Oral Surgery

Question 1

In Peralta’s 2015 study “Non-radiation-related osteonecrosis of the jaws in dogs: 14 cases (1996-2014),” how many dogs had a history of recent previous dental extractions and how many of those dogs had at least 1 ONJ site that conincided with areas of recent dental extractions?

Frontiers 2015

Answer 1

Recent previous dental extractions: 11/14 dogs
at least 1 ONJ site that coincided with areas of recent extractions: 10/11 dogs

Question 2

When do non-absorbable sutures need to be removed?

Answer 2

7-21 days

Question 3

What are the two phases that suture absorption occurs in chromic gut?

Answer 3

Collagenolysis and proteolytic enzyme digestion and absorption

Question 4

What are the pros and cons to chromic gut?

Answer 4

Good handling ability and knot security
Poor tissue response –> moderate to severe inflammation, especially cats; premature resorption in tissue that is infected, inflamed, or very vascular; can induce allergic reaction in cats especially ones with stomatitis!

Question 5

How are ALL synthetic sutures degraded?

Answer 5

Hydrolysis, which results in more predictable absorption times

Question 6

What is Polyglactin 910 and when is there no detectable tensile strength left?

Answer 6

Vicryl, 28 days

Question 7

What is monocryl?

Answer 7

Polyglecaprone 25

Question 8

What has the longest complete absorption in absorbable suture?

Answer 8

PDS at 182 days

Question 9

What are sutures that are contraindicated in the mouth?

Answer 9

Nonabsorbable sutures like nylon and polypropylene, and PDS

Question 10

Poliglecaprone maintains what percent of its tensile strength for 7 days and when is it completely degraded by?

Pegg “Clinical Evaluation of Intraoral Suture Patterns Using Poliglecaprone 25 in Greyhound Dogs,” JVD 2022

Answer 10

maintains 50-60% of tensile strength through 7 days
Completely degraded by hydrolysis after 91-119 days

Question 11

In Pegg’s 2022 article “Clinical Evaluation of Intraoral Suture Patterns Using Poliglecaprone 25 in Greyhound Dogs,” what differences exisited between SI and SC for dehiscence and tissue inflammation, and what teeth experienced sig more dehiscence than any other?

JVD 2022, Issue 2

Answer 11

A
No significant difference between dehiscence scores based on suture pattern
Stat sig increase in inflammation per suture for SI pattern between rechecks 1 and 2
SC faster to apply
When patterns compared at a site → trend observed for SI to have higher dehiscence scores
Mandibular canine teeth sig more likely to dehisce

6 of the 7 sites with major dehiscence occurred with the SI pattern

Question 12

In Pegg’s study “Cadaveric Evaluation of Load to Failure in Canine Gingiva Apposed With Varied Suture Patterns Using Poliglecaprone 25,” which suture method was most liekly to fail?
A. Simple continuous
B. Simple continuous barbed
C. Cruciate pattern
D. Simple interrupted

JVD 2021 issue 1

Answer 12

B. Simple continuous barbed

Question 13

In Pegg’s study “Cadaveric Evaluation of Load to Failure in Canine Gingiva Apposed With Varied Suture Patterns Using Poliglecaprone 25,” what suture pattern at what length withstood less tension?

JVD 2021

Answer 13

Knotless barbed at 3cm length

Question 14

In Pegg’s 2021 study “Cadaveric Evaluation of Load to Failure in Canine Gingiva Apposed With Varied Suture Patterns Using Poliglecaprone 25,” what was the difference in tension at initial failure and maximum tension between simple interrupted, simple continuous and cruciate patterns?

JVD 2021

Answer 14

No stat sig differences

Question 15

In Pegg’s 2021 study “Cadaveric Evaluation of Load to Failure in Canine Gingiva Apposed With Varied Suture Patterns Using Poliglecaprone 25,” what were the statistically significant findings?

JVD 2021

Answer 15

Cruciate, simple continuous, and knotless continuous barbed suture (SF) faster to perform than simple interrupted
SF more likely to fail by breakage than tissue tearing
SF withstood less tension at 3cm length

Question 16

In Mulherin’s 2021 case report Unerupted “Supernumerary Mandibular Fourth Premolar in a Dog,” what imaging modalities were used to identify the location of the supernumerary tooth?

JVD 2021, Issue 3

Answer 16

Dental radiographs with the aid of pieces of gutta percha cone
Conventional CT without contrast

Question 17

In Mulherin’s 2021 case report Unerupted “Supernumerary Mandibular Fourth Premolar in a Dog,” what was the suspected etiology of the supernumerary tooth?

JVD 2021

Answer 17

Reversion to ancestral condition

ruled out other potential etiologies: Mechanical splitting of tooth germ, Retention of a deciduous tooth, Genetic mutation causing formation of an additional tooth

Question 18

What kHz of piezoelectric surgery cuts mineralized tissues?

Hennet. Piezoelectric bone surgery: a review of the literature and potential applications in veterinary oromaxillofacial surgery. Frontiers 2015

Answer 18

25-35 kHz

Question 19

What kHz is required to cut soft tissues with piezoelectric surgery?

Hennet. Piezoelectric bone surgery: a review of the literature and potential applications in veterinary oromaxillofacial surgery. Frontiers 2015

Answer 19

> 50 kHz

Question 20

How much longer do procedures take when performed with piezoelectric surgery vs oscillating saw?

Hennet. Piezoelectric bone surgery: a review of the literature and potential applications in veterinary oromaxillofacial surgery. Frontiers 2015

Answer 20

at least 35% longer

Question 21

What force in N should be applied to bone when cutting with a piezotome?

Hennet. Piezoelectric bone surgery: a review of the literature and potential applications in veterinary oromaxillofacial surgery. Frontiers 2015

Answer 21

1.5-3N

Handwriting force 1N

Question 22

Beyond what force in N is cutting efficiency with a piezotome not improved and thermal damage increased?

Hennet. Piezoelectric bone surgery: a review of the literature and potential applications in veterinary oromaxillofacial surgery. Frontiers 2015

Answer 22

3N

Question 23

What effect is responsible for reduced hemorrhage with piezoelectric surgery?

Hennet. Piezoelectric bone surgery: a review of the literature and potential applications in veterinary oromaxillofacial surgery. Frontiers 2015

Answer 23

Cavitation effect

Question 24

CO2 lasers can coagulate and seal what diameter of vessels?

Ibarra. Anatomy of the Brachycephalic Canine Hard Palate and Treatment of Acquired Palatitis Using CO2 Laser. JVD 2019

Answer 24

< 0.6mm

Question 25

To prophylatically treat deep palatal folds with a CO2 laser, what settings should be used? ## Footnote Ibarra, Legendre. "Anatomy of the Brachycephalic Canine Hard Palate and Treatment of Acquired Palatitis Using CO2 Laser." JVD 2019, Issue 3

Answer 25

cutting setting with super pulse or continuous wave

Question 26

What CO2 laser setting should be used for therapeutic/curative intent to treat palatitis or if there is an ulcer present? ## Footnote

Answer 26

Vaporization setting with pulse wave

Question 27

In Somrak's 2015 study "Comparison of Dorsal and Buccal Approaches for Surgical Extraction of the Mandibular Canine Tooth in Cat Specimens Using Radiographic and Computed Tomographic Analysis," what parameters were statistically significant and which were not between the two approaches? ## Footnote JVD 2015, Issue 4

Answer 27

Closure time for the dorsal approach was stat sig lower overall procedure time and bone loss were not stat sig different No complications for either approach

Question 28

In Bellei's 2019 study "A Clinical, Radiographic and Histological Study of Unerupted Teeth in Dogs and Cats: 73 Cases (2001-2018)," what was the most common unerupted tooth and what percent of unerupted teeth had dentigerous cysts associated with them? ## Footnote Frontiers 2019

Answer 28

Most common unerupted tooth: PM1 78% Dentigerous cysts associated with 44% of unerupted teeth in dogs, 20% unerupted teeth in cats

Question 29

In Bellei's 2019 study "A Clinical, Radiographic and Histological Study of Unerupted Teeth in Dogs and Cats: 73 Cases (2001-2018)," what breed of dog is associated with only unerupted PM1 and a high incidence of cystic lesions? ## Footnote Frontiers 2019

Answer 29

Boxers 90% developed lesions ## Footnote 25 dentigerous cysts, 1 tumor

Question 30

In Bellei's 2019 study "A Clinical, Radiographic and Histological Study of Unerupted Teeth in Dogs and Cats: 73 Cases (2001-2018)," smaller body weights were associated with what unerupted teeth and larger body weights with what unerupted tooth respectively? ## Footnote Frontiers 2019

Answer 30

Smaller body weight: unerupted canines mandibular third molars Larger body weight: unerupted PM1

Question 31

In Bellei's 2019 study "A Clinical, Radiographic and Histological Study of Unerupted Teeth in Dogs and Cats: 73 Cases (2001-2018)," of the teeth with dentigerous cysts what percent were identified in brachycephalic dogs? ## Footnote Frontiers 2019

Answer 31

77%

Question 32

In Bellei's 2019 study "A Clinical, Radiographic and Histological Study of Unerupted Teeth in Dogs and Cats: 73 Cases (2001-2018)," what was association between type of teeth and presence of a cyst and tooth inclination and cyst development? ## Footnote Frontiers 2019

Answer 32

No stat sig association between type of teeth and presence of cyst No stat sig association between type of inclination and cyst development

Question 33

The alveolar bulla of rabbits includes the reserve crowns and apices of which cheek teeth? ## Footnote Capello. Surgical Treatment of Facial Abscesses and Facial Surgery in Pet Rabbits. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract. 2016

Answer 33

maxillary fourth premolar and first, second and third molars (last 4 cheek teeth)

Question 34

For Santos's 2015 paper "Mathematical equation for prediction of cat mandibular canal height dimension based on canine tooth width measurement," what structures were correlated? ## Footnote J Feline Med Surg 2015

Answer 34

There was a strong correlation between the canine tooth width at the free gingival margin and mandibular canal height.

Question 35

In Hatakeyama's 2013 study "Effects of Platelet-Poor Plasma, Platelet-Rich Plasma, and Platelet-Rich Fibrin on Healing of Extraction Sockets with Buccal Dehiscence in Dogs," the median area of new bone at 4 and 8 weeks and median horizontal bone width at 8 weeks were highest in what group?

Answer 35

PPP

Question 36

In Type II crown lengthening procedures, the apically repositioned flap should maintain a minimum of how many millimeters of biologic width apical to the newly formed alveolar crest? ## Footnote Crown Lengthening for Mandibular and Maxillary Canine Teeth in the Dog. Fraser Hale. JVD 2001

Answer 36

3mm

Question 37

What are the dimensional goals of lateral sliding pedicle flap construction? ## Footnote Lateral Sliding Pedicle Flap For Gingival Cleft at the Mandibular Canine Tooth S. Startup, DVM. JVD 2011.

Answer 37

develop flap 1.5x the width of recipient site at its widest point; incision should extend 2.5x width of the defect at least

Question 38

What is this instrument?

Answer 38

Mini beaver blade ## Footnote Used for lateral sliding pedicle flap

Question 39

What is the only unpaired bone of the maxilla?

Answer 39

Vomer

Question 40

What nerve(s) are responsible for sensory and motor functions of the tongue?

Answer 40

Hypoglossal n CN XII main one, many main muscles CN V: lingual n - sensory rostral 2/3 CN VII: chorda tympani - sensory taste and motor, rostral 2/3 CN IX: lingual branch - sensory and motor, caudal 1/3 root of tongue

Question 41

These images show what kind of motor used for what kind of handpiece? ## Footnote The Air-Driven Dental Unit: Form and Function at a Mechanical Level. Jane E. Pegg, Chad Lathimer and Jennifer Rawlinson. JVD 2019

Answer 41

Rotary vane motor Low speed handpiece

Question 42

The low speed handpiece turns how many times per minute? ## Footnote The Air-Driven Dental Unit: Form and Function at a Mechanical Level. Jane E. Pegg, Chad Lathimer and Jennifer Rawlinson. JVD 2019

Answer 42

20,000 - 40,000

Question 43

What is the RPM of high-speed handpieces? ## Footnote The Air-Driven Dental Unit: Form and Function at a Mechanical Level. Jane E. Pegg, Chad Lathimer and Jennifer Rawlinson. JVD 2019

Answer 43

350,000 - 400,000

Question 44

In Ritchie's 2018 article "A Modified Technique for Extraction Site Closure of the Maxillary Molars in a Dog," what modification was made and what are the benefits? ## Footnote JVD 2018

Answer 44

Envelope flap - no releasing incisions Main benefits: - Potentially less hemorrhage - Less trauma to soft tissues - Easier to perform - Generally faster

Question 45

What nerve innervates the maxillary molar teeth? ## Footnote Maxillary Molar Tooth Extraction in the Dog Vall. JVD 2012

Answer 45

Caudal superior alveolar nerve ## Footnote branch of infraorbital nerve prior to its entrance of infraorbital canal

Question 46

In Vall's 2012 article "Maxillary Molar Tooth Extraction in the Dog," a mesial or distal release is recommended? ## Footnote JVD 2012

Answer 46

Distal - maintains the gingival collar of distal PM4

Question 47

In Bissett's 2021 study "A Retrospective Evaluation of Secondary Wound Healing for Extraction of the Maxillary First Molar in Dogs," what percentage of cases had follow up and what percentage of cases had successful outcomes? ## Footnote Neimeic JVD 2021

Answer 47

60% of cases had follow up 99% successful outcomes ## Footnote Successful outcome determined based off of records and conscious exam

Question 48

What paper first described gutter formation to extract retained roots?

