LightSpeed LS1 vs LSX files? ## Footnote Guillory, Vall. Past, Present, and Future Trends of Nickel Titanium Rotary Instrumentation. JVD 2022

LS1: 2000rpm LSX: 2500rpm

What is the difference between LightSpeed LSX and LS1? ## Footnote Guillory, Vall. Past, Present, and Future Trends of Nickel Titanium Rotary Instrumentation. JVD 2022

LSX does not have half sizes so less files LS1 requires coronal flaring

What overall advancements have been made in NiTi technology to reduce torsional failure and cyclic fatigue? ## Footnote Guillory, Vall. Past, Present, and Future Trends of Nickel Titanium Rotary Instrumentation. JVD 2022

Single file reciprocating systems M-wire technology

The image below demonstrates what first generation NitTi file feature? ## Footnote Guillory, Vall. Past, Present, and Future Trends of Nickel Titanium Rotary Instrumentation. JVD 2022

Radial lands

The blue color of this file is indicative of what enhancement feature? ## Footnote Guillory, Vall. Past, Present, and Future Trends of Nickel Titanium Rotary Instrumentation. JVD 2022

Titanium oxide enhancement ## Footnote Improves cutting efficiency and wear resistance

What kind of NiTi file is this?

LightSpeed

What generation of NiTi file is this and what sort of motion does it use?

Fourth generation reciprocating file

What are the 3 Biological Bases of Regenerative Endodontic Procedures as described by Hargreaves et al? ## Footnote Feigin, Shope. "Regenerative Endodontics," JVD 2017, Issue 3

1.) Appropriate source of stem cell/progenitor cells 2.) Growth factors that are capable of promoting stem cell differentiation 3.) Appropriate scaffold for regulation of cell differentiation

What are the key growth factors in pulp and dentin formation? ## Footnote Feigin, Shope. "Regenerative Endodontics," JVD 2017, Issue 3

Morphogenic protein Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) Fibroblastic growth factor ## Footnote Found in platelets and dentin

What materials/structures are used to provide the physical scaffold of regenerative endodontics? ## Footnote Feigin, Shope. "Regenerative Endodontics," JVD 2017, Issue 3

Dentin and blood clot PRP, PRF

What are the componets of triple antibiotic paste (TAP) used for regenerative endodontics? ## Footnote Feigin, Shope. "Regenerative Endodontics," JVD 2017, Issue 3

1 : 1 : 1 ciprofloxacin, metronidazole, minocycline

What reported factors affect the results of regenerative endodontic treatment? ## Footnote Feigin, Shope. "Regenerative Endodontics," JVD 2017, Issue 3

Effective disinfection of root canal and sealing of coronal access to prevent microleakage of contaminants Diameter of open apex Patient age

What is the smallest open apex diameter that has been found to result in successful regenerative procedures in human endodontics? ## Footnote Feigin, Shope. "Regenerative Endodontics," JVD 2017, Issue 3

0.5mm

Teeth with diameters of greater than what amount have demonstrated greater increase in root thickness, length and apical narrowing for human regenerative endodontics? ## Footnote Feigin, Shope. "Regenerative Endodontics," JVD 2017, Issue 3

> 1mm

In human patients regenerative endodontics should be performed on what age range? ## Footnote Feigin, Shope. "Regenerative Endodontics," JVD 2017, Issue 3

8 and 16 years

Is regenerative endodontics recommended for deciduous teeth? ## Footnote Feigin, Shope. "Regenerative Endodontics," JVD 2017, Issue 3

No --> possible trauma or discoloration of developing permanent tooth

Concentration of NaOCl greater than what percent can be cytotoxid to the periodontal ligament cells and stem cells of the apical papilla? ## Footnote Feigin, Shope. "Regenerative Endodontics," JVD 2017, Issue 3

> 3%

Concentrations of chlorhexidine above what percent have been found to induce serious cytotoxic effects on stem cells? ## Footnote Feigin, Shope. "Regenerative Endodontics," JVD 2017, Issue 3

> 2%

In a study by Stambolsky et al what treatment group showed the maximum percentage of roots with vital tissue, deposition of hard tissues on radicular dentin and apical closure? ## Footnote Feigin, Shope. "Regenerative Endodontics," JVD 2017, Issue 3

NaOCl/TAP/PRP

What treatment factors/choices can result in discoloration of the tooth crown after regenerative endodontics in humans? ## Footnote Feigin, Shope. "Regenerative Endodontics," JVD 2017, Issue 3

Presence of minocycline in TAP Contact of MTA with blood clot

In their 2017 review article "Regenerative Endodontics," the authors Feigin, Shope. conclude that dogs with what age range with a nonvital tooth and open apex could be suitable candidates for regenerative endodontics? ## Footnote Feigin, Shope. "Regenerative Endodontics," JVD 2017, Issue 3

5 months up to 2 years

Exposed pulp maintains vitality for up to how many days according to Cvek et al? ## Footnote Shabahang. "Treatment Options: Apexogenesis and Apexification," JOE 2013

7 days

What is the best method for determining working length in teeth with open apices - radiographs or electronic apex locators? ## Footnote Shabahang. "Treatment Options: Apexogenesis and Apexification," JOE 2013

Radiographs Electronic apex locators not accurate in teeth with wide open apices

Exposing root dentin to calcium hydroxide for greater than what time frame results in structural changes in dentin and higher susceptibility to root fracture? ## Footnote Shabahang. "Treatment Options: Apexogenesis and Apexification," JOE 2013

1 month

What is MTAD composed of and what is its purpose in apexifiection and apexinogenesis? ## Footnote Shabahang. "Treatment Options: Apexogenesis and Apexification," JOE 2013

Mixture of doxycycline, citric acid and detergent Effective final rinse prior to obturation to disinfect and remove smear layer

What are the disadvantages of calcium hydroxide as a direct pulp capping agent? ## Footnote Tucker. "A Systematic Review Comparing Mineral Trioxide Aggregate to Other Commercially Available Direct Pulp Capping Agents in Dogs," JVD 2021, Issue 1.

Irritation and necrosis of pulp directly beneath capping material high solubility in oral fluids dissolution over time lack of inherent adhesive properties presence of tunnel defects within calcific barrier → failure to produce hermetic seal to underlying pulp against microleakage

Has Biodentin (BMTA) been shown to form significantly thicker calcific barriers than ProRoot MTA and what is the mechanism of action? ## Footnote Tucker. "A Systematic Review Comparing Mineral Trioxide Aggregate to Other Commercially Available Direct Pulp Capping Agents in Dogs," JVD 2021, Issue 1.

Yes, but PMTA out performed other products (CaOH, dental adhesive resins, other bioceramics) BMTA has greater release of calcium and hydroxyl ions during initial setting of material with reduced ion release over time → more favorable conditions for pulp repair

How does Endocem Zr (EMTA) compare to ProRoot MTA (PMTA) in respective to quantity and quality of calcific barrier formation?

Reduced quantity and quality of calcific barriers with greater inflammatory response compared to those treated with PMTA

In Tucker's 2021 review article "A Systematic Review Comparing Mineral Trioxide Aggregate to Other Commercially Available Direct Pulp Capping Agents in Dogs," PMTA outperformed what direct pulp capping agents? ## Footnote Tucker. "A Systematic Review Comparing Mineral Trioxide Aggregate to Other Commercially Available Direct Pulp Capping Agents in Dogs," JVD 2021, Issue 1.

Calcium hydroxide TheraCal DAR (dental adhesive resins) ## Footnote PMTA performed as well or better than other MTA-like cements in terms of calcific barrier formation and biocomptability

According to Sasser's 2020 review article "Endodontic Disinfection for Orthograde Root Canal Treatment in Veterinary Dentistry," what organism is most frequently isolated following failed endodontic treatment? ## Footnote JVD 2020, Issue 1

Enterococcus faecalis

What methods can be utilized to increase the effectiveness of sodium hypochlorite? ## Footnote Sasser. "Endodontic Disinfection for Orthograde Root Canal Treatment in Veterinary Dentistry" JVD 2020. Vol 37 (1)

Increase temp --> 140 degrees complete dissolution of pulp tissue Increase contact time (5-10 minutes) Utilization agitation/activation methods ## Footnote NaOCl loses dissolving and antibacterial capacity in 2 min, therefore one should replenish

What are the major advantages of NaOCl as an endodontic irrigant? ## Footnote Sasser. "Endodontic Disinfection for Orthograde Root Canal Treatment in Veterinary Dentistry" JVD 2020. Vol 37 (1)

Dissolves necrotic pulp tissue and organic debris of smear layer Removes exposed collagen fibrils --> decreases collagen exposed for adherence of E. faecalis

What concentration of bleach can weaken the tooth structure by affecting the collagen matrix? ## Footnote Sasser. "Endodontic Disinfection for Orthograde Root Canal Treatment in Veterinary Dentistry" JVD 2020. Vol 37 (1)

5.25%

What functions as an irrigant can chlorhexidine not do? ## Footnote Sasser. "Endodontic Disinfection for Orthograde Root Canal Treatment in Veterinary Dentistry" JVD 2020. Vol 37 (1)

Does NOT remove collagen fibrils Does NOT dissolve organic debris Cannot destroy biofilm

What is the argument for EDTA as the final rinse during root canal therapy? ## Footnote Sasser. "Endodontic Disinfection for Orthograde Root Canal Treatment in Veterinary Dentistry" JVD 2020. Vol 37 (1)

Improves bindng of resin base sealer to dentin

What is the main argument for using MTAD as the final rinse for root canal therapy? ## Footnote Sasser. "Endodontic Disinfection for Orthograde Root Canal Treatment in Veterinary Dentistry" JVD 2020. Vol 37 (1)

Does not change the flexural strength, modulus of elasticity of dentin unlike bleach ## Footnote Not better than bleach at disinfecting

Calcium hydroxide has limited action againist what intracanal bacteria and components? ## Footnote Sasser. "Endodontic Disinfection for Orthograde Root Canal Treatment in Veterinary Dentistry" JVD 2020. Vol 37 (1)

Biofilms E. faecalis

What is the wavelength of erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Er:YAG) ## Footnote Sasser. "Endodontic Disinfection for Orthograde Root Canal Treatment in Veterinary Dentistry" JVD 2020. Vol 37 (1)

2940nm ## Footnote High affinity for hydroxyapatite

In Rodrigues's 2019 study "Endodontic Microbiome of Fractured Non-vital Teeth in Dogs Determined by 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing," what were the most abundant genera of bacteria for endodontic samples and healthy subgingival plaque respectively? ## Footnote Frontiers 2019 The endodontic microbiome of 10 non-vital teeth with exposed pulp cavities was assessed using a 16S rRNA gene sequencing approach. The results were compared to the microbiome of the subgingival plaque of the same teeth.

Endodontic samples: Bacteriodetes most abundant, Snowella also sig more abundant Subgingival plaque: Porphyromonas and Fusobacterium

In Cardoso's 2018 article "Dental dam application for endodontics in dogs – a novel clamp kit," what are the advantages of using a dental rubber dam for endodontics? ## Footnote JVD 2018

Better control of cross-infection Prevents soft tissue contact of chemicals Improves treatment efficiency

In McCoy's 2015 article "Managing endodontic instrument separation," what are the two most common causes of instrument separation? ## Footnote JVD 2015

Instrument fatigure from overuse applying excessive apical pressure

What is the file-braiding technique for broken instrument removal from canals? ## Footnote McCoy. "Managing endodontic instrument separation," JVD 2015

Insertion of two hand instruments like barbed broaches, K or H-files within canal and using braiding technique to grasp object for removal

What direction should fluted instruments be turned during retrieval from canal to unscrew flutes engaged in dentin? ## Footnote McCoy. "Managing endodontic instrument separation," JVD 2015

Counterclockwise

NiTi files should be discarded after how many uses to prevent fracture? ## Footnote McCoy. "Managing endodontic instrument separation," JVD 2015

3-6 uses

In Hernandez's 2010 study "Scanning Electron Microscopy of Pulp Cavity Dentin in Dogs," what was the difference in dentinal tubule diameter, area and tubular density between Group 1 (dogs < 7yro) and Group 2 (dogs > 2 yro)? ## Footnote JVD 2020

Group 1/younger animals dentinal tubule diameter sig greater than Group 2/older animals No significant difference in tubular density ## Footnote Group 1 = 1.87 um diameter and 1.91 um2 area Group 2 = 1.53 um diameter and 1.22 um2 area

In Hernandez's 2010 study "Scanning Electron Microscopy of Pulp Cavity Dentin in Dogs," what was average tubular density and was it influenced by age or occlusal function?

Average tubular density: 72,000-75,000 tubules/mm^2 Not influence by age or occlusal function

What are the differences between Dens invaginatus Type I, II and IIIA and B?

Type I: the invagination is confined to within the crown of the tooth and does not extend beyond the level of the amelo-cemental junction. Type II: the invagination extends into the pulp chamber but remains within the root canal with no communication with the periodontal ligament. Type IIIA: the invagination extends through the root and communicates laterally with the periodontal ligament space through a pseudo-foramen. Type IIIB: the invagination extends through the root and communicates with the periodontal ligament at the apical foramen

In Stein's 2004 study "Comparison of hand-instrumented, heated gutta-percha and engine-driven, cold gutta-percha endodontic techniques," which method required less time, provided better radiographic appearance and had no apical dye leakage? ## Footnote JVD 2004. In vitro study using mandibular first molar

Rotary instruments and Simplifill/gutta-percha master cone 44% apical leakage in teeth treated with k-file instrumentation and SuccessFil

In Ulbricht's 2002 study "Comparison of two heated gutta-percha obturation techniques of the mandibular first molar in the dog," the ThermaFil Plus vs SuccessFil vertical compaction technique required less time and better radiographic fill and which technique had more apical dye leakage? ## Footnote JVD 2002. In vitro study

ThermaFil Plus: less time, better radiographic endodontic fill but had significantly greater apical dye leakage ## Footnote 100% of roots obturated with ThermaFil Plus had apical dye leakage Only 11% apical dye leakage with SuccessFil

In Mendoza's 2000 study "Comparison of two heated gutta percha and sealer obturation techniques in canine teeth of dogs," the warm vertical or heated lateral technique resulted in radiographically better endodontic fill and apical dye leakage respectively? ## Footnote JVD 2000. In vitro study

Better radiographic endodontic fill: heated lateral method More apical dye leakage: heated lateral method ## Footnote Concluded that the vertical compaction technique may provide better apical seal with fewer complications

In Verez-Fraguela's 2000 study "Effects of ultrasonic dental scaling on pulp vitality in dogs: an experimental study," what output frequency of an uncooled ultrasonic scaler can cause acute pulpitis on teeth treated for what time frame? ## Footnote JVD 2000

Output frequency 29 KHz on teeth treated for longer than 30 seconds

In Paula-Silva's 2009 study "Outcome of root canal treatment in dogs determined by periapical radiographs and cone-beam computed tomography scans," favorable outcomes were detected in what percent of roots when evaluated with dental radiographs vs CBCT respectively? ## Footnote J of Endo 2009

dental rads: 79% favorable outcome CBCT: 35% favorable outcome ## Footnote unfavorable outcome was noted in 35% of roots using radiographs, but 65% when determined by CBCT 3 times more unfavourable outcomes detected by CBCT vs RAD

In Paula-Silva's 2009 study "Outcome of root canal treatment in dogs determined by periapical radiographs and cone-beam computed tomography scans," what was the association between 1 and 2 visit endodontic procedures on success rate as detected on dental radiographs vs CBCT? ## Footnote J of Endo 2009

Unfavorable outcomes occurred stat sig more frequently after 1 visit vs 2 vist therapy when determined by CBCT Dental rads showed no sig difference between 1 and 2 visit procedures

In Paula-Silva's 2009 study "Outcome of root canal treatment in dogs determined by periapical radiographs and cone-beam computed tomography scans," CBCT detected lesions how much sooner than RAD?

CBCT detected 33% PAL at 14 days compared to none in RAD group

In Wilson's 1999 study "Timing of apical closure of the maxillary canine and mandibular first molar teeth of cats," by what age had the apices of the mandibular first molar and maxillary canine teeth closed respectively? ## Footnote JVD 1999

Mandibular first molar: 7 months Maxillary canine: 11 months

In Kruse's 2016 article, "Periapical bone healing after apicoectomy with and without retrograde root filling with MTA: a 6-year follow up of a randomized controlled trial," at the 6 year follow up what were the success rates of the MTA root-end filling group (MTA group) vs smoothing of the orthograde gutta-percha after apicoectomy group (GP group) ## Footnote J Endo 2016

MTA group: 86% GP group: 55%

In Lee's 2015 study "Comparative study of pulpal responses to pulpotomy with ProRoot MTA, RetroMTA and TheraCal in dogs’ teeth," what pulp capping material had lower quality calcific barrier formation, extensive inflammation and less favorable odontoblastic layer formation?

TheraCal ## Footnote Less favorable pulpal response than ProRoot MTA and RetroMTA

In Ahangari's 2013 study "The effect of propolis (RESIN LIKE MATERIAL MADE FROM BEES) as a biological storage media on periodontal ligament cell survival in an avulsed tooth: an in vitro study," which storage media performed best at the three hour time frame? ## Footnote This study aims to compare propolis 50%, propolis 10%, Hank’s balanced salt solution (HBSS), milk and egg white on periodontal ligament (PDL) cell survival for different time points.

Propolis 10% sig better than egg white Propolis 10% and 50% sig better than milk

In Rayyan's 2022 article "Effect of Sodium Hypochlorite in Dental Unit Waterline on Aerosolized Bacteria Generated from Endodontic Procedures," aerosols were disseminated at what maximum distance from the patient's head? ## Footnote J Endo 2022

In Rayyan's 2022 article "Effect of Sodium Hypochlorite in Dental Unit Waterline on Aerosolized Bacteria Generated from Endodontic Procedures," what type of endodontic procedure generated the greatest bacteria load and what was the effect of adding 0.1% NaOCl to the waterlines? ## Footnote J Endo 2022

VPT generated the max number Adding 0.1% NaOCl to the lines sig reduced the bacterial load in all treatment groups

In Subbiya's 2022 paper "Clinical Outcome of Nonsurgical Root Canal Treatment Using a Matched Single-Cone Obturation Technique with a Calcium Hydroxide-based Sealer: A Retrospective Analysis," what positive and negative prognostic indicators were identified?

Positive prognostic indicators: increased age Negative prognostic indicators: increase in number of roots, negative pulp sensibility status

Initial periapical index scores presence of preoperative sinus tract number of visits sealer extrusion

In Farhad's 2022 study "Effect of Citric Acid Versus EDTA on Radiographic Root Development in Regenerative Endodontic Treatment: An Animal Study," what were the effects of the two solutions on increase in root length and increase in root dentin thickness? ## Footnote Endodont 2022

No sig difference between the 2 solutions on increase in root length EDTA showed sig superior increase in root dentin thickness ## Footnote Authors concluded that use of citric acid vs EDTA not superior on radiographic root development

In Ribeiro's 2022 study "Impact of Sodium Hypochlorite on Organic Tissue Dissolution in the Periapical Region of Immature Permanent Teeth: An Ex Vivo Study," which treatment group had the greatest tissue dissolution?

2.5% NaOCl with or without ultrasonic activation

In Ricucci's 2021 article "Bacterial Invasion of Pulp Blood Vessels in Teeth with Symptomatic Irreversible Pulpitis," intravascular bacteria were not found in what segments of the canal? ## Footnote Endo 2021

No intravascular bacteria in the middle and apical segments of canal ## Footnote Bacterial invasion and colonization of necrotic areas were observed in the pulp of all teeth with caries exposure and symptomatic irreversible pulpitis

In the 2011 study of periapical lesion volumes following RCT vs control, by how much volume was the periapical lucency improved for the treated root canal? ## Footnote JVD 2012, issue 3. Ordinola-Zapata R, Bramante CM, Duarte MH, et al.The influence of cone-beam computed tomography and periapical radiographic evaluation on the assessment of periapical bone destruction in dog’s teeth. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2011 Aug;112(2):272-9.

50%

In Sanz's 2021 study "Comparative Biological Properties and Mineralization Potential of 3 Endodontic Materials for Vital Pulp Therapy: Theracal PT, Theracal LC, and Biodentine on Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells," which material exhibited a sig higher cytotoxicity and reactive oxygen species production? ## Footnote J Endo 2021

Theracal LC

In the 2013 study investigating if combining an induced blood clot, platelet-rich plasma (PRP), and bone marrow aspirate (BMA) could regenerate pulp in a tooth with periapical inflammation, what was the outcome? ## Footnote Gmes-Filho JE, Tobias Duarte PC, Ervolino E, et al. Histologic Characterization of Engineered Tissues in the Canal Space of Closed-apex Teeth with Apical Periodontitis. J Endod. 2013 Dec;39(12):1549-56. Epub 2013 Sep 29.

Produced cementum-like or bone-like material, but no pulp

In Ricucci's 2022 study "Outcome of Direct Pulp Capping Using Calcium Hydroxide: A Long-term Retrospective Study," what was the main variable that influenced outcome? ## Footnote J Endo 2023

The quality of the coronal restoration

What are the roles of the following components of an endodontic file? Flute Leading edge Land Relief ## Footnote Components of a file: Pathways ch 6

Flute - Collects the dentin Leading edge - cuts dentin Land - Prevents screwing in of file, Limits depth of cut, Strengthens file Relief - inset section of land, Reduce frictional resistance

What is the rake angle, and what functions does it have? ## Footnote Components of a file: Pathways ch 6

The angle formed by the leading edge and radius of file Positive cuts Negative scrapes

What is the helix angle? ## Footnote Components of a file: Pathways ch 6

The angle the cutting-edge forms with the long axis of file Defines type of file

The cutting angle is the angle formed by the leading edge of the file and a tangent to the radicular wall in the point of contact. What is the sum of the cutting angle and rake angle? ## Footnote Components of a file: Pathways ch 6

90 degrees