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Phase 1 Boards Prep - SA > Exotics > Flashcards

Exotics Flashcards

SA Phase 1 Exotics Review

1
Q

Name this lagamorph extraction instrument

JVD 2012, issue 3

A

Incisor luxator

Note that one end of the instrument is more curved to better fit the more pronounced curvature of the maxillary incisor teeth. The less curved end is better suited to the mandibular incisor teeth.

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2
Q

In Legendre’s 2012 article “Rodent and Lagomorph Tooth Extractions,” what should be done with the crown of a cheek tooth following extraoral apicoectomy?

JVD 2012, Issue 3

A

The coronal fragment is left in place to eventually fall out into the mouth

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3
Q

Name the following rabbit oral exam instrument:

2011, issue 1

A

Cheek pouch dilator

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4
Q

How many roots does the mandibular P4 in the minipig have?

JVD 2012, issue 2

A

3 roots

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5
Q

What dental anomaly was discovered in Eubanks’ 2013 article “Dental Anatomy, Radiography, and extraction of mandibular premolar teeth in Yucatan Minipigs,” and what was the most commonly encountered extraction complication?

JVD 2013, Issue 2

A

Unilateral supernumerary peg-like single rooted teeth between mandibular fourth premolar and first molar teeth
Root fracture secondary to slender, curved roots

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6
Q

What dental disorder was diagnosed in a sea lion causing the team to extract the affected tooth?

JVD 2014, issue 2

A

Tooth resorption

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7
Q

In this histomicrograph from a 6-month-old Chianina calf with mandibular odontoameloblastoma, identify the structure at the center of the image:

JVD 2013, issue 4

A

Developing enamel organ

Based on the presence of both complex odontoma (disarrayed dental hard tissues) and ameloblastoma-like patterns, the tumor was diagnosed as an odontoameloblastoma (OA).

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8
Q

What is the histologic difference between odontoameloblastoma (OA) and Ameloblastic fibro-odontoma (AFO)?

JVD 2013, issue 4

A

OA: well differentiated, mature, dense and fibrous in OA
AFO:highly cellular and immature, similar to embryonic mesenchyme of the dental papilla

AFO most common odontogenic tumor in cattle

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9
Q

What is the “dentary” of a bird’s beak?

JVD 2014 issue 4

A

the boney mandibular symphysis connecting right and left sides of lower beak

The maxillary beak consists of a fusion of the premaxilla, maxilla, and nasal bones

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10
Q

In the report of an odontogenic tumor in a Siberian tiger, what tumors did they note are NOT inductive towards connective tissue (mesenchyme)

JVD 2015 issue 2

A

Ameloblastoma and calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor (now known as APOT or APA - Amyloid Producing Ameloblastoma)

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11
Q

What is the second most common reason for rodents and lagomorphs to present to veterinarians
2011, Issue 1

A

Oral abscesses secondary to malocclusion or periodontal disease

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12
Q

What species and lesion was diagnosed in this image?

A

Alpaca, radicular cyst
Treatment of a periradicular lesion in an alpaca. JVD 2011 Issue 1, Parker

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13
Q

What teeth are degus rodents born with?

A

Maxillary and mandibular incisors in occlusion

JVD 2011 issue 1

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14
Q

What is the most common MAL1 malocclusion in ferrets?

JVD 2011 issue 1 Eorshin

A

MAL1/LV of 2nd mand incisors (302, 402)

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15
Q

What species is demonstrated in these skull radiographs?

A

Rabbit

JVD 2011, Issue 2, Schumacher

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16
Q

In Schumacher’s 2011 Issue 2 JVD article “Measurement of clinical crown length of incisor and premolar teeth in clinically healthy rabbits,” which of the following is most correct?
A. The longest cheek tooth clinical crown was the mandibular third premolar
B. The periodontal probing depth of rabbit cheek teeth was 1-3mm
C. The cheek teeth had greater probing depths than the incisors
D. 40% of rabbits had clinically visible hooks and points

A

A.

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17
Q

What does #3 represent in this image?

JVD 2011, Issue 3, Comparison of Radiography and CT to Identify Changes in the Skulls of Four Rabbits with Dental Disease

A

Elongation of the reserve crowns of the maxillary cheek teeth with sclerosis of surrounding bone

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18
Q

What species normally has orange enamel on their incisors?

JVD 2012 issue 3

A

The common degu

Also chinchillas!

Degu pups are born without orange enamel. The enamel gradually changes at approximately 6-months postpartum to the normal orange color

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19
Q

What is the dental formula of the koala?

The Development of an Oral Health Charting System for Koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus). JVD 2012, Issue 4, Pettett.

A

I = 3/1, C = 1/0, P = 1/1, M = 4/4

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20
Q

In Capello’s 2015 paper “Elodontoma in Two Guinea Pigs,” what was the outcome of the two cases?

JVD 2015, Issue 2

A

Case 1: 10 weeks postop the mass was larger than prior to surgery, appetite not improved, euthanasia elected
Case 2: Guinea pig would not eat two days after surgery and euthanasia elected

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21
Q

The following image is characteristic of which mass in a Guinea Pig?

A

Elodontoma

Capello, “Elodontoma in Two Guinea Pigs,” JVD 2015, Issue 2

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22
Q

In Wyss’s 2016 paper “Measuring Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) Tooth Growth and Eruption by Fluorescence Markers and Bur Marks,” growth and eruption was around 2mm/week for all teeth except?
A. Maxillary incisors
B. Mandibular incisors
C. Premolars with a pelleted diet supplemented with sand
D. Premolars with a grass hay diet

JVD 2016, Issue 1

A

D. Premolars with a grass hay diet: 1mm/wk

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23
Q

In d’Ovidio’s 2016 article “Oral Malignant Melanoma in a Ferret,” what stains aided histologic diagnosis?

JVD 2016, Issue 2

A

Vimentin
S100

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24
Q

In Roux’s 2017 article “Diagnoses and Treatment of Dental Disorders in a Research Colony of Macaca fascicularis: A Case Series,” what percentage of NHPs had at least 1 moderate to severe dental lesion necessitating treatment and what were the 4 most common dental disease diagnosed?

JVD 2017, Issue 3

A

87%
Periodontal Disease
Caries
Tooth fractures
Attrition

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25
Q

In Tartara’s 2018 paper “Interrelationships Between Morphometric, Densitometric, and Mechanical Properties of Teeth in a 5-Month-Old Polish Merino Sheep,” which teeth were associated with the highest number of positive correlations of investigated tooth parameters, and could serve as a possible prognostic indicator for growth potential and final body weight in sheep respectively?

JVD 2018, Issue 2.

A

First mandibular deciduous incisor
Mandibular second premolar

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26
Q

In Amery’s 2018 article “Unusual Dental Morphology in a Chimpanzee: A Case Report Utilizing Cone-Beam Computed Tomography,” what two anomalies were identified?

JVD 2018, Issue 2

A

mineralizations in pulp of rostral mandibular teeth
dens invaginatus in mandibular first premolars

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27
Q

What is the dental formula of the Macaca fascicularis?

A

32 teeth: 2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, 3 molars in all quadrants

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28
Q

What was the etiology of this lesion?

Dental Pathology of the Iberian Lynx (Lynx pardinus), Part I: Congenital, Developmental and Traumatic Abnormalities. JVD 2018, Issue 3

A

Electric burn trauma

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29
Q

What was the most common dental pathology identified in the Iberian Lynx?

Dental Pathology of the Iberian Lynx (Lynx pardinus), Part I: Congenital, Developmental and Traumatic Abnormalities. JVD 2018, Issue 3

A

Abrasion/attrition 91% of specimens affected

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30
Q

What was the prevalence of periodontal disease and tooth resorption for the Iberian Lynx?

Dental Pathology of the Iberian Lynx (Lynx pardinus), Part I: Congenital, Developmental and Traumatic Abnormalities. JVD 2018, Issue 3

A

periodontal disease 81% of teeth
tooth resorption 0.6% of teeth

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31
Q

Kvapil’s paper on dental disease in Suricata Suricatta (meerkats), what teeth more commonly had periodontal disease?

JVD 2018 issue 2

A

mandibular teeth

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32
Q

In Hodesson’s case series describing tx of tooth fractures in elephant seals, how long did they note the apex would likely remain open?
A) 2-3 years
B) 4-5 years
C) < 1 year
D) > 5 years

JVD 2019 issue 1

A

D) > 5 years –> 7-12 years

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33
Q

In Dental Pathology of the Domestic Pig (Sus Scrofa Domesticus) what tooth was most commonly affected by PD3 and PD4?

JVD 2020 issue 4

A

Maxillary and mandibular M1s

69% PD3, 43% PD4

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34
Q

What was the most common dental pathology noted on oral exams of spider monkey’s in Zagar’s 2021 study?

JVD 2021, issue 2

A

Abrasion/attrition

NOT seen in any of the Marmosets also in this study

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35
Q

In the case report of VPT in a young elephant’s tusk, what pulp capping material was chose?

JVD 2021, issue 3

A

zinc phosphate cement

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36
Q

What teeth are most likely to be associated with a tooth root abscess in camelids?

JVD 2021, issue 4

A

mandibular cheek teeth

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37
Q

In the case report on a OSCC of a llama, what distant metastasis locations were noted on necropsy?

JVD 2021 issue 4

A

mandibular LNs
prescapular LNs
lungs

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38
Q

What is the dental formula of cattle?

Standing Intraoral Extraction of the Right Mandibular Third Molar Tooth in a Cow Utilizing Tooth Sectioning

A

I 0/3, C0/1, P 3/3, M 3/3

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39
Q

In Kopp’s 2022 article “A Standard Method for Intraoral Dental Radiography With Dental Photo-Stimulative Phosphor (PSP) Plates in Big Cats,” what specific device was used to obtain the images and what radiographic technique/method was adapted for use in big cats?

JVD 2022

A

Equine intraoral plate
Stoll’s Hemisphere Model

40
Q

Which of the following populations of Black Fronted Duiker (Cephalophus niger) had more dental disease in the 2022 study on free range populations?
A. Female, dry season
B. Male, wet season
C. Female, wet season
D. Male, dry season

Occurrence and Progression of Dental Abnormalities in the Black Fronted Duiker (Cephalophus niger) Due to Deficient Diet and Extreme Weather Phenomena
JVD 2022 issue 2

A

A. Female, dry season

The majority of dental pathologies among the free-range animals occurred between the second and third year of observation with a higher frequency in the dry periods

Sex dimorphism in pathology: Generalized gross attrition, especially around the lower first and second molars occurred with higher frequency during the drier periods; showing more gender dimorphism (100% in females) and attrition was more prevalent with observable bone resorption between the lower right quadrant second and third molars (21%) in a similar time period since females are relatively more reluctant to increase home range area compared to males.

41
Q

In the 2022 paper on intraoral radiographs in big cats, what radiographic technique was utilized?

JVD 2022 issue 4

A

Stoll’s Hemisphere Model

42
Q

In “A Retrospective Review of Dental Care and Related Husbandry of Captive Great Apes Over 37 Years (1982–2019) at Milwaukee County Zoo” what were the most common causes of tooth loss?

JVD 2023 issue 3

A

The most common cause for tooth loss in captive animals: periodontal disease > attrition (older animals) > caries (esp in younger animals with poor husbandry)

43
Q

What is the dental formula of pigs?

JVD 2023 issue 3 Permanent Tooth Eruption Patterns in Nigerian Local Pigs

A

I 3/3, C 1/1, P 4/4, M 3/3

44
Q

What is the dental formula of a rabbit?

A

2/1 0/0 3/2 3/3

45
Q

What is the dental formula of a guinea pig?

A

1/1 0/0 1/1 3/3

46
Q

What is the occlusal angle of the cheek teeth of guinea pigs?

A

40 degrees

47
Q

What is the occlusal angle of
1) Rabbit
2) Guinea pig
3) Chinchilla

A

1) 0 degrees
2) 40 degrees
3) 10 degrees

48
Q

What is the dental formula of a chinchilla?

A

1/1 0/0 1/1 3/3

Formula for all hystricomorphs:
Guinea pig, chinchilla, degu, Patagonian cavy, porcupines, nutria and capybara

49
Q

What is the dental formula of a mouse/rat?

A

1/1 0/0 0/0 3/3

50
Q

What types of teeth do rodents have?

A

Aradicular hypsodont incisors, brachydont cheek teeth

51
Q

What types of teeth do chinchillas and guinea pigs have?

A

Aradicular hypsodont (all)

52
Q

What is the dental formula of a ferret?

A

2 x 3/3 1/1 3/3 1/2 = 34

Brachydont
Maxilla like a cat.
Mandible… like a cat with a P2 and M2 (each single-rooted).

53
Q

What % of neoplasia is oral neoplasia in the rabbit? How much of that is odontogenic?

Elodontoma in a rabbit_J Exotic Med_2021 Zaheer

A

Rabbit oral neoplasm = 5.6% of all neoplasia in rabbit (one study, N=18)
Odontogenic tumors 28% of rabbit oral tumors

54
Q

What mass is depicted here in this 10 yo rabbit?

Elodontoma in a rabbit_J Exotic Med_2021 Zaheer

A

Elodontoma

Complex odontomas described in humans, horses, dogs, and one rabbit; also described in squirrels, degus, guinea pigs, voles, and prairie dogs, where they are called elodontomas
As rodents and lagomorphs have aradicular elodont (hypsodont) teeth with specialized apical buds = ELODONTOMA to describe differences in development

55
Q

What were the reported secondary affects of the elodontoma in a rabbit?

Elodontoma in a rabbit_J Exotic Med_2021 Zaheer

A

Dental overgrowth and MAL due to affecting chewing

56
Q

In this 2023 study on rabbits, what was the mean # teeth extracted, and how many healed after the procedure?

Surgical Treatment of Facial Abscesses and Jaw Osteomyelitis of Dental Origin Using Extraoral Tooth Extraction in the Domestic Rabbit: A Case Series
JVD 2023 Girard (online)

A

Mean # 2.85
18/20 healed

57
Q

What % of osteomyelitis of the jaw is associated with dentition in rabbits?

Surgical Treatment of Facial Abscesses and Jaw Osteomyelitis of Dental Origin Using Extraoral Tooth Extraction in the Domestic Rabbit: A Case Series
JVD 2023 Girard (online)

A

82.5%

Facial abscesses originating from jaw osteomyelitis were detected in 82.5% of these cases and facial abscesses from another origin were observed in 17.5% in 40 rabbits

58
Q

What is the dental formula of squirrel monkeys?

JVD 2021

A

Squirrel monkeys have 36 adult teeth with a dental formula: 2 × (I2/2, C1/1, P3/3, M3/3)

59
Q

What is the dental formula of marmosets?

JVD 2021

A

Marmosets lack the third molar tooth in both upper and lower jaw and thus have 32 adult teeth (2 × [I2/2, C1/1, P3/3, M2/2])

60
Q

Management of Severe Periodontal Disease and Gingival Enlargement in a Dwarf Mongoose (Helogale parvula), what treatment managed the gingival hyperplasia?

JVD 2020 issue 3

A

Extraction of the teeth - concurrent perio anyway, so extracted and GH was managed

61
Q

What is the growth rate of rabbit teeth?

JVD 2021 __Schumacher

A

Incisor growth rate ~ 3mm per week, cheek tooth growth rate 2-3mm per month

62
Q

What is the average crown length of maxillary and mandibular cheek teeth in rabbits?

JVD 2021 __Schumacher

A

Average crown length cheek teeth (mm)
Mandibular third premolars → 3.1 +/- 0.4
Mandibular fourth premolars → 2.6 +/- 0.4
Maxillary second premolars → 1.5 +/- 0.4
Average crown length incisors (mm)
Mandibular slightly longer than maxillary (6.4, 6.1)

63
Q

What are the normal probing depths for rabbits?

JVD 2021 __Schumacher

A

Same for maxillary and mandibular cheek teeth → 0.5-1.0mm

Greater probing depths in incisors
Mandibular 4-7mm
Maxillary 2-3.0mm

64
Q

What is the dental formula for meerkats?

JVD 2018

A

2 × (I 3/3, C 1/1, P 3/3, M 2/2)

65
Q

What is the dental formula for the common degu, and what type of teeth do they have?

JVD 2011

A

2x 1/1I 0/0C 1/1P 3/3M
Aradicular hypsodont

66
Q

What is the dental formula of the adult sea otter?

Winer J comp path 2013

A

2x I3/2, C1/1, P3/3, M1/2

67
Q

What % of sea otters were affected by attrition/abrasion? What % of teeth?

Winer J comp path 2013

A

98% adult otters
52% teeth

68
Q

In the 2015 paper “Characterization of the Temporomandibular Joint of Southern Sea Otters (Enhydra lutris nereis)” what was the difference in disk between females and males?

Frontiers 2015

A

Significantly stronger and stiffer in females than males

69
Q

In the 2013 paper “Osteoarthritis of the Temporomandibular Joint in Southern Sea Otters (Enhydra lutris nereis)” what were the common changes to the TMJs?

J Comp Path 2013

A

The most prominent changes were the presence of osteophytes and subchondral bone defects and porosity.

70
Q

In the 2013 paper “Osteoarthritis of the Temporomandibular Joint in Southern Sea Otters (Enhydra lutris nereis)” what were the changes to the TMJ signifcantly associated with?

J Comp Path 2013

A

The lengths of the right and left mandibular heads were significantly associated with age and sex

The lengths of the right and left mandibular heads were NOT significantly associated with the presence of TMJ-OA.
There was no significant association between age and sex with the presence or severity of TMJ-OA.

71
Q

In Rickert’s 2021 paper “Temporomandibular Joint Pathology of Wild Carnivores in the Western USA” which species had the most TMJ OA?

Frontiers 2021

A

85% of California sea lion

Runners up:
60% of walrus
50% of American black bear
34% of harbor seal

72
Q

In Rickert’s 2021 paper “Temporomandibular Joint Pathology of Wild Carnivores in the Western USA” which species had increase TMJ OA with abrasion/attrition?

Frontiers 2021

A

Only 3 species, namely the harbor seal, northern fur seal, and polar bear, had a significant increase in the prevalence of TMJ-OA if their teeth had attrition and abrasion

73
Q

In these hoary marmot and alaska marmot, what % were affected by abrasion and periodontitis respctively?

Dental Pathology of the Hoary Marmot Groundhog and Alaska Marmot
J comp path 2017 Winer

A

33% abrasion
16% perio – more common in adults

74
Q

In “Dental Pathology of the Grey Fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus)” what % of foxes had abrasion/attrition, tooth fractures, and perio?

Evenhuis Vet Comp Path 2018

A

Ab/At - 85%
T/Fx - 78%
Perio - 50%

75
Q

In “Dental Pathology of the California Sea Lion (Zalophus californianus)” what was perio, t/fx and attrition/abrasion associated with?

Agashani Vet Comp Path 2016

A

Males and age

76
Q

In “Dental Pathology of the California Bobcat (Lynx rufus californicus)” what were the most common dental pathologies and the least common?

Agashani Vet Comp Path 2016

A

Most common: Attrition/abrasion (85%), Periodontitis (56%), Tooth fractures (51%).

Less common dental lesions were endodontal disease (24%) and tooth resorption (9%).

77
Q

What is the dental formula of the California Bobcat?

Agashani Vet Comp Path 2016

A

2x I 3/3, C 1/1, P2/2, M 1/1 = 28

78
Q

In “The Macroscopic and Radiographic Skull and Dental Pathology of the Tasmanian Devil (Sarcophilus harrisii)” what bone abnormality was noted in majority of skulls?

Landy Frontiers 2021

A

98% had apically positioned alveolar bone (below CEJ).
But only 14% demonstrated evidence of periodontitis.

79
Q

In “Dental and Temporomandibular Joint Pathology of the Walrus (Odobenus rosmarus)” what predilections were noted to TMJ OA in the walrus?

Winer 2016 J Comp Path

A

Males (87% vs 17%) and Age

80
Q

What species has a syndesmosis of the TMJ?

McDonald Arch Oral Biol 2015

A

Odontocetis (Dolphins/Porpoises)
Macroscopically, the TMJ lacks the typical joint cavity found in most mammals and is essentially a syndesmosis. An immovable joint in which bones are joined by connective tissue

Odontoceti (toothed whales) - oceanic dolphins and porpoises

81
Q

Which bear species has the highest prevalence of TMJ OA?
A) North American Brown Bear
B) American Black Bear
C) Polar Bear

A

B) American Black Bear

North American Brown Bear 13%
American Black Bear 50%
Polar Bear 9%

82
Q

What is the difference in TMJ morphology between the African and Asian elephant?

Arzi European Journal of Wildlife Research 2012

A

The mandibular head of the condylar process of the African elephant is smaller and more round than the Asian elephant.
In the Asian elephant, the mandibular head is more elongated in a mediolateral direction.

83
Q

In Riggs 2016 study “Clinical Application of Cone Beam Computed Tomography of the Rabbit Head: Part 1 – Normal anatomy” what structure was significantly more able to be visualized on CBCT vs Conventional?

Riggs 2016 Frontiers

A

PDL

84
Q

In Rigg’s 2017 study “Clinical Application of Cone Beam Computed Tomography of the Rabbit Head: Part 2—Dental Disease” what were majority of PM/M malocclusions due to?

Riggs 2017 Frontiers

A

Coronal elongation (11/13 rabbits with PM/M elongation)

Of the CBCT abnormalities likely to be observed on oral exam, coronal elongation was significantly associated with apical elongation

85
Q

In Rigg’s 2017 study “Clinical Application of Cone Beam Computed Tomography of the Rabbit Head: Part 2—Dental Disease” what was the most commonly identified pathology on CBCT?

Riggs 2017 Frontiers

A

PDL space widening (14/15)

86
Q

What tooth is most common fractured in ferrets?

JVD 2011 issue 1 Eorshin

A

Canine teeth only in this study
32% of ferrets

87
Q

What % ferrets were affected by stage 2/3 perio?

JVD 2011 Eorshin

A

65%

88
Q

In the study “Oral and dental diseases in a population of domestic ferrets (Mustela putorius furo)” what % of ferrets had T/FX, and what were the most common teeth affected?

JSAP 2016 Nemec

A

Dental fractures affected 42 (73·7%) animals and 101 (5·4%) teeth. Canine teeth were the most commonly affected teeth (62·4% of fractured teeth).
Maxillary teeth were more commonly affected than mandibular teeth (7·2 versus 3·7%)
Maxillary canine teeth were much more commonly affected than mandibular canine teeth (52·3 versus 4·5%).

Incisor teeth second most common, in maxilla

89
Q

What malocclusion was newly described in Nemec’s 2016 study on Ferret dental pathology?

JSAP 2016 Nemec

A

Skeletal malocclusion - class III in 2 ferrets

Although dental malocclusion with bilateral linguoversion of mandibular second incisor teeth has been reported before to be very common (95·2%) in a different population of ferrets (Eroshin et al. 2011), these cases were rarely (8·8%) confirmed in our study and the condition is more likely lingual displacement of these teeth rather than linguoversion

90
Q

In the 2021 study “Follow Up on Simple (Closed) Extraction of Fractured Maxillary Canine Teeth in Domestic Ferrets (Mustela putorius furo)” how many ferrets healed completely, and what was the most common long term complication?

Primožič1† Frontiers 2021

A

All healed by the 2 week recheck (14/18 healed rapidly in a few days per owners)
Post-extraction upper lip entrapment with ipsilateral mandibular canine tooth developed in 8/14 (44.4%) ferrets.

91
Q

In Pires et al “Dental pathology of the wild Iberian wolf (Canis lupus signatus): The study of a 20th century Portuguese museum collection” what percent had perio, attrition/abrasion, and tooth fractures?

Vet and Anim Sci 2020

A

Perio: 80-88%
AT/Ab: 56-61%
T/Fx: 3-4.5%

Ranges are maxilla vs mandible

92
Q

Describe the TMJ positioning for a rabit A) chewing forage or B) at rest

A

A) Chewing, jaw displaced caudally
Caudal movement performed by masseter
Lateral movements by pterygoid muscles (mainly medial)

B) Resting position
Digastricus muscle creates rostral movement of mandibles and opening of mouth
Separation of cheek teeth at rest
Slight rostral movement occurs during chewing of pelleted foods as well (vertical stroke)

93
Q

What is the prevalence of periodontal disease in Chinchillas? What other dental diseases do they get?

VCNA, Mans

A

Perio: 63%

Also get caries (52%), TR is thought secondary to perio, most common oral tumor: elodontoma

94
Q

In Geddes’ 2020 paper “Oral and Dental Examination Findings in European Polecats (Mustela putorius)”, what was the most common disease seen in the ferret skulls?

J comp path 2020

A

Periodontitis - 58% of the teeth in 92% of the skulls

Dental fractures - 7% of the teeth in 62% of the skulls.
Attrition/abrasion - 17% of the teeth in 47% of the skulls.

95
Q

In Yanagisawa’s 2019 paper, what were the most common dental diseases of the kit fox (Vulpes macrotis)?

J Comp Path 2019

A

Attrition/abrasion = 91%
Periodontitis = 72%
Fractured teeth = 4%

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