Answer 48

Woodward's 2006 JVD "Extraction of fractured tooth roots"

Question 49

What percent does the diameter of the alveolus need to be enlarged wider than the retained root to successful extract it? ## Footnote Woodward. "Extraction of fractured tooth roots" JVD 2006

Answer 49

30%

Question 50

In Moore's 2014 study "Evaluation of extraction sites for evidence of retained tooth roots and periapical pathology," what percentage of dogs and cats with a history of previous extractions had retained tooth roots and what percent had pathology associated with those roots? ## Footnote Neimeic. JAAHA 2014

Answer 50

RTRs: 86% RTRs + pathology: 66%

Question 51

In Moore's 2014 study "Evaluation of extraction sites for evidence of retained tooth roots and periapical pathology," did dogs or cats have a higher incidence of retained tooth roots and pathology associated with RTR? ## Footnote Neimeic. JAAHA 2014

Answer 51

Cats RTR: cats 93%, dogs 82% RTR + pathology: cats 69%, dogs 62%

Question 52

In Ng's 2020 study "Frequency of clinical and radiographic evidence of inflammation associated with retained tooth root fragments and the effects of tooth root fragment length and position on oral inflammation in dogs," retained tooth roots were present in what percent of dogs and what percent of RTR fragments had evidence of inflammation? ## Footnote Ng, Fiani, Tennant, Peralta. JAVMA 2020.

Answer 52

22% of dogs had RTR 55% RTR fragments had evidence of inflammation

Question 53

In Ng's 2020 study "Frequency of clinical and radiographic evidence of inflammation associated with retained tooth root fragments and the effects of tooth root fragment length and position on oral inflammation in dogs," what was the relationship between increase in RTR fragment length and inflammation? ## Footnote Ng, Fiani, Tennant, Peralta. JAVMA 2020.

Answer 53

Every 1mm increase in length, odds of inflammation increased by 17%( OR 1.17)

Question 54

In Ng's 2020 study "Frequency of clinical and radiographic evidence of inflammation associated with retained tooth root fragments and the effects of tooth root fragment length and position on oral inflammation in dogs," what percent of fragments that did not have clinical evidence of inflammation had radiographic evidence of inflammation? ## Footnote Ng, Fiani, Tennant, Peralta. JAVMA 2020.

Answer 54

16%

Question 55

What is the difference between impacted and embedded teeth?

Answer 55

Embedded teeth do not erupt due to lack of normal eruptive forces Impacted teeth do not erupt due to presence of physical barrier

Question 56

In the study "Non-radiation-related osteonecrosis of the jaws in dogs: 14 cases (1996–2014)" how many dogs had a history of recent previous dental extractions? And out of those how many of them had at least one ONJ (osteonecrosis of the jaw) site within the vicinity of those recent dental extractions?

Answer 56

11/14 dogs and 10/11 dogs respectively

Question 57

In the study "Non-radiation-related osteonecrosis of the jaws in dogs: 14 cases (1996–2014)" how many dogs had recently been given antibiotics due to oral/dental problems?

Answer 57

9 dogs

Question 58

What were the most common clinical signs in dogs in the study "Non-radiation-related osteonecrosis of the jaws in dogs: 14 cases (1996–2014)"?

Answer 58

14/14 halitosis 11/14 mandibular lymphadenopathy 9/14 oral pain 3/14 local swelling NO FEVER IN ANY DOGS!!!

Question 59

What were the only hematological findings in the study "Non-radiation-related osteonecrosis of the jaws in dogs: 14 cases (1996–2014)"?

Answer 59

Hyperglobulinemia in 4/12 dogs, everything else was WNL

Question 60

What were the most common radiographic findings in "Non-radiation-related osteonecrosis of the jaws in dogs: 14 cases (1996–2014)"?

Answer 60

Bone loss, sequestrum formation, periosteal reaction and moth-eaten or permeative pattern

Question 60

What was the tx that was pursued in the dogs in "Non-radiation-related osteonecrosis of the jaws in dogs: 14 cases (1996–2014)" and what was the outcome?

Answer 60

SURGERY, aggressive surgical debridement! Follow up on 12 dogs --> healed extraction sites. They were also placed on antibiotics from 2 weeks - 2 months.

Question 61

In the study "Non-radiation-related osteonecrosis of the jaws in dogs: 14 cases (1996–2014)" what two breeds are suggested to potentially have a breed predisposition for developing ONJ?

Answer 61

Cocker spaniels and Scottish Terriers

Question 61

In the study " Osteonecrosis of the jaws in dogs in previously irradiated fields: 13 cases (1989-2014)" what were the outcomes for the dogs?

Answer 61

Poor. Caca. 3 dogs - lesions healed following surgical debridement or mandibulectomy 2 dogs - several debridement's stabilized/slow down progression 1 dog - medically managed then euthanized at 6 months 1 dog - surgical debridement then euthanized due to complications before second debridement could be performed 2 dogs - euthanized due to ONJ and poor prognosis 4 - lost to follow up

Question 62

In the study "A Retrospective Evaluation of Secondary Wound Healing for Extraction of the Maxillary First Molar in Dogs" what was the outcome of the 127 sites that did represent for follow up?

Answer 62

126 appeared appropriately healed (99.2%), results of this retrospective evaluation demonstrated that primary closure of a first molar extraction site may not be required for appropriate soft tissue wound healing in canine patients

Question 63

What are the three general surgical flap designs and techniques that are typically employed in exodontia?

Answer 63

Envolope flaps, triangle flap, pedicle flap

Question 64

According to the study "A Retrospective Evaluation of Secondary Wound Healing for Extraction of the Maxillary First Molar in Dogs" what are the general four steps to wound healing?

Answer 64

(i) generation of a blood clot and inflammation (ii) granulation tissue formation (iii) re-epithelialization (iv) formation of a connective tissue matrix with and end stage contraction phase

Question 65

In Peralta's 2015 study "Non-radiation-related osteonecrosis of the jaws in dogs: 14 cases (1996-2014)," how many dogs recently received antibiotics due to oral/dental problems? ## Footnote Frontiers 2015

Answer 65

9/14 ## Footnote No fever in any dogs, halitosis in 14/14 dogs

Question 66

In Peralta's 2015 study "Non-radiation-related osteonecrosis of the jaws in dogs: 14 cases (1996-2014)," what precent of sites were in the maxilla and mandible and what percent were in the site of recently extracted teeth? ## Footnote Front 2015

Answer 66

Maxilla 59% Mandible 41% Site of recently extracted teeth: 63%

Question 67

In Peralta's 2015 study "Non-radiation-related osteonecrosis of the jaws in dogs: 14 cases (1996-2014)," for the dogs that had CT imaging how did it compare with radiographic and clinical signs of osteonecrosis? ## Footnote Front 2015

Answer 67

4/4 dogs, bone loss, moth-eaten that extended beyond clinically and radiographically detectable ONJ sites

Question 68

In Peralta's 2015 study "Non-radiation-related osteonecrosis of the jaws in dogs: 14 cases (1996-2014)," what treatments were performed and what was the outcome? ## Footnote Front 2015

Answer 68

All 14 dogs treated with surgical debridement, antibiotic therapy for 2 weeks to 2 months Follow up available for 12/14 dogs: all had healed surgical sites

Question 69

In Nemec's 2015 study "Osteonecrosis of the jaws in dogs in previously irradiated fields: 13 cases (1989-2014)," what is the incidencde of human osteoradionecrosis compared to canine oral tumors osteoradionecrosis? ## Footnote Peralta, Verstraete Front 2015

Answer 69

Humans: 2-8% Canine oral tumors: 6-7.6%

Question 70

In Nemec's 2015 study "Osteonecrosis of the jaws in dogs in previously irradiated fields: 13 cases (1989-2014)," how many dogs had dental extractions performed within the irradiated field resulting in osteoradionecrosis and what was the range of time from onset of RT to ORNJ? ## Footnote Peralta, Verstraete Front 2015

Answer 70

dental extractions: 3/13 dogs Time range: 2-44 months

Question 71

In Nemec's 2015 study "Osteonecrosis of the jaws in dogs in previously irradiated fields: 13 cases (1989-2014)," how many cases had follow up and how many dogs were euthanized due to osteoradionecrosis? ## Footnote Peralta, Verstraete Front 2015

Answer 71

Follow up 9/13 cases 4/9 euthanized due to ORNJ

Question 72

What is the relationship of osteoblasts and osteoclasts to RANK and RANKL?

Answer 72

Osteoblasts RANKL (ligand) Osteoclasts RANK (receptor) Osteoprotegrin: produced by osteoblasts acts as a decoy by binding to RANKL which prevents activation of RANK

Question 73

What are the least and most potent bisphosphonates? ## Footnote Stepaniuk, Kevin Biphosphonate Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaws: A Review, 2011

Answer 73

least: Etidonate Most: Zoledronate

Question 74

What effect does bisphosphonate administration have on bone remodeling? ## Footnote Stepaniuk, Kevin Biphosphonate Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaws: A Review 2011

Answer 74

BP administration inhibits osteoclastic bone resorption and leads to microscopic bone necrosis

Question 75

In Stepaniuk's 2011 paper "Biphosphonate Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaws: A Review," the mandible, maxilla and both mandible and maxilla were involved in what percent of human cases of BRONJ?

Answer 75

Mandible 67% Maxilla 26% Both 8%

Question 76

In Bell's 2015 study "Histologic, Clinical, and Radiologic Findings of Alveolar Bone Expansion and Osteomyelitis of the Jaws in Cats," what percent of cats had rarifying osseous proliferation of alveolar bone expansion on rads and what percent of cats had TR? ## Footnote Soukup Vet Pathol 2015

Answer 76

Rarifying osseous proliferation: 96% TR: 83%

Question 77

In the study "The Use of Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Substitute (BCP) in Mandibular Defects in Dogs: Use of CBCT to Evaluate Bone Healing" what was found to not be statistically significant?

Answer 77

Correlation between bone ridge margins and bone-material interface

Question 78

In the study "The Use of Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Substitute (BCP) in Mandibular Defects in Dogs: Use of CBCT to Evaluate Bone Healing" what was biomaterial homogeneity also significantly correlated with aside from time?

Answer 78

Bone ridge margin

Question 79

What are the most commonly used calcium phosphate (CaP) bone void filling materials per the study “ Biphasic calcium phosphate microparticles mixed with autologous blood: application for the reconstruction of a large mandibular bone defect in a dog. ”?

Answer 79

Hydroxyapatite (HA) Beta-TCP Biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP)

Question 80

In Bell's 2015 study "Histologic, Clinical, and Radiologic Findings of Alveolar Bone Expansion and Osteomyelitis of the Jaws in Cats," ABE and osteomyelitis often occurs in conjunction with what conditions? ## Footnote Soukup Vet Pathol 2015

Answer 80

Periodontal disease Tooth resorption ## Footnote Type 1 most common: 92% TR

Question 81

Where does the temporalis muscle arise and insert? ## Footnote Constantaras. Maxillofacial Injuries and Diseases That Cause an Open Mouth in Cats. JVD 2014

Answer 81

Origin: Temporal bone, few fibers zygomatic arch Insert: medial aspect of coronoid process

Question 82

Where does the masseter muscle originate from and insert? ## Footnote Constantaras. Maxillofacial Injuries and Diseases That Cause an Open Mouth in Cats. JVD 2014

Answer 82

Originate: zygomatic arch Insert: Lateral aspect of ramus in masseteric fossa, lateral aspect of angular process

Question 83

Where do the medial and lateral pterygoid muscles arise and insert? ## Footnote Constantaras. Maxillofacial Injuries and Diseases That Cause an Open Mouth in Cats. JVD 2014

Answer 83

Origin: Sphenoid bone/pterygopalatine fossae Insert: medial mandible (coronoid and angular process)

Question 84

What is the origin and insertion of the digastricus muscle?

Answer 84

Origin: occipital bone (jugular process) Insertion: Caudoventral border of body of the mandible

Question 85

What nerve provides motor innervation to the muscles of mastication? ## Footnote Constantaras. Maxillofacial Injuries and Diseases That Cause an Open Mouth in Cats. JVD 2014

Answer 85

mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve

Question 86

What nerve innervates the caudal belly of the digastricus? ## Footnote Constantaras. Maxillofacial Injuries and Diseases That Cause an Open Mouth in Cats. JVD 2014

Answer 86

Facial nerve

Question 87

What muscles hold the condylar process secure in the mandibular fossa? ## Footnote Constantaras. Maxillofacial Injuries and Diseases That Cause an Open Mouth in Cats. JVD 2014

Answer 87

Masseter Temporalis Pterygoid

Question 88

What is the most common TMJ luxation direction in cats and where does it shift the mandibles to? ## Footnote Constantaras. Maxillofacial Injuries and Diseases That Cause an Open Mouth in Cats. JVD 2014

Answer 88

Unilateral rostrodorsal most common Shifts mandibles away from side of luxation

Question 89

A unilateral caudal TMJ luxation shifts the mandibles in what direction and is associated with fracture of what TMJ structure? ## Footnote Constantaras. Maxillofacial Injuries and Diseases That Cause an Open Mouth in Cats. JVD 2014

Answer 89

Mandibles shifted towards side of luxation Retroarticular process fractured

Question 90

In Cetinkaya's 2012 study "Temporomandibular joint injuries and ankylosis in the cat," what percent of cases developed TMJ ankylosis?

Answer 90

11% ## Footnote More likely to occur in fracture combinations of the condylar process and mandibular fossa

Question 91

In Cetinkaya's 2012 study "Temporomandibular joint injuries and ankylosis in the cat," what was the association between age at time of trauma and ankylosis? ## Footnote Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2012

Answer 91

No significant relationship between age at time of trauma and ankylosis

Question 92

What breed of cat has open mouth jaw locking been reported in? ## Footnote Constantaras. Maxillofacial Injuries and Diseases That Cause an Open Mouth in Cats. JVD 2014

Answer 92

Persians

Question 93

For treatment of open mouth jaw locking in 3 cats what treatment was 100% successful in all three cases? ## Footnote Constantaras. Maxillofacial Injuries and Diseases That Cause an Open Mouth in Cats. JVD 2014

Answer 93

Partial coronoidectomy

Question 94

In Thomson's 2021 paper "Gape Angle in Asymptomatic Dogs with Normal Occlusion," what was the mean gape angles for conscious and anesthetized patients? ## Footnote Synder JVD 2021

Answer 94

Conscious: 44 degrees Anesthetized patients: 43.9 degrees ## Footnote Synder JVD 2021

Question 95

In Thomson's 2021 paper "Gape Angle in Asymptomatic Dogs with Normal Occlusion," what was the relationship with weight and jaw opening? ## Footnote Synder JVD 2021

Answer 95

For each 10kg increase in body weight, average decrease of 0.68 degrees ## Footnote Stat sig not not highly correlated

Question 96

In Thomson's 2021 paper "Gape Angle in Asymptomatic Dogs with Normal Occlusion," what was the difference in gape angle between dental and non-dental patients? ## Footnote Synder JVD 2021

Answer 96

No difference

Question 97

In Soukup's 2013 study "“Prevalence and nature of dentoalveolar injuries among patients with maxillofacial fractures," what variables were stat sig associated with dentoalveolar injuries? ## Footnote J Small Anim Pract 2013

Answer 97

Age (63% patients < 3 yro) Mechanism of trauma (HBC 40% more likely to sustain DAI)

Question 98

In Soukup's 2013 study "“Prevalence and nature of dentoalveolar injuries among patients with maxillofacial fractures," what was the association between mechanism of trauma and severity of DAI?

Answer 98

No stat sig relationship

Question 99

In Soukup's 2013 study "“Prevalence and nature of dentoalveolar injuries among patients with maxillofacial fractures," what percentage of patients with maxillofacial fractures had traumatic DAI?

Answer 99

72% had at least 1 DAI

Question 100

In Soukup's 2013 study "“Prevalence and nature of dentoalveolar injuries among patients with maxillofacial fractures," did the maxilla or mandible have the most root fractures, displaced teeth and concussive dental injuries?

Answer 100

Mandible

Question 101

In Soukup's 2013 study "“Prevalence and nature of dentoalveolar injuries among patients with maxillofacial fractures," the maxilla had the most what type of DAIs?

Answer 101

crown fractures Avulsions

Question 102

In Umphlet's 1988 study "Mandibular fractures in the cat: a retrospective study," what was the most common fracture sustained and what percent of cases sustained single fractures? ## Footnote Vet Surg 1988

Answer 102

Symphsyeal fractures 73% of all fractures 79% of cats had single fractures

Question 103

In Umphlet's 1988 study "Mandibular fractures in the cat: a retrospective study," what was the association between sex, age and complications with fracture type/incidence? ## Footnote Vet Surg 1988

Answer 103

No sex predilection 87% of cats were 4 years old or younger Complications were sig more likely to occur in cats with multiple fractures

Question 104

In Bonner's 2012 study "Orofacial Manifestations of High-Rise Syndrome in Cats: A Retrospective Study of 84 Cases," what was the overall survival rate and what percent of cats had some degree of orofacial findings overall and when examined by DOSS (group A) or ER vets (group B)? ## Footnote Reiter, Lewis. JVD 2012

Answer 104

Survival rate 94% Orofacial findings overall: 66% Group A: 100% Group B: 59% ## Footnote All cats that were treated survived

Question 105

In Bonner's 2012 study "Orofacial Manifestations of High-Rise Syndrome in Cats: A Retrospective Study of 84 Cases," what was the most common orofacial finding and what percent were affected overall and identified by Groups A and B? ## Footnote Reiter, Lewis. JVD 2012

Answer 105

Facial soft tissue injury Overall: 52% Group A (DOSS): 71% Group B (ER): 48%

Question 106

In Knight's 2019 study "Feline head trauma: a CT analysis of skull fractures and their management in 75 cats," what was the overall survival rate, and what was the most common trauma etiology and percent of cats affected? ## Footnote Journal of Feline Med and Surg 2019

Answer 106

Survival rate 92% HBC most common etiology 89% ## Footnote in contrast to JK 2023 paper that evaluted survival of all cats, not just those that recieved imaging 62%

Question 107

In Knight's 2019 study "Feline head trauma: a CT analysis of skull fractures and their management in 75 cats," TMJ fractures were seen in what percent of cases?

Answer 107

56% ## Footnote mostly all unilateral

Question 108

In Tundo's 2019 study “Location and distribution of craniomaxillofacial fractures in 45 cats presented for the treatment of head trauma,” what common and predictable patterns of skull trauma were identified?

Answer 108

Fractures of the midface most common, other than symphyseal separations, and likely to occur together: nasopharynx, orbit, nose, upper jaw, intermaxillary suture, zygomatic arch

Question 109

In Tundo's 2019 study “Location and distribution of craniomaxillofacial fractures in 45 cats presented for the treatment of head trauma,” what was the mean number of fractures and what structures had the highest incidence of fractures?

Answer 109

Mean number of fractures: 8 Nasopharynx and orbit 69% Symphyseal separations 56% ## Footnote In contrast to Umphlet paper that had predominately 1 fracture per cat and symphyseal separations most commonly 73% (only RAD performed) Consistent with Knight 2019 paper that found skull fractures in multiple bones of 89% of cats

Question 110

In DePaolo's 2020 study "Craniomaxillofacial trauma in dogs-Part I: Fracture location, morphology and etiology," what was the most common trauma etiology and what was the average number of fractured bones or regions per dog? ## Footnote Frontiers 2020

Answer 110

Animal bites most common 50% Average number of fractures: 8.2 per dog

Question 111

In DePaolo's 2020 study "Craniomaxillofacial trauma in dogs-Part I: Fracture location, morphology and etiology," what factor were not significantly associated with trauma etiology? ## Footnote Frontiers 2020

Answer 111

Age and sex

Question 112

In DePaolo's 2020 study "Craniomaxillofacial trauma in dogs-Part I: Fracture location, morphology and etiology," what signalment factors/types of animals were sig more likely to have severe displacement and fragmentation? ## Footnote Frontiers 2020

Answer 112

Intact and younger animals

Question 113

In DePaolo's 2020 study "Craniomaxillofacial trauma in dogs-Part I: Fracture location, morphology and etiology," what were the most common fracture locations? ## Footnote frontiers 2020

Answer 113

Maxillary bone 53% Molar and premolar parts of mandible each affected in 41% dogs ## Footnote fractures of midface common: maxilla, zygomatic, nasal, incisive)

Question 114

In DePaolo's 2020 study "Craniomaxillofacial trauma in dogs-Part I: Fracture location, morphology and etiology," which bones tended to fracture more in vehicular accidents and animal bites respectively? ## Footnote Frontiers 2020

Answer 114

Vehicular accidents: Pterygoid bones Animals bites: Maxillary, zygomatic and molar part of mandibles

Question 115

In DePaolo's 2020 study "Craniomaxillofacial trauma in dogs-Part II: Association between fracture location, morphology and etiology," what trauma etiology resulted in relatively higher numbers of severely displaced and fragmented fractures than other etiologies? ## Footnote Verstraete Frontiers 2020

Answer 115

Vehicular trauma

Question 116

In DePaolo's 2020 study "Craniomaxillofacial trauma in dogs-Part II: Association between fracture location, morphology and etiology," the molar and premolar parts of the mandible fractured concurrently with what other bones/areas? ## Footnote Verstraete Frontiers 2020

Answer 116

Molar part fractured concurrently with mid ramus Premolar part of mandible fractured concurrently with canine and incisive parts

Question 117

In DePaolo's 2020 study "Craniomaxillofacial trauma in dogs-Part II: Association between fracture location, morphology and etiology," what structures fracture concurrently with the symphysis? ## Footnote Verstraete Frontiers 2020

Answer 117

Cribiform plate! contralateral or ipsilateral incisive and canine regions

Question 118

In DePaolo's 2020 study "Craniomaxillofacial trauma in dogs-Part II: Association between fracture location, morphology and etiology," what bone tended to fracture concurrently with the highest number of other bones or regions? ## Footnote Verstraete Frontiers 20202

Answer 118

Maxillary bone ## Footnote important to look for other fractures when maxilla is fractured

Question 119

In DePaolo's 2020 study "Craniomaxillofacial trauma in dogs-Part II: Association between fracture location, morphology and etiology," fractures of the vomer were often accompanied by fractures of what other two structures? ## Footnote Verstraete Frontiers 2020

Answer 119

conchae and nasal bones

Question 120

In DePaolo's 2020 study "Craniomaxillofacial trauma in dogs-Part II: Association between fracture location, morphology and etiology," fractures of the frontal and nasal bones were often accompanied by fractures of what structure/region? ## Footnote Verstraete Frontiers 2020

Answer 120

skull base

Question 121

In Lopes' 2005 study "Oral fractures in dogs of Brazil - A retrospective study," what age and sex of dogs were most likely to sustain fractures? ## Footnote JVD 2005

Answer 121

Dogs < 2yro and > 8yro Male dogs

Question 122

In Lopes' 2005 study "Oral fractures in dogs of Brazil - A retrospective study," what was the most common trauma etiology and what percent of dogs sustained pathologic fractures? ## Footnote JVD 2005

Answer 122

Animal bite wounds 43% of trauma cases Pathologic fractures 13% all cases

Question 123

What was the main take away of the study “Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Microparticles Mixed with Autologous Blood: Application for the Reconstruction of a Large Mandibular Bone Defect in a Dog”?

Answer 123

First report to show successful use of combined autologous blood (inductive properties) and BCP microparticles without the addition of exogenous growth factors to repair a large mandibular defect in a dog.

Question 124

In Kitshoff's 2013 study "A retrospective study of 109 dogs with mandibular fractures," what size and age of dogs were most commonly affected? ## Footnote vet comp ortho trauma 2013

Answer 124

Small breed dogs (70% of all cases) < year old (8 months or younger)

Question 125

In Kitshoff's 2013 study "A retrospective study of 109 dogs with mandibular fractures," what was the most common trauma etiology? ## Footnote JVD 2013

Answer 125

Dog fights 62% (higher than previous studies up to this point) ## Footnote Likely due to high incidence of small breeds

Question 126

In Kitshoff's 2013 study "A retrospective study of 109 dogs with mandibular fractures," what region of the mandible was most commonly affected and what was the most common fracture configuration? ## Footnote JVD 2013

Answer 126

Molar region with first molar most commonly involved Transverse configuration 67%

Question 127

In Mulherin's 2014 study "Retrospective evaluation of canine and feline maxillomandibular trauma cases. A comparison of signalment with non-maxillomandibular traumatic injuries (2003-2012)," what signalment factors had no significant difference between MM or non-MM trauma? ## Footnote Synder, Soukup. Vet Comp Ortho Traumatol 2014

Answer 127

No sig difference between sex or repro altered status or age between dogs or cats presenting for MM vs non-MM trauma

Question 128

In Mulherin's 2014 study "Retrospective evaluation of canine and feline maxillomandibular trauma cases. A comparison of signalment with non-maxillomandibular traumatic injuries (2003-2012)," what factors associated with MM trauma as oppossed to non-MM trauma were statistically significant? ## Footnote Synder, Soukup. Vet Comp Ortho Traumatol 2014

Answer 128

Sig higher percentage of animal altercation injuries in MM group than non-MM group Sig higher percentage of smaller dogs presented for MM trauma than non-MM trauma Cats predisposed to sustain MM injuries relative to non-MM injuries

Question 129

In Mulherin's 2014 study "Retrospective evaluation of canine and feline maxillomandibular trauma cases. Comparison of lunar cycle and seasonality with non-maxillomandibular traumatic injuries (2003-2012)," when did MM vs non-MM injuries tend to occur and was the difference between the two statistically significant? ## Footnote Synder, Soukup. Vet Comp Ortho Traumatol 2014

Answer 129

MM injuries tended to occur in spring and decreased through winter non-MM injuries tended to occur more in summer and fall Difference in frequency of MM vs non-MM injuries during different seasons not significant

Question 130

In Mulherin's 2014 study "Retrospective evaluation of canine and feline maxillomandibular trauma cases. Comparison of lunar cycle and seasonality with non-maxillomandibular traumatic injuries (2003-2012)," what was the association of injuries with lunar cycle? ## Footnote Synder, Soukup. Vet Comp Ortho Traumatol 2014

Answer 130

Stat sig greater amount of injuries (MM and non-MM) occurred immediately following full moon (third quarter to New Moon)

Question 131

In Soukup's 2015 study "Classification and epidemiology of traumatic dentoalveolar injuries in dogs and cats: 959 injuries in 660 patient visits (2004–2012)," what was the overall prevalence of TDI in the oral patient population? ## Footnote JVD 2015

Answer 131

26% ## Footnote Very similar to human TDI prevalence of 1 in 4 patients

Question 132

In Soukup's 2015 study "Classification and epidemiology of traumatic dentoalveolar injuries in dogs and cats: 959 injuries in 660 patient visits (2004–2012)," what percent of TDI were able to be classified with the human TDI system and what was the most common TDI? ## Footnote JVD 2015

Answer 132

100% of TDI able to be classified by human system Enamel dentin pulp/CCF most common 50%

Question 133

In Soukup's 2015 study "Classification and epidemiology of traumatic dentoalveolar injuries in dogs and cats: 959 injuries in 660 patient visits (2004–2012)," CCF were most likely to occur in what teeth and what were the most commonly injured teeth? ## Footnote JVD 2015

Answer 133

CCF sig more likely to occur in canine and strategic teeth (canines and carnassials) Mandibular and maxillary canines most commonly injured teeth ## Footnote Premolars most commonly fractured teeth

Question 134

In Soukup's 2015 study "Classification and epidemiology of traumatic dentoalveolar injuries in dogs and cats: 959 injuries in 660 patient visits (2004–2012)," CCRFs and UCFs were significantly more common in what teeth? ## Footnote JVD 2015

Answer 134

CCRFs: premolar and carnassial teeth UCF: premolar teeth

Question 135

In Soukup's 2015 study "Classification and epidemiology of traumatic dentoalveolar injuries in dogs and cats: 959 injuries in 660 patient visits (2004–2012)," lateral luxation injuries occurred significantly more frequently in what populations of patients? ## Footnote JVD 2015

Answer 135

< 3yro Sexually intact

Question 136

In Soukup's 2015 study "Classification and epidemiology of traumatic dentoalveolar injuries in dogs and cats: 959 injuries in 660 patient visits (2004–2012)," TDIs occurred sig less commonly overall in what age categories of patients? ## Footnote JVD 2015

Answer 136

< 3yro and > 10 yro ## Footnote More commonly in middle aged patients

Question 137

Is this a favorable or unfavorable fracture? ## Footnote Scherer, Hetzel, Synder. Assessment of the Role of Mandibular First Molar Tooth in Mandibular Fracture Patterns of 29 Dogs. JVD 2019

Answer 137

unfavorable: courses in caudoventral direction

Question 138

In Scherer's 2019 study "Assessment of the Role of Mandibular First Molar Tooth in Mandibular Fracture Patterns of 29 Dogs," what was the most common Schloss and Maretta fracture classification? ## Footnote Synder JVD 2019

Answer 138

Type A

Question 139

In Scherer's 2019 study "Assessment of the Role of Mandibular First Molar Tooth in Mandibular Fracture Patterns of 29 Dogs," fractures most commonly occured in what directions? ## Footnote Synder JVD 2019

Answer 139

Oblique 76% fractures Caudoventral/unfavorable 52% Caudolingual 60% ## Footnote CL fractures may be considered favorable since digastricus pulls jaw medially when closing mouth

Question 140

In Scherer's 2019 study "Assessment of the Role of Mandibular First Molar Tooth in Mandibular Fracture Patterns of 29 Dogs," was the distribution between mesial and distal roots significant and what root was involved most frequently in fracture? ## Footnote Synder JVD 2019

Answer 140

Distrubtion between roots not significant Distal root involved in 61% cases

Question 141

In Scherer's 2019 study "Assessment of the Role of Mandibular First Molar Tooth in Mandibular Fracture Patterns of 29 Dogs," periodontitis was involved in the fractures of what percent of patients and how many of those patients had PD4? ## Footnote Synder JVD 2019

Answer 141

Periodontitis 24% cases PD4 6/7 cases

Question 142

In Castejon-Gonzalez's 2022 paper "Etiology, Clinical Presentation, and Outcome of Mandibular Fractures in Immature Dogs Treated with non-Invasive or Minimally Invasive Techniques," what factors were stat sig associated with outcome? ## Footnote JVD 2022

Answer 142

Increments of one day in age decreased the time needed to reach clinical healing by 0.8 days Time needed to reach clinical healing increased by 0.4 days for each day muzzle was in place

Question 143

In Castejon-Gonzalez's 2022 paper "Etiology, Clinical Presentation, and Outcome of Mandibular Fractures in Immature Dogs Treated with non-Invasive or Minimally Invasive Techniques," what were the most common locations of the mandibular body and ramus fractures? ## Footnote JVD 2022

Answer 143

Mandibular body unerupted canines 46%, unerupted first molar 35% Ramus ventral half 53%

Question 144

In Castejon-Gonzalez's 2022 paper "Etiology, Clinical Presentation, and Outcome of Mandibular Fractures in Immature Dogs Treated with non-Invasive or Minimally Invasive Techniques," what percent of fractures were unfavorable and stabilization was achieved with muzzling or muzzling + wound closure +/- tooth extraction in what percent of cases? ## Footnote JVD 2022

Answer 144

Unfavorable 93% Muzzling etc 72%

Question 145

In Castejon-Gonzalez's 2022 paper "Etiology, Clinical Presentation, and Outcome of Mandibular Fractures in Immature Dogs Treated with non-Invasive or Minimally Invasive Techniques," what percent of dogs had a successful outcome and what was the mean clinical healing time? ## Footnote JVD 2022

Answer 145

100% successful outcomes Clinical healing mean time 21 days

Question 146

In Castejon-Gonzalez's 2022 paper "Etiology, Clinical Presentation, and Outcome of Mandibular Fractures in Immature Dogs Treated with non-Invasive or Minimally Invasive Techniques," what percent of cases required at least one additional procedure and what percent had skeletal malocclusions? ## Footnote JVD 2022

Answer 146

31% skeletal malocclusions 38% (only 1 required intervention)

Question 147

In Castejon-Gonzalez's 2022 study "Dental abnormalities in immature dogs with a history of mandibular fractures," how many dogs with follow up had abnormal dental development or malocclusion and how many required at least 1 further anesthetic procedure for treatment of those issues? ## Footnote Reiter JVD 2022.

Answer 147

All 10/11 dogs with follow up had abnormal development or dental malocclusion of permanent teeth at previous fracture site All 10 dogs required at least 1 anesthetic procedure for further treatment

Question 148

In Castejon-Gonzalez's 2022 study "Dental abnormalities in immature dogs with a history of mandibular fractures," what percent of permanent teeth in or near the fracture lines erupted and what percent of permanent teeth in or near the fracture had developmental abnormalities or were nonvital? ## Footnote Reiter JVD 2022

Answer 148

70% of affected permanent teeth erupted 73% of permanent teeth affected had developmental abonormalities or were nonvital

Question 149

In Castejon-Gonzalez's 2022 study "Dental abnormalities in immature dogs with a history of mandibular fractures," what was the most common dental abnormality? ## Footnote Reiter JVD 20022

Answer 149

Failure of eruption or partial eruption 29% ## Footnote Three other most common dental abnormalities Resorption 23% Abnormal shape 19% Enamel hypoplasia 14%

Question 150

In Castejon-Gonzalez's 2022 study "Dental abnormalities in immature dogs with a history of mandibular fractures," what percent of deciduous teeth in or near the fracture continued normal development and eruption? ## Footnote Reiter JVD 2022

Answer 150

64%

Question 151

In Wolfs' 2022 article "Craniomaxillofacial Trauma in Immature Dogs; Etiology, Treatments and Outcomes," healing complications were reported for what percent of dogs and what was the most common complication? ## Footnote Arzi, Verstraete. Frontiers 2022

Answer 151

72% of dogs had healing complications Malocclusion most reported complication 55%

Question 152

In Wolfs' 2022 article "Craniomaxillofacial Trauma in Immature Dogs; Etiology, Treatments and Outcomes," what was the most commonly fractured bone/region and how many average regions were affected per dog? ## Footnote Arzi, Verstraete. Frontiers 2022

Answer 152

Maxillary 55% 8.8 fractured bones/regions per dog ## Footnote Verstraete adult trauma study maxillary most common as well 53%, 8.2 fractured bones/regions per dog

Question 153

In Wolfs' 2022 article "Craniomaxillofacial Trauma in Immature Dogs; Etiology, Treatments and Outcomes," what was the association between likelihood of malocclusion in dentate vs non dentate regions of the jaws and maxillary vs mandibular fractures? ## Footnote Arzi, Verstraete Frontiers 2022

Answer 153

Stat sig association between development of malocclusion and fracture in dentate areas of mandible No stat sig association between upper jaw fractures, non-dentate mandibular region fractures and malocclusion

Question 154

In Wolfs' 2022 article "Craniomaxillofacial Trauma in Immature Dogs; Etiology, Treatments and Outcomes," what factors were associated with healing outcome? ## Footnote Arzi, Verstraete. Frontiers 2022

Answer 154

No stat sig association between treatment modality and healing outcome Positive correlation between severity of fracture fragmentation and displacement and negative healing outcome

Question 155

In Wolfs' 2022 article "Craniomaxillofacial Trauma in Immature Dogs; Etiology, Treatments and Outcomes," what was the most common treatment performed? ## Footnote Arzi, Verstraete. Frontiers 2022

Answer 155

Muzzle therapy 53% ## Footnote Soft tissue closure 48%

Question 156

In Bilyard's 2023 study "Prevalence and Etiology of Dentoalveolar Trauma in 1,592 United States Military Working Dogs: A 1-Year Retrospective," what two factors were significant predictors of severe tooth trauma requiring treatment? ## Footnote Henry Frontiers 2023

Answer 156

Age Tooth type ## Footnote MWDs over 72 months 1.98 times more likely to have a fracture with pulp exposure compared to MWDs < 24 months of age Maxillary incisors most commonly affected by CCF 63% followed by canine teeth 24%

Question 157

In Bilyard's 2023 study "Prevalence and Etiology of Dentoalveolar Trauma in 1,592 United States Military Working Dogs: A 1-Year Retrospective," what was the prevalence of at least 1 TDI injury compared to the pet population? ## Footnote Henry. Frontiers 2023

Answer 157

43% MWD prevalence Twice pet population ## Footnote Soukup 2015 26% prevalence

Question 158

In Bilyard's 2023 study "Prevalence and Etiology of Dentoalveolar Trauma in 1,592 United States Military Working Dogs: A 1-Year Retrospective," what was the prevalence of enamel-dentin-pulp fractures and what was the association between sex and breed with development of CCF? ## Footnote Henry. Frontiers 2023

Answer 158

Enamel-dentin-pulp fx 60% No stat sig difference between sex or breed and development of CCF

Question 159

In Maria-Soltero's 2019 Study "Fracture Limits of Maxillary Fourth Premolar Teeth in Domestic Dogs Under Applied Force" what was the mean maximum force (± SD) sustained by the tested teeth at the point of fracture?

Answer 159

1281 N (+/- 403)

Question 160

In Maria-Soltero's 2019 Study "Fracture Limits of Maxillary Fourth Premolar Teeth in Domestic Dogs Under Applied Force" what was the most common fracture type?

Answer 160

CCF 12/24 (50%) UCF 6/24 (25%) CCRF 5/24

Question 161

In Maria-Soltero's 2019 Study "Fracture Limits of Maxillary Fourth Premolar Teeth in Domestic Dogs Under Applied Force" what was the only independent variable that remained significantly associated with maximum force?

Answer 161

Crown height to diameter ratio (p = 0.005), suggesting that a decreased ratio increases tooth fracture resistance

Question 162

The cutting power in the piezotome is influenced by?

Answer 162

Bone density, tip characteristics (alloy, shape, sharpness), and working pressure

Question 163

What are treatment options for parotid salivary duct injury per the paper "Parotid Salivary Duct Stenosis Following Caudal Maxillectomy "?

Answer 163

Duct ligation, duct anastomosis, marsupialization, and resection of the parotid salivary gland

Question 164

In Kelley's 2023 paper "Prognostic indicators for feline craniofacial trauma: a retrospective study of 114 cases," what was the overall survival rate and what signalment factors were associated with outcome/survival? ## Footnote Rawlinson, Hoyer, Frontiers 2023

Answer 164

62% Age not stat sig associated with outcome Sex stat sig associated with outcome: MI sig more likely to be euthanized | Overall euthanasia rate of 37.7% much higher than previous referral DOSS

Question 165

In Kelley's 2023 paper "Prognostic indicators for feline craniofacial trauma: a retrospective study of 114 cases," what trauma etiologies were stat sig associated with outcome and what was the relationship with median cumulative MGCS and ATT scores? ## Footnote Rawlinson, Hoyer. Frontiers 2023

Answer 165

probability of euthanasia sig higher for vehicular trauma or animal altercation Median cumulative MGCS sig lower in euthanized animals ATT scores sig higher in euthanized animals

Question 166

In Kelley's 2023 paper "Prognostic indicators for feline craniofacial trauma: a retrospective study of 114 cases," what grouping of clinical signs was associated with euthanasia due to grave prognosis? ## Footnote Hoyer, Rawlinson Frontiers 2023

Answer 166

Ocular changes, cranial nerve deficits, maxillary fractures, altered mentation ## Footnote Determined via principal component plots

Question 167

In Kelley's 2023 paper "Prognostic indicators for feline craniofacial trauma: a retrospective study of 114 cases," survival to discharge with treatment was stat sig associated with what imaging findings? ## Footnote Hoyer, Rawlinson Frontiers 2023

Answer 167

mandibular fractures and TMJ luxations ## Footnote Determined via principal component plots

Question 168

What type of tooth luxation injuries have the worst prognosis?

Answer 168

Intruded teeth ## Footnote Edstrom. Traumatic Intrusion of a Maxillary Canine Tooth: 3 Cases. JVD 2015

Question 169

What is the orbital floor composed of?

Answer 169

Medial pterygoid muscle Zygomatic salivary gland soft palate ## Footnote Duke, Synder. "Ocular Trauma Originating from Within the Oral Cavity: Clinical Relevance and Histologic Findings in 10 Cases (2003-2013)." JVD 2014

Question 170

In Duke's 2015 study "Ocular Trauma Originating from Within the Oral Cavity: Clinical Relevance and Histologic Findings in 10 Cases (2003-2013)," all cases of panophthalmitis presented to ophthalmologists how long after dental procedures? ## Footnote Synder. JVD 2015

Answer 170

Between 3 days and 6 weeks

Question 171

In Duke's 2015 study "Ocular Trauma Originating from Within the Oral Cavity: Clinical Relevance and Histologic Findings in 10 Cases (2003-2013)," what treatment was performed in all cases, how many cases had intraocular bacteria and how many had scleral perforations? ## Footnote Synder. JVD 2014

Answer 171

Enucleation performed in all cases intraocular bacteria 4/10 scleral perforation 6/10

Question 172

In Soltero-Rivera's 2019 paper "Fracture Limits of Maxillary Fourth Premolar Teeth in Domestic Dogs Under Applied Force," what was the mean maximum force that teeth would withstand and where was the force applied? ## Footnote Reiter Frontiers 2019

Answer 172

Mean maximum force = 1281N Force on occluso/palatal aspect of main cusps ## Footnote rigid chew material that fails to yield below 1,281 N would be considered to be a risk of fracturing a maxillary PM4

Question 173

In Soltero-Rivera's 2019 paper "Fracture Limits of Maxillary Fourth Premolar Teeth in Domestic Dogs Under Applied Force," what factor was stat sig associated with fracture resistance? ## Footnote Reiter, Frontiers 2019

Answer 173

Crown height to diameter ratio 1 unit increase in crown height/diameter ratio leads to max force decreased by 3,137N ## Footnote Decreased crown height ratio increases fracture resistance

Question 174

In Basuki's 2018 article "Repair of Bilateral Comminuted Mandibular Fractures in a 12-Week-Old-Puppy Using Locking and Nonlocking Maxillofacial Reconstruction Plates," which plates failed? ## Footnote Rawlinson, Palmer JVD 2018

Answer 174

The dorsal nonlocking plates

Question 175

Over what age does mandibular growth occur solely at the caudal border of the mandible? ## Footnote Basuki, Rawlinson, Palmer. "Repair of Bilateral Comminuted Mandibular Fractures in a 12-Week-Old-Puppy Using Locking and Nonlocking Maxillofacial Reconstruction Plates," JVD 2018

Answer 175

50 days

Question 176

In Basuki's 2018 article "Repair of Bilateral Comminuted Mandibular Fractures in a 12-Week-Old-Puppy Using Locking and Nonlocking Maxillofacial Reconstruction Plates," what alternative surgical options was suggested to avoid the complications encountered? ## Footnote Rawlinson, Palmer JVD 2018

Answer 176

single large bridging plate placed along ventral border of mandibles

Question 177

In Strom's 2016 article "Ankylosis and pseudoankylosis of the temporomandibular joint in 10 dogs (1993-2015)," what number of dogs had ankylosis, pseudoankylosis or both respectively? ## Footnote Strom, Arzi, Cissell, Verstraete. Vet Comp Ortho Traumatol 2016.

Answer 177

Ankylosis 2/10 Pseudoankylosis 7/10 Ankylosis + pseudoankylosis 1/10

Question 178

In Strom's 2016 article "Ankylosis and pseudoankylosis of the temporomandibular joint in 10 dogs (1993-2015)," what number of dogs that were treated surgically regained the ability to open their mouth and what number never regained a fully normal TMJ ROM? ## Footnote Arzi, Cissell, Verstraete. Vet Comp Ortho Traumatol 2016.

Answer 178

8/9 dogs regained ability to open mouth 6/9 never regained full TMJ ROM ## Footnote 1 dog had to be retreated surgically

Question 179

In Strom's 2016 article "Ankylosis and pseudoankylosis of the temporomandibular joint in 10 dogs (1993-2015)," how many dogs were euthanized intraoperatively and how many recieved blood transfusions during surgery? ## Footnote Arzi, Cissell, Verstraete. Vet Comp Ortho Traumatol 2016.

Answer 179

1 euthanized due to rapid, uncontrollable hemorrhage 2 received blood transfusions

Question 180

In Strom's 2016 article "Ankylosis and pseudoankylosis of the temporomandibular joint in 10 dogs (1993-2015)," psuedoankylosis occurred most commonly between what structures? ## Footnote Arzi, Cissell, Verstraete. Vet Comp Ortho Traumatol 2016.

Answer 180

Coronoid process or mandibular ramus with zygomatic arch ## Footnote Large breeds and females overrepresented

Question 181

What is biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) composed of and what are the contributions of its two main components? ## Footnote Girard. Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Microparticles Mixed with Autologous Blood: Application for the Reconstruction of a Large Mandibular Bone Defect in a Dog. JVD 2020

Answer 181

Beta-TCP: promotes tissue regeneration, rapidly resorbably Hydroxyapatite (HA): provides structural scaffold, not biodegradable ## Footnote Osteoconductive and inductive when combined with blood

Question 182

Girard's 2020 pilot trial, "Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Microparticles Mixed with Autologous Blood: Application for the Reconstruction of a Large Mandibular Bone Defect in a Dog," what were the surgical steps/phases performed? ## Footnote JVD 2020

Answer 182

First surgery: segmental mandibulectomy with piezotome Second surgery: performed 4 weeks postop, 3D prepared pre-op, locking plate contoured to ventral aspect of right mandible, BCP mixed with blood, plate placed, BRB cylinder placed in defect and closed

Question 183

In Girard's 2020 pilot trial, "Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Microparticles Mixed with Autologous Blood: Application for the Reconstruction of a Large Mandibular Bone Defect in a Dog," when was new bone bridging between the implant material and mandible bone observed and when were the margins of the defect no longer visible? ## Footnote JVD 2020

Answer 183

New bone bridging: 1 month postop CBCT Margins of defect no longer visible: 6 month postop CBCT

Question 184

In Girard's 2020 pilot trial, "Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Microparticles Mixed with Autologous Blood: Application for the Reconstruction of a Large Mandibular Bone Defect in a Dog," what were the size of BCP porous microparticles used and what percent composition of HA and Beta-TCP was used? ## Footnote JVD 2020

Answer 184

Microparticles 80-200nm HA 60% Beta-TCP 40%

Question 185

In Girard's 2020 study "The Use of Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Substitute (BCP) in Mandibular Defects in Dogs: Use of CBCT to Evaluate Bone Healing," what significant linear correlations were observed? ## Footnote JVD 2020

Answer 185

Between time of the CBCT examination and ratio of maximum HU value of the defect/implant to the contralateral mandible Between time of the CBCT exam and ratio of minimum HU value of the implant/defect to the contralateral mandible

Question 186

In Girard's 2020 study "The Use of Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Substitute (BCP) in Mandibular Defects in Dogs: Use of CBCT to Evaluate Bone Healing," what was the overall outcome? ## Footnote JVD 2020

Answer 186

All surgically created defects healed with evidence of bone regrowth and excellent return to function ## Footnote No large gap defects--> interdental wiring fracture repair, endo-perio lesions treated with extraction, periapical cysts/osteitis treated with endodontic surgery

Question 187

In Thatcher's 2020 paper "Diagnosis and Management of An Oronasal Fistula Secondary to Nasal Transmissible Venereal Tumor in a Dog," how was the tumor diagnosed and treated? ## Footnote JVD 2020

Answer 187

Diagnosed via CT, incisional biopsy, histo and IHC to rule out other round cell neoplasms Treated with vincristine 6 treatments q7 days 2 weeks after final chemo - a transposition U-shaped palatal flap 50% larger than defect ## Footnote No recurrence at 12 month follow up CT

Question 188

This is an example of what type of acquired palatal defect repair technique? How much larger should the flap be than the defect?

Answer 188

Transposition palatal U-shaped flap 50% larger ## Footnote Small triangle of tissue removed to facilitate movement of flap over defect (Burow’s triangle)

Question 189

In “Oronasal fistula repair using auricular cartilage” by RP Lorraine & L Legendre, where is the incision made at the donor site to obtain the graft segment?

Answer 189

Dorsal surface of the pinna

Question 190

In Feigin's 2019 study "Use of Platelet-Rich Plasma and Platelet-Rich Fibrin in Dentistry and Oral Surgery: Introduction and Review of the Literature," what are the advantages of PRF over PRP? ## Footnote Shope 2019

Answer 190

Simple preparation, minimal expense, absence of added anticoagulant or bovine thrombin PRF fibrin network forms a homogenous 3-D organization that has long-term effect on tissue healing by slowly releasing cytokines

Question 191

What is the advantage of using an auricular cartilage graft for refractory oronasal fistula repairs?

Answer 191

Provides underlying support for epithelial migration, rapid to obtain graft, autogenous graft; donor site heals with minimal complication

Question 192

Plalete-rich plasma should be used how soon after isoloation and when due release of growth factor begin and end after preparation? ## Footnote Feigin, Shope. "Use of Platelet-Rich Plasma and Platelet-Rich Fibrin in Dentistry and Oral Surgery: Introduction and Review of the Literature," JVD 2019.

Answer 192

Should be used with 4 hours of isolation Release of growth factors begins within 10 minutes after preparation, almost 95% growth factors secreted within first hour

Question 193

What cytokines and growth factors are present in platelet-rich fibrin and for how long are they released? ## Footnote Feigin, Shope. "Use of Platelet-Rich Plasma and Platelet-Rich Fibrin in Dentistry and Oral Surgery: Introduction and Review of the Literature," JVD 2019.

Answer 193

Interleukin 1Beta, IL-4, tumor necrosis factor alpha, PDF alpha and beta, insulin-like growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor Sustained release of growth factors for 1-4 weeks

Question 194

What critical size bone defect was determined in the 2009 mini pig article for defects retained by two reconstructive plates for models with and without periosteum respectively?

Answer 194

With periosteum 6cm Without periosteum 2cm

Question 195

In the 2016 JAVMA study, "Use of a split thickness soft palate hinged flap and bilateral buccal mucosal rotation flaps for one-stage repair of a bilateral hypoplastic soft palate in a dog" a pseudouvula was not a prominent feature in this dog. What makes up a pseudouvula and what concerns should one have for this dog given its lack of this structure?

Answer 195

A pseudouvula consists of palatine muscles (tensor and levator veli palatini), connective tissue and mucosa. Owners should be made aware that the absence of normal palatine muscle within the reconstructed palate may affect function.

Question 196

In Arzi's 2014 paper "Regenerating Mandibular Bone Using rhBMP-2: Part 1 Immediate Reconstruction of segmental Mandibulectomies," what concentration and volume of rhBMP-2 should be used in respect to calcium compression resistance matrix (CRM) volume and how much CRM should be used relative to mandibular defect dimensions? ## Footnote Vet Surg 2014

Answer 196

rhBMP 0.5mg/ml at 50% of CRM volume CRM should be 2mm longer than defect and 50-75% of mandibular bone height

Question 197

In Arzi's 2014 paper "Regenerating Mandibular Bone Using rhBMP-2: Part 1 Immediate Reconstruction of segmental Mandibulectomies," when was palable hard tissue present after surgery, when was the defect completely solid and when did the implant appear as native bone? ## Footnote Vet Surg 2014

Answer 197

Palpable hard tissue 2 weeks Defect completely solid 4 weeks Radiographically appeared as native bone: 3 months

Question 198

In the 2016 JAVMA study, "Use of a split thickness soft palate hinged flap and bilateral buccal mucosal rotation flaps for one-stage repair of a bilateral hypoplastic soft palate in a dog" what is their theory for bilateral soft palate hypoplasia?

Answer 198

Failure of fusion of the lateral palatine processes to the tissues that will form the tonsillar crypts, palatine tonsils, cranial and caudal tonsillar pillars

Question 199

What were the pros to the surgical approach in the 2016 JAVMA study, "Use of a split thickness soft palate hinged flap and bilateral buccal mucosal rotation flaps for one-stage repair of a bilateral hypoplastic soft palate in a dog"?

Answer 199

1 surgical procedure vs 2 (can only really performed when pseudouvula is not present), applicable to a variety of skull morphologies, robust tissue combination that is expected to be less prone to trauma

Question 200

In Arzi's 2014 paper "Regenerating Mandibular Bone Using rhBMP-2: Part 1 Immediate Reconstruction of segmental Mandibulectomies," why does intraoral incision oozing occur, when does it begin, peak and resolve? ## Footnote Vet Surg 2014

Answer 200

BMP induces inflammation since is chemotactic for inflammatory cells like PMN and osteoclast like cells Oozing begins on day 3, peaks at 1 week and resolves in 2-3 weeks

Question 201

In Arzi's 2014 paper "Regenerating Mandibular Bone Using rhBMP-2: Part 1 Immediate Reconstruction of segmental Mandibulectomies," do higher doses of BMP improve bone quality? ## Footnote Vet Surg 2014

Answer 201

No Higher doses --> more inflammation Does not improve bone quality

Question 202

In Arzi's 2014 paper "Regenerating Mandibular Bone Using rhBMP-2: Part 1 Immediate Reconstruction of segmental Mandibulectomies," what type of plate is recommended and when can BMP be placed at time of segmental mandibulectomy? ## Footnote Vet Surg 2014

Answer 202

Single 3mm titanium locking plate Acceptable to place BMP-2 immediately if confident about surgical margins, otherwise contraindicated, can plate locking plate and then place CRM and BMP 2 weeks later

Question 203

In Verstraete's 2015 study "Regenerating mandibular bone using rhBMP-2: Part 2 - Treatment of chronic, defect non-union fractures," how many dogs had normal healing with immediate return to function and normal occlusion following the procedure? When was hard tissue formation observed clinically and solid cortical bone formation? ## Footnote Vet Surg 2015

Answer 203

5/5 dogs Hard tissue formation clinically 2 weeks Solid cortical bone formation 3 months

Question 204

Bone morphogenic proteins are multifunctional growth factors within what growth factor family, and what form of bone formation do they initiate? ## Footnote Verstraete, Arzi. "Regenerating mandibular bone using rhBMP-2: Part 2 - Treatment of chronic, defect non-union fractures," Vet Surg 2015

Answer 204

Transforming growth factor Beta family Initiate ectopic bone formation

Question 205

In Arzi's 2015 study "Regenerative Approach to Bilateral Rostral Mandibular Reconstruction in a Case Series of Dogs," what complications were observed?

Answer 205

1 dog: plate exposure at 14 days through mucosa--> mucosal flap repair 1 dog: CRM material dislodged at 6 days postop, revision surgery with new rhBMP-2 infused CRM not performed due to contamination

Question 205

In Arzi's 2015 study "Regenerative Approach to Bilateral Rostral Mandibular Reconstruction in a Case Series of Dogs," a single titanium locking plate was contoured in a horseshoe shape to extend rostrally to the level of what maxillary teeth? ## Footnote Frontiers 2015

Answer 205

Maxillary first premolar/canine teeth

Question 206

In Arzi's 2016 ex vivo study "Biomechanical evaluation of two plating configurations for critical-sized defects of the mandible in dogs," what two plating configurations were tested? ## Footnote Verstraete JVD 2016

Answer 206

LP: single locking plate halfway between dorsal and ventral borders LMP: locking plate +alveolar miniplate

Question 207

In Arzi's 2016 ex vivo study "Biomechanical evaluation of two plating configurations for critical-sized defects of the mandible in dogs," what values of test mandibles were < 30% values for intact mandibles and < 45% values for intact mandibles respectively? ## Footnote Verstraete JVD 2016

Answer 207

Stiffness and yield loads < 30% values of intact mandibles Failure loads < 45% intact mandibles

Question 208

In Arzi's 2016 ex vivo study "Biomechanical evaluation of two plating configurations for critical-sized defects of the mandible in dogs," the LMP (2 plate) construct had what differences compared to the LP (single plate) construct? ## Footnote Verstraete JVD 2016

Answer 208

LMP construct had greater stiffness and strength prior to yield (2x more) Frequency of screw penetration of teeth and mandibular canal sig greater for LMP than single LP constructs

Question 209

In Arzi's 2016 ex vivo study "Biomechanical evaluation of two plating configurations for critical-sized defects of the mandible in dogs," the authors conclude that which construct may not be clincally justifiable? ## Footnote Verstraete JVD 2016

Answer 209

LMP ## Footnote No consistent biomechanical differences at failure between LP and LMP. LMP had greater stiffness and strength prior to yield

Question 210

What are the properties/advantages of locking plates/screws? ## Footnote Synder. Successful Treatment of Mandibular Nonunion with Cortical Allograft, Cancellous Autograft, and Locking Titanium Miniplates in a Dog. JVD 2016

Answer 210

provide increased implant stiffness with a fixed angle construct and lack the requirement for accurate plate contouring to match bone surface

Question 211

Do standard nonlocking implants require the implant to be anatomic to the bone surface? ## Footnote Synder. Successful Treatment of Mandibular Nonunion with Cortical Allograft, Cancellous Autograft, and Locking Titanium Miniplates in a Dog. JVD 2016

Answer 211

Yes

Question 212

In Synder's 2016 study "Successful Treatment of Mandibular Nonunion with Cortical Allograft, Cancellous Autograft, and Locking Titanium Miniplates in a Dog," when complete osseointegration of the graft visible on rads? ## Footnote JVD 2016

Answer 212

12 months postop

Question 213

In Synder's 2016 study "Successful Treatment of Mandibular Nonunion with Cortical Allograft, Cancellous Autograft, and Locking Titanium Miniplates in a Dog," where was the corticocancellous autograft obtained from? ## Footnote JVD 2016

Answer 213

Left proximal humerus

Question 214

In Lorraine's 2012 article "Oronasal Fistula Repair Using Auricular Cartilage," what size does the cartilage graft need to be relative to the defect? ## Footnote Legendre. JVD 2012

Answer 214

Graft only needs to be a few millimeters larger than defect in all directions to anchor sutures in corners since cartilage does not shrink

Question 215

In Lorraine's 2012 article "Oronasal Fistula Repair Using Auricular Cartilage," what was the outcome? ## Footnote Legendre. JVD 2012

Answer 215

All 7 treated ONF healed completely within 2 weeks following surgery No complications or permanent deformation at donor site

Question 216

What fails to occur during development leading to bilateral soft palate hypoplasia? ## Footnote Mullins. Use of a split thickness soft palate hinged flap and bilateral buccal mucosal rotation flaps for one-stage repair of a bilateral hypoplastic soft palate in a dog. JAVMA 2016

Answer 216

Failure of fusion of the lateral palatine processes to the tissues that will form the tonsillar crypts, palatine tonsils, cranial and caudal tonsillar pillars

Question 217

In Mullins' 2016 paper "Use of a split thickness soft palate hinged flap and bilateral buccal mucosal rotation flaps for one-stage repair of a bilateral hypoplastic soft palate in a dog," this technique is suitable for dogs withoout what prominent anatomical feature? ## Footnote JAVMA 2016

Answer 217

Pseudouvula ## Footnote lack of a pseudouvula means that patient is lacking palatine muscles (tensor and levaotr veli palatini) that are necessary for functional soft palate

Question 218

This image shows what soft palatal defect repair technique and what defect is being repaired?

Answer 218

split thickness soft palate hinged flap and bilateral buccal mucosal rotation flaps for one-stage repair of a bilateral hypoplastic soft palate in a dog

Question 219

What is the frequency of live births with cleft palates in people vs dogs? ## Footnote Peralta, Fiani, Verstraete. Morphological Evaluation of Clefts of the Lip, Palate or Both in Dogs. Am J Vet Res 2017

Answer 219

People: 1.5 -3.2 cases /1000 live births Beagles: 1.1 cases/1000 live births

Question 220

What are the disadvantages of the LAHSHAL classification system of cleft palates? ## Footnote Peralta, Fiani, Verstraete. Morphological Evaluation of Clefts of the Lip, Palate or Both in Dogs. Am J Vet Res 2017

Answer 220

Does not account for shape or relative width of defects, abnormalities of vomer or asymmetry of facial structures

Question 221

What are the skull index values for brachychephalic, mesaticephalic and dolichocephalic dogs? ## Footnote Peralta, Fiani, Verstraete. Morphological Evaluation of Clefts of the Lip, Palate or Both in Dogs. Am J Vet Res 2017

Answer 221

> 66.5 brachycephalic 45.5-66.5 mesaticephalic dogs < 45.5 dolichocephalic dogs

Question 222

In Peralta's 2017 study "Morphological Evaluation of Clefts of the Lip, Palate or Both in Dogs," what skull type was not identified in their 32 cases and what was the most common cleft type for palate vs lip?

Answer 222

No dolichocephalic dogs Cleft palate 72%

Question 223

In Peralta's 2017 study "Morphological Evaluation of Clefts of the Lip, Palate or Both in Dogs," for cleft hard palates (secondary cleft only) what skull type was most frequently affected and what was the most common shape?

Answer 223

Mesaticephalic 57% Pyriform most common 43% ## Footnote C. Pyriform

Question 224

A, B, C and D show what shape of hard palatal defects? ## Footnote Peralta, Fiani, Verstraete. Morphological Evaluation of Clefts of the Lip, Palate or Both in Dogs. Am J Vet Res 2017

Answer 224

A. Divergent B. Parallel C. Pyriform D. Oval-shaped

Question 225

In Peralta's 2017 study "Morphological Evaluation of Clefts of the Lip, Palate or Both in Dogs," what was the most common cleft soft palate defect shape and what percent of dogs had an abnormal vomer?

Answer 225

Most common cleft palate shape: parallel 57% Vomer abnormal in 74% dogs with CP

Question 226

In Peralta's 2017 study "Morphological Evaluation of Clefts of the Lip, Palate or Both in Dogs," what was the most common skull type for dogs with cleft lip and those with both cleft lip and palate?

Answer 226

Cleft lip and cleft palate: 4/4 dogs brachycephalic Cleft Lip: 4/5 dogs brachycephalic ## Footnote Bilateral most common between second and third incisors

Question 227

In Peralta's 2017 study "Morphological Evaluation of Clefts of the Lip, Palate or Both in Dogs," what was the most common severity of hard palate defect width vs cleft lip dogs?

Answer 227

Most hard palate defects moderate or severe No defects severe in cleft lip dogs

Question 228

In Peralta's 2017 study "Morphological Evaluation of Clefts of the Lip, Palate or Both in Dogs," what was the rationale given for why 4/5 unilateral cleft were left sided (consistent with human lit)?

Answer 228

The left palatal shelf goes into a horizontal position later than the right → wider time frame for defects to occur

Question 229

What is the embryogenesis of the primary palate? ## Footnote Fiani, Verstraete. Reconstruction of Congenital Nose, Cleft Primary Palate, and Lip Disorders. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2016.

Answer 229

paired maxillary processes (these eventually form the incisive bone rostral to the fissures)) grow medially and push the medial & lateral processes towards the midline where they merge to form the base of the nose and the upper lip

Question 230

What is the embryogenesis of the secondary palate? ## Footnote Fiani, Verstraete. Reconstruction of Congenital Nose, Cleft Primary Palate, and Lip Disorders. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2016.

Answer 230

The left & right palatine processes grow horizontally from the maxillary processes towards the midline and fuse with the Vomer which grows ventrally from the frontonasal process along the midline.

Question 231

What defect is shown? ## Footnote Fiani, Verstraete. Reconstruction of Congenital Nose, Cleft Primary Palate, and Lip Disorders. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2016.

Answer 231

Bifid nose

Question 232

In Boudrieau's 2014 paper "Initial Experience With rhBMP-2 Delivered in a Compressive Resistant Matrix for Mandibular Reconstruction in 5 Dogs," what was the success rate and most common complications?" ## Footnote Vet Surg 2014

Answer 232

Successful longterm outcome for all 5 cases Gingival dehiscence 1/5, late plate exposure 3/5, exuberant cystic bone formation 2/5

Question 233

What characteristics of cleft lips necessitate surgical intervention? ## Footnote Fiani N, Verstraete FJ, Arzi B. Reconstruction of Congenital Nose, Cleft Primary Palate, and Lip Disorders. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2016

Answer 233

Clefts involving the nasal floor, alveolar margin, and incisive bone should be repaired

Question 234

At what age is repair of clefts of the primary palate recommended? ## Footnote Fiani N, Verstraete FJ, Arzi B. Reconstruction of Congenital Nose, Cleft Primary Palate, and Lip Disorders. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2016

Answer 234

When all permanent incisors and canines have erupted: 4-6 months

Question 235

During this primary cleft lip repair, what muscle is the instrument pointing to? ## Footnote Fiani N, Verstraete FJ, Arzi B. Reconstruction of Congenital Nose, Cleft Primary Palate, and Lip Disorders. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2016

Answer 235

Orbicularis oris muscle

Question 236

In Shannon's 2022 study "Surgical Repair of Acquired Oronasal Fistulas Secondary to Periodontal Disease in Dogs Using a Flexible Bone Membrane: A Case Series," what was the consensus regarding use of flexible bone membranes on surgical outcome? ## Footnote JVD 2022

Answer 236

Bone membrane used in 4/7 successful repairs and 2/3 unsuccessful repairs No bone membrane used in 3/7 successful repairs and 1/3 unsuccessful repair Use of flexible bone membrane did not necessarily improve surgical outcome ## Footnote larger trials needed, only 10 cases

Question 237

In de Frietas's 2016 paper "Bridging Plate Development for Treatment of Segmental Bone Defects of the Canine Mandible: Mechanical Tests and Finite Element Method," what differences were seen for large breed and Poodle 3D printed mandibular constructs? ## Footnote JVD 2016

Answer 237

Big breeds – high force concentration at the caudal plate and screws 1 and 4 Poodles – high force concentration at the center of the plate and none of the screws

Question 238

In Graciani's 2023 study "Histological, Immunohistochemical, Biomechanical, and Wettability Evaluations of the Leukocyte- and Platelet-Rich Fibrin Membranes Derived from Canine Blood," what growth factors were expressed in all samples in both the cellular components and fibrin mesh? ## Footnote JVD 2023

Answer 238

Vascular endothelial growth factor Platelet derived growth factors

Question 239

In Graciani's 2023 study "Histological, Immunohistochemical, Biomechanical, and Wettability Evaluations of the Leukocyte- and Platelet-Rich Fibrin Membranes Derived from Canine Blood," at what time frame did the membranes have greater tensile strength? ## Footnote JVD 2023. The tensile test and wettability assessments were measured in membranes 30 min and 3 h after production. Tensile measured with a machine under a displacement rate of 5 mm/min at room temperature. Wettability assessed surface absorption with a machine

Answer 239

The 30 min L-PRF membranes supported twice the ultimate tensile strength compared to 3 h L-PRF membranes

Question 240

What are the surgical treatment options for TMJ pseudoankylosis and ankylosis? ## Footnote Renner, Thatcher. "Combined Gap and Interpositional Arthroplasty Utilizing Three-Dimensional Printed Model in a Dog with Temporomandibular Joint Ankylosis and Pseudoankylosis." JVD 2022

Answer 240

Mandibular excisional ostectomy Mandibular condylectomy Gap arthroplasty Segmental mandibulectomy

Question 241

In Renner's 2022 study "Combined Gap and Interpositional Arthroplasty Utilizing Three-Dimensional Printed Model in a Dog with Temporomandibular Joint Ankylosis and Pseudoankylosis," what was utilized for the interpositional arthroplasty and what was its purpose? ## Footnote JVD 2023

Answer 241

Temporalis myofascial flap Role to function as autologous interpositional material to prevent continued osseous healing and further pseudoankylosis ## Footnote A superficial flap from the caudoventral aspect of the temporalis muscle was sharply dis- sected with fascia attached and reflected caudoventrally to facil- itate attachment to the periosteum of the remaining temporal bone

Question 242

In Roman's 2019 study "Incidence patterns of orofacial clefts in purebred dogs," what was the incidence of orofacial clefts reported, and what percent of those clefts were cleft lip, cleft palate, and cleft lip with cleft lip with cleft palate ## Footnote PLos 2019. Survey sent out to breeders.

Answer 242

3% overall incidence CL 26% CP 59% CLP 15%

Question 243

In Roman's 2019 study "Incidence patterns of orofacial clefts in purebred dogs," what breeds were at an increased risk of developing orofacial clefts when compared to Labs (most prevalent breed)? ## Footnote PLoS 2019

Answer 243

Boston Terrier, French Bulldgo, Cavalier King Charles Spaniel, Papillon

Question 244

In Roman's 2019 study "Incidence patterns of orofacial clefts in purebred dogs," what skull type and genetic clusters were at an increased risk of orofacial clefts?

Answer 244

Brachycephalic Mastiff/terrier genetic cluster Ancient genetic cluster ## Footnote Skull type found to be a significant predictor while genetic cluster was not

Question 245

In Roman's 2019 study "Incidence patterns of orofacial clefts in purebred dogs," what geographic location was at a decreased odds of orofacial clefts?

Answer 245

Midwest

Question 246

In Roman's 2019 study "Incidence patterns of orofacial clefts in purebred dogs," overall what factors are of importance in the development of orofacial clefts?

Answer 246

Breed Genetic cluster Skull type

Question 247

Which branchial arch forms the mandible, maxilla and Meckels cartilage? ## Footnote Craniomaxillofacial abnormalities in dogs with congenital palatal defects: computed tomographic findings. Nemec et al Veterinary Surgery 2014

Answer 247

First branchial arch

Question 248

The incisive bone forms from fusion of what processes? ## Footnote Craniomaxillofacial abnormalities in dogs with congenital palatal defects: computed tomographic findings. Nemec et al Veterinary Surgery 2014

Answer 248

Medial nasal processes

Question 249

Fusion of what processes results in formation of the upper lip, alveolar process and primary palate? ## Footnote Craniomaxillofacial abnormalities in dogs with congenital palatal defects: computed tomographic findings. Nemec et al Veterinary Surgery 2014

Answer 249

Fusion of nasal processes with maxillary processes at palatine fissures

Question 250

In Nemec's 2014 paper "Craniomaxillofacial abnormalities in dogs with congenital palatal defects: computed tomographic findings," the bony defect was larger than the soft tissue defect in how many dogs, and how many dogs had at least 1 craniofacial abnormality associated with the congential palatal defect? ## Footnote Vet Surg 2014

Answer 250

Bony defect larger than soft tissue in all dogs All dogs had at least 1 craniofacial abnormality

Question 251

In Nemec's 2014 paper "Craniomaxillofacial abnormalities in dogs with congenital palatal defects: computed tomographic findings," what were the two most common craniofacial defects other than palatal defects? ## Footnote Vet Surg 2014

Answer 251

Hypoplastic tympanic bullae most common (6/9 dogs) Nasal septum defect 2nd most common

Question 252

In Conze's 2018 study "Management of cleft palate in puppies using a temporary prosthesis: A report of three cases," what was the prosthesis made out of and until what age was it utilized?

Answer 252

children mouth gaurd made out of thermoplastic silicone Used until patients were 6 weeks old and were transitioned to puppy milk mixed with wet food ## Footnote Mouthgaurd able to be fit on conscious puppies

Question 253

In Peralta's 2018 study "Outcomes of surgical repair of congenital palatal defects in dogs," surgical defect repair achieved functional success in what percent of dogs and what percent of dogs had an ONF form after initial repair? ## Footnote Fiani, Verstraete. JAVMA 2018

Answer 253

Functional success in 85% (22/26) ONF 50% (13/26) ## Footnote Hard palate most common ONF location Revision surgery performed in 12/13 cases

Question 254

In Peralta's 2018 study "Outcomes of surgical repair of congenital palatal defects in dogs," what associations between age and outcome were noted? ## Footnote Fiani, Verstraete. JAVMA 2018

Answer 254

ONF formation more common in dogs > 8 months of age at time of repair ONF at junction of hard and soft palate more common in dogs > 8 months and with hx of failed surgical repair

Question 255

In Peralta's 2018 study "Outcomes of surgical repair of congenital palatal defects in dogs," what was the association between weight at time of initial repair and outcome? ## Footnote Fiani, Verstraete. JAVMA 2018

Answer 255

Unsuccessful functional outcome more common in dogs weighing < 1kg (2.2lbs)

Question 256

What were the results of the retrospective study, "Surgical Treatment and Outcome of Acquired Midline Palate Defects in Cats" written by Castejon in 2022?

Answer 256

They indicate that the early treatment (within 5 days) of the acquired longitudinal defects in the midline of the hard and soft palates is highly successful.

Question 257

The images below show what cleft palate repair technique? ## Footnote Peralta, Fiani, Verstraete. "Outcomes of surgical repair of congenital palatal defects in dogs," JAVMA 2018

Answer 257

von Langenbeck

Question 258

The images below show what cleft palate repair technique ## Footnote Peralta, Fiani, Verstraete. "Outcomes of surgical repair of congenital palatal defects in dogs," JAVMA 2018

Answer 258

Overlapping flap

Question 259

In Peralta's 2018 study "Outcomes of surgical repair of congenital palatal defects in dogs," what was the most common hard palate defect closure technique performed, what percent were stagged, and what percent were closed as a two layer closure? ## Footnote Fiani, Verstraete. JAVMA 2018

Answer 259

Overlapping flap most common 62% Staged approach 35% Two layer closure 85%

Question 260

In Peralta's 2018 study "Outcomes of surgical repair of congenital palatal defects in dogs," what variables did not have a significant affect on outcome? ## Footnote Fiani, Verstraete. JAVMA 2018

Answer 260

Skull type Defect severity Surgical technique to close hard or soft palate Number of tissue layers for hard and soft palate Staged vs not staged

Question 261

In Castejon-Gonzalez's 2022 paper "Surgical Treatment and Outcome of Acquired Midline Palate Defects in Cats," what was the most common trauma etiology and what percent of cats were < 4 years old? ## Footnote Reiter. Frontiers 2022

Answer 261

High rise 68% (17/25) 80% cats < 4 yro ## Footnote All cats treated within 5 days of trauma

Question 262

In Castejon-Gonzalez's 2022 paper "Surgical Treatment and Outcome of Acquired Midline Palate Defects in Cats," what percent of cats had a bilateral vs unilateral pedicle flap vs direct mucoperiosteal apposition without releasing incisions? ## Footnote Reiter. Frontiers 2022

Answer 262

Bilateral pedicle: 32% Unilateral pedicle: 16% Direction mucoperiosteal apposition: 28%

Question 263

In Castejon-Gonzalez's 2022 paper "Surgical Treatment and Outcome of Acquired Midline Palate Defects in Cats," what percent of cats had 1 layer closure and what percent had interquadrant splinting? ## Footnote Reiter. Frontiers 2022

Answer 263

1 layer closure: 60% Interquadrant splinting: 20% cases ## Footnote defects extending rostrally in hard palate benefit from stablization of midface with splint

Question 264

In Castejon-Gonzalez's 2022 paper "Surgical Treatment and Outcome of Acquired Midline Palate Defects in Cats," what was success rate and what complications were noted? ## Footnote Reiter. Frontiers 2022

Answer 264

all cats with follow up completely healed on conscious oral exam Malocclusion only complication

Question 265

In Castejon-Gonzalez's 2022 paper "Surgical Treatment and Outcome of Acquired Midline Palate Defects in Cats," development of malocclusions was associated was stat sig associated with what factors? ## Footnote Reiter. Frontiers 2022.

Answer 265

TMJ injury underwent CT scan feeding tube placed before discharge

Question 266

In Kahnberg's 1988 study "Healing of experimental midline osteotomies in the rat palate," oronasal fistulae formed in what percent of rats when the bony edges were 2mm apart vs 1mm apart and the palatal mucosa left to heal by second intention? ## Footnote Swed Dent J 1988. Referenced by Castejon-Gonzalez's "Surgical Treatment and Outcome of Acquired Midline Palate Defects in Cats," Frontiers 2022

Answer 266

2mm: 85% 1mm: 33%

Question 267

What tooth is at the level of the major palatine foramen in the cat?

Answer 267

PM4 ## Footnote also in the dog, minor palatine foramen at level of M1 in dog

Question 268

Healing of oral mucosa in cleft palate models occurs for the midline incision (first intention) and lateral releasing incisions (second intention) in how many days? ## Footnote Referenced by Castejon-Gonzalez's "Surgical Treatment and Outcome of Acquired Midline Palate Defects in Cats," Frontiers 2022

Answer 268

Midline incision: 7 days Lateral releasing incisions/second intention: 3-5 weeks

Question 269

What is the difference between a major and minor salivary gland?

Answer 269

Major gland: has a duct and produces a significant volume of saliva Minor gland: No main duct

Question 270

In Rigby's 2021 study "Impact of the Surgical Environment on the Incidence, Timing, and Severity of Complications Associated with Oromaxillofacial Oncologic Surgery in Dogs," what was the overall incidence of complications? ## Footnote Soukup. Frontiers 2021

Answer 270

69.9%

Question 271

In Rigby's 2021 study "Impact of the Surgical Environment on the Incidence, Timing, and Severity of Complications Associated with Oromaxillofacial Oncologic Surgery in Dogs," what factors were not stat sig associated with increased complications? ## Footnote Soukup, Frontiers 2021

Answer 271

Anesthetic time Residents in training vs faculty performing surgery OR vs dental suite Surgical instrument used for ostectomy

Question 272

In Rigby's 2021 study "Impact of the Surgical Environment on the Incidence, Timing, and Severity of Complications Associated with Oromaxillofacial Oncologic Surgery in Dogs," were minor or major complications most prevalent? ## Footnote Minor complications did not require any further medical or surgical treatment

Answer 272

Minor complications most prevalent 45%

Question 273

In Rigby's 2021 study "Impact of the Surgical Environment on the Incidence, Timing, and Severity of Complications Associated with Oromaxillofacial Oncologic Surgery in Dogs," what percent of procedures with major complications required a second surgical procedure? ## Footnote Soukup. Frontiers 2021

Answer 273

Up to 33%

Question 274

In Rigby's 2021 study "Impact of the Surgical Environment on the Incidence, Timing, and Severity of Complications Associated with Oromaxillofacial Oncologic Surgery in Dogs," what percent of patients had complications indentified > 30 days following surgical procedure? ## Footnote Soukup, Frontiers 2021

Answer 274

25% ## Footnote authors recommend a post-surgical recheck appointment >30 days following a procedure in addition to the standard 2-week post-surgical assessment.

Question 275

In Rigby's 2021 study "Impact of the Surgical Environment on the Incidence, Timing, and Severity of Complications Associated with Oromaxillofacial Oncologic Surgery in Dogs," what was the most prevalent complication? ## Footnote Soukup. Frontiers 2021

Answer 275

Dehiscence (55/301)

Question 276

In Rodriguez's 2021 article "Fatal Complications of Nasogastric Tube Misplacement in Two Dogs," what recommendations were made to avoid misplacement of NG tube into respiratory tree? ## Footnote J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2021

Answer 276

direct visualization of larynx during intraoperative placement with laryngoscope Multiple view radiographs Capnography (not yet validated clinically) Negative pressure (not yet prospectively studied)

Question 277

In Taney's 2021 study "Risk Factors for Failure of Hard Palate Mucoperiosteal Flap Repair of Acquired Oronasal Communication in Dogs: A Pilot Study," what was the assocation between age, sex and weight with flap failure? ## Footnote Frontiers 2021

Answer 277

Age and sex not associated with flap failure For every kg increase in BW, the odds of flap failure decreased by 6%

Question 278

In Taney's 2021 study "Risk Factors for Failure of Hard Palate Mucoperiosteal Flap Repair of Acquired Oronasal Communication in Dogs: A Pilot Study," what wasa the overall flap failure rate and what was the association of patients with neoplasia to flap failure? ## Footnote Frontiers 2021

Answer 278

25% flaps failed Patients with presence of neoplasia prior to surgery had 4.5x odds of failure compared to those without

Question 279

In Taney's 2021 study "Risk Factors for Failure of Hard Palate Mucoperiosteal Flap Repair of Acquired Oronasal Communication in Dogs: A Pilot Study," what was the association with use of a CO2 laser and flap area and distance traveled on flap failure? ## Footnote Frontiers 2021

Answer 279

Use of CO2 laser was found to have 3.69 fold increased risk of failure Flap area and distance traveled greater in cases that failed

Question 280

In Taney's 2021 study "Risk Factors for Failure of Hard Palate Mucoperiosteal Flap Repair of Acquired Oronasal Communication in Dogs: A Pilot Study," what the association between flap blood supply or previous surgeries and same site with flap failure? ## Footnote Frontiers 2021

Answer 280

No significant differences in blood supply or previous surgeries at the same site

Question 281

In Volk's 2018 paper "Ophthalmic complications following ocular penetration during routine dentistry in 13 cats," what number of cases had transoral maxillary nerve blocks and what percent required enucleation? ## Footnote Fiani. New Zealand Vet Journal 2018

Answer 281

intraoral maxillary nerve block 8/13 54% enucleation

Question 282

In MacLellan's 2018 study "Intraoperative and postoperative complications of partial maxillectomy for the treatment of oral tumors in dogs," what was the most common intraoperative complication and what approaches and procedures were most likely to have this complication? ## Footnote Rawlinson, Worley. JAVMA 2018

Answer 282

Most common intraoperative complication: excessive surgical bleeding 53% dogs Dorsolateral approach + intraoral approach: 4x more likely to receive blood transfusion Caudal maxillectomy and complete maxillectomy sig more likely: 3x more likely to receive blood transfusion ## Footnote 43% of dogs had an intraop blood transfusion

Question 283

In MacLellan's 2018 study "Intraoperative and postoperative complications of partial maxillectomy for the treatment of oral tumors in dogs," oronasal fistulas formed in what percent of dogs, and what was the association between risk of oronasal formation and duration of surgery? ## Footnote Rawlinson, Worley. JAVMA 2018

Answer 283

ONF 11% dogs For every 1 min increase in surgery time the risk of fistula formation increased by 2%

Question 284

In MacLellan's 2018 study "Intraoperative and postoperative complications of partial maxillectomy for the treatment of oral tumors in dogs," what was the most prevalent complication within 48 hours and 48h to 4 weeks after surgery? ## Footnote Rawlinson, Worley. JAVMA 2018

Answer 284

< 48 hours: epistaxis 51% 48h to 4 weeks: Lip trauma 13% ## Footnote Difficulty eating, wound dehiscence and ONF formation all occurred at 11% prevalence

Question 285

In Gracis' 2016 article "Vertical Mandibular Range of Motion in Anesthetized Dogs and Cats," what was the overall mean vertical range of motion of dogs and cats respectively? ## Footnote Frontiers 2016

Answer 285

Dogs: 107 +/- 30mm Cats Cats: 62 +/- 8mm

Question 286

In Gracis' 2016 article "Vertical Mandibular Range of Motion in Anesthetized Dogs and Cats," what was the association with age with dogs and cats respectively? ## Footnote Frontiers 2016

Answer 286

Dogs: vmROM did not correlate with age Cats: weak positive correlation with age

Question 287

In Lothamer's 2015 study "Crown Preservation of the mandibular first molar tooth impacts the strength and stiffness of 3 non-invasive jaw fracture repair constructs in dogs," what three constructs were tested and which had the greatest bending stiffness and load to failure regardless of crown presence? ## Footnote Synder. Frontiers 2015

Answer 287

Composite only (CO) Interdental wiring and composite (IWC) Transmucosal fixation screw and composite (TSC) IWC had greatest bending stiffness and load to failure regardless of status of crown presence

Question 288

In Lothamer's 2015 study "Crown Preservation of the mandibular first molar tooth impacts the strength and stiffness of 3 non-invasive jaw fracture repair constructs in dogs," when the crown was removed which construct was sig stronger compared to the others, and when the crown was preserved what variable was greater for all constructs?

Answer 288

IWC sig strongers All constructs stiffer when crown M1 preserved ## Footnote CO not sig stiffer

Question 289

In Lothamer's 2015 study "Crown Preservation of the mandibular first molar tooth impacts the strength and stiffness of 3 non-invasive jaw fracture repair constructs in dogs," did cohesive or adhesive failure occur most commonly? ## Footnote Synder. Frontiers 2015

Answer 289

Cohesive failure (fracture of construct) in 73% specimens ## Footnote adhesive failure (decrease in load resulting from separation of the apparatus from tooth structure) occurred in 27% specimens

Question 290

In Lothamer's 2015 study "Crown Preservation of the mandibular first molar tooth impacts the strength and stiffness of 3 non-invasive jaw fracture repair constructs in dogs," an increase in stiffness was significant for what constructs when the crown was present? ## Footnote Synder. Frontiers 2015

Answer 290

IWC TSC

Question 291

In people what cortical bone thickness significantly improves the success of mini implants? ## Footnote Snyder CJ, Soukup JW. Caudal mandibular bone height and buccal cortical bone thickness measured by computed tomography in healthy dogs. Veterinary Surgery 2016;

Answer 291

greater than 1mm

Question 292

In Snyder's 2016 prospective study, "Caudal mandibular bone height and buccal cortical bone thickness measured by computed tomography in healthy dogs," buccal bone thickness was < 2mm in all weight groups at what level/measurement with what exceptions? ## Footnote Soukup. Vet Surg 2016

Answer 292

3mm ventral from alveolar margin dogs < 10kg at region of interproximal PM4/M1 and regions extending from furcations of M1 to caudal M2 10-20kg group: caudal M2

Question 293

In Snyder's 2016 prospective study, "Caudal mandibular bone height and buccal cortical bone thickness measured by computed tomography in healthy dogs," cortical bone thickness was < 2mm at 6mm ventral from alveolar crest at mesial root of PM4 and mesial root of M1 in what weight groups respectively? ## Footnote Soukup. Vet Surg 2016

Answer 293

mesial PM4: 10-20kg and > 20kg groups Mesial M1: all three groups

Question 294

In Snyder's 2016 prospective study, "Caudal mandibular bone height and buccal cortical bone thickness measured by computed tomography in healthy dogs," what weight group had a buccal cortical bone thickness <2mm at all locations 3mm ventral from alveolar crest? ## Footnote Soukup. Vet Surg 2016

Answer 294

> 20kg group

Question 295

In Snyder's 2016 prospective study, "Caudal mandibular bone height and buccal cortical bone thickness measured by computed tomography in healthy dogs," buccal bone was > 2mm at greater than or equal to 9mm from alveolar margin in what locations in what weight groups? ## Footnote Soukup. Vet Surg 2016

Answer 295

All locations except 9mm ventral to alveolar margin overlying mesial root of M1 in dogs < 10kg

Question 296

In Snyder's 2016 prospective study, "Caudal mandibular bone height and buccal cortical bone thickness measured by computed tomography in healthy dogs," at what location did each group exhibit a reduction in number of measurements?

Answer 296

Distal M1

Question 297

According to Snyder's 2016 prospective study, "Caudal mandibular bone height and buccal cortical bone thickness measured by computed tomography in healthy dogs," what factors predispose mandibular fractures to occurring at distal M1?

Answer 297

Thin cortical bone with decreased mandibular height

Question 298

According to Snyder's 2016 prospective study, "Caudal mandibular bone height and buccal cortical bone thickness measured by computed tomography in healthy dogs," where should anchorage be placed below the alveolar margin for caudal mandibular fracture repair?

Answer 298

6-9mm below alveolar margin where cortical bone is thicker

Question 299

In people how many screws per fracture segment has been shown to have increased resistance to failure? ## Footnote Snyder CJ, Soukup JW. Caudal mandibular bone height and buccal cortical bone thickness measured by computed tomography in healthy dogs. Veterinary Surgery 2016;

Answer 299

3

Question 300

In people, has the number of screws per fracture segment or whether screws are monocortical vs bicortical been shown to have more effect on determining how load forces are distributed in a 2.0mm adaption plate? ## Footnote Snyder CJ, Soukup JW. Caudal mandibular bone height and buccal cortical bone thickness measured by computed tomography in healthy dogs. Veterinary Surgery 2016

Answer 300

Screws per fracture segment

Question 301

In Snyder's 2016 prospective study, "Caudal mandibular bone height and buccal cortical bone thickness measured by computed tomography in healthy dogs," what weight group had increasing cortical bone thickness at depths closer to the alveolar margin than the other groups?

Answer 301

< 10 kg vs larger dogs

Question 302

What is the salivary pH of humans vs dogs?

Answer 302

Humans pH 6.5-7.5 Dogs pH 8.5-8.65 ## Footnote Humans more acidic, more predisposed to caries Dogs higher pH, increased precipitation of calcium salts, increased calculus accumulation

Question 303

What is the overall prevalence of salivary gland disease in small animals?

Answer 303

0.3%

Question 304

What vessels form the rostral border of the parotid salivary gland and what vital structures live deep to it? ## Footnote VCA

Answer 304

Rostral border: cranial auricular artery and vein, transverse facial artery Deep border: Facial nerve, maxillary and superficial temporal arteries

Question 305

The buccal lymph node is present in what percent of dogs?

Answer 305

< 10%

Question 306

What are the major salivary glands in dogs?

Answer 306

Mandibular, sublingual, parotid, zygomatic

Question 307

In Lieske's 2020 study "A retrospective study of salivary gland diseases in 179 dogs (2010-2018)," what was the main reason for sample submission and were there are sex or breed predispositions? ## Footnote J of Vet Diagnostic Investigation 2020

Answer 307

Regional swelling 60% cases No sex or breed predisposition

Question 308

In Lieske's 2020 study "A retrospective study of salivary gland diseases in 179 dogs (2010-2018)," what percent of cases showed nonspecific inflammation, no pathologic changes, or neoplasia? (Three most common diagnoses) ## Footnote J of Vet Diagnostic Investigation 2020

Answer 308

Nonspecific inflammation/non specific sialoadenitis 49.7% No pathologic changes 23% Neoplasia 20% ## Footnote Nonspecific sialoadenitis usually associated with sialocele or sialoliths 88% of neoplasms epithelial

Question 309

In Lieske's 2020 study "A retrospective study of salivary gland diseases in 179 dogs (2010-2018)," what were the most commonly affected salivary glands in descending order? ## Footnote J of Vet Diagnostic Investigation 2020

Answer 309

Mandibular (52) Sublingual (14) Parotid (11) Zygomatic (only 1 case) ## Footnote Major/extraoral glands affected in 70% of cases

Question 310

What muscle lies superficial to the temporalis muscle?

Answer 310

Frontalis muscle

Question 311

An esophagostomy tube should be placed to the level of what rib? ## Footnote Esophagostomy Feeding Tube Placement in the Dog and Cat Step-by-Step. Fink, Jennings, Reiter. JVD 2014. Vol 31(2)

Answer 311

7th-9th

Question 312

In Papazoglou's 2015 article "Ventral Approach for Surgical Management of Feline Sublingual Sialocele," the star below indicates what muscle? ## Footnote JVD 2015

Answer 312

Digastricus

Question 313

Centrally (within jaw bone) and peripherally (within gingiva) located conventional ameloblastomas are said to arise from what developmental structures respectively? ## Footnote Tjepkema, Bell, Soukup. Presentation, diagnostic imaging, and clinical outcome of conventional ameloblastoma in dogs JVD 2020.

Answer 313

centrally: Epithelial rests of Malassez (within PDL) Peripherally: Rests of Serres (within gingiva)

Question 314

In Tjepkema's 2020 study, "Presentation, diagnostic imaging, and clinical outcome of conventional ameloblastoma in dogs," what was the association between age, breed, and sex on conventional ameloblastoma prevalence? ## Footnote Soukup, Bell. JVD 2020

Answer 314

No apparent age, breed, or gender predilection

Question 315

In Tjepkema's 2020 study, "Presentation, diagnostic imaging, and clinical outcome of conventional ameloblastoma in dogs," conventional ameloblastomas had a predilection for what site? ## Footnote Soukup, Bell. JVD 2020

Answer 315

Maxilla 65% Canine and premolars most common ## Footnote Differs from CAA which has a predilection for rostral mandible

Question 316

In Tjepkema's 2020 study, "Presentation, diagnostic imaging, and clinical outcome of conventional ameloblastoma in dogs," what percent of cases were intraosseous and cystic? ## Footnote Soukup, Bell. JVD 2020.

Answer 316

95% ## Footnote CAA most often extraosseous 67%, cystic when intraosseous

Question 317

In Tjepkema's 2020 study, "Presentation, diagnostic imaging, and clinical outcome of conventional ameloblastoma in dogs," what was the outcome found on follow up/recurrence? ## Footnote Soukup, Bell JVD 2020.

Answer 317

No recurrence found even with narrow margins for majority of cases > 1cm margins may not be necessary

Question 317

In Tjepkema's 2020 study, "Presentation, diagnostic imaging, and clinical outcome of conventional ameloblastoma in dogs," what radiographic and CT findings are highly consistent with but not specific for conventional ameloblastoma? ## Footnote Soukup, Bell, JVD 2020

Answer 317

Loculated, intraosseous lesion

Question 318

In Malmberg's 2017 study "Acanthomatous ameloblastoma with atypical foci in five dogs," what histo characteristics raised concern for poor outcome? ## Footnote Schaffer. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2017

Answer 318

Atypical cells pleomorphic with high mitotic count

Question 319

In Goldschmidt's 2020 study "Biological Behavior of Canine Acanthomatous Ameloblastoma Assessed With Computed Tomography and Histopathology: A Comparative Study," there was a sig association between intraosseous tumor location and what imaging findings? ## Footnote Soukup, Bell. JVD 2020

Answer 319

1.) Tumor size 2) Presence of bone expansion 3) Presence of periosteal bone proliferation 4) Presence of cortical bone thinning 5)Severity of bone lysis 6) Presence of tooth displacement ## Footnote Equal distribuation between intra and extraosseous tumor location intraosseous had more aggressive biologic behavior on imaging

Question 320

In Goldschmidt's 2020 study "Biological Behavior of Canine Acanthomatous Ameloblastoma Assessed With Computed Tomography and Histopathology: A Comparative Study," there was a sig assocation between increased mitotic index and CT evidence of **decreased or increased** severity of bone lysis?

Answer 320

Decreased severity of bone lysis

Question 321

In Goldschmidt's 2020 study "Biological Behavior of Canine Acanthomatous Ameloblastoma Assessed With Computed Tomography and Histopathology: A Comparative Study," there was a sig association between increased epithelial:stroma ratio and what CT findings?

Answer 321

Increased severity of bone loss Presence of bone expansion

Question 322

In Goldschmidt's 2020 study "Biological Behavior of Canine Acanthomatous Ameloblastoma Assessed With Computed Tomography and Histopathology: A Comparative Study," there was a significant association between histo evidence of extension into the medullary cavity and what CT finding?

Answer 322

bone expansion

Question 323

In Goldschmidt's 2020 study "Biological Behavior of Canine Acanthomatous Ameloblastoma Assessed With Computed Tomography and Histopathology: A Comparative Study," CT was better than histo at indentifying what findings?

Answer 323

Bone expansion Bone lysis

Question 324

In Goldschmidt's 2020 study "Biological Behavior of Canine Acanthomatous Ameloblastoma Assessed With Computed Tomography and Histopathology: A Comparative Study," was their hypothesis supported?

Answer 324

No Majority of histopath features did not sig correlate with CT features

Question 325

In Goldschmidt's 2020 study "Biological Behavior of Canine Acanthomatous Ameloblastoma Assessed With Computed Tomography and Histopathology: A Comparative Study," do the authors conclude that diagnostic imaging or histopath findings should be relied on to measure biologic behavior?

Answer 325

Diagnostic imaging

Question 326

In Goldschmidt's 2017 study "Clinical Characterization of Canine Acanthomatous Ameloblastoma in 263 dogs and the Influence of Postsurgical Histopathological Margin on Local Recurrence," what breed was overrepresented and what CAA location was most common? ## Footnote Soukup, Bell. JVD 2017

Answer 326

Golden retriever Rostral mandible 51% ## Footnote Caudal mandible and rostral maxilla 21.5% each. Caudal maxilla 5.8%

Question 327

In Goldschmidt's 2017 study "Clinical Characterization of Canine Acanthomatous Ameloblastoma in 263 dogs and the Influence of Postsurgical Histopathological Margin on Local Recurrence," what surgical margin had 0% incomplete margins but 50% narrow and complete margins? ## Footnote Soukup, Bell. JVD 2017.

Answer 327

2cm

Question 328

In Goldschmidt's 2017 study "Clinical Characterization of Canine Acanthomatous Ameloblastoma in 263 dogs and the Influence of Postsurgical Histopathological Margin on Local Recurrence," what affect did margins have on local recurrence and what is the suggested surgical margin for CAA? ## Footnote Soukup, Bell. JVD 2017

Answer 328

No local recurrence noted on oral exam for any patient regardless of histo margins Intraoperative 1cm margin may be appropriate

Question 329

In Fiani's 2011 study “Clinicopathologic characterization of odontogenic tumors and focal fibrous hyperplasia in dogs: 152 cases (1995-2005)," what percent of masses were CAA vs POF and FFH? ## Footnote Verstraete. JAVMA 2011

Answer 329

CAA 45% POF 31% FFH 16% ## Footnote Previous studies POF most common, CAA more common with improved histo understanding

Question 330

In Malmberg's 2017 study "Acanthomatous ameloblastoma with atypical foci in five dogs," was any recurrence noted? ## Footnote Schaffer. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2017

Answer 330

Non with no mets at 6-30 months

Question 331

In the study, "Efficacy of systemic adjuvant therapies administered to dogs after excision of oral malignant melanomas: 151 cases (2001–2012)" written by Boston et al JAVMA 2014, what was the main take away from the study?

Answer 331

Systemic adjuvant therapy was NOT found to improve survival time. Long-term survival was possible following surgery ALONE.

Question 332

Remnants of what developmental structure may be a source of the epithelium for lateral periodontal cysts and CAA? ## Footnote Suspected Lateral Periodontal Cyst Presenting Concurrently with Canine Acanthomatous Ameloblastoma in a 2 Year old Standard Poodle. Tjepkema, Soukup, Bell. JVD 2017

Answer 332

Remnants of dental lamina

Question 333

In Tjepkema's 2017 case report "Suspected Lateral Periodontal Cyst Presenting Concurrently with Canine Acanthomatous Ameloblastoma in a 2 Year old Standard Poodle," what treatment was peformed and did the mass recur? ## Footnote Soukup, Bell. JVD 2017

Answer 333

Cyst enucleation No recurrence at 6 month post op CT

Question 334

In the study, "Efficacy of systemic adjuvant therapies administered to dogs after excision of oral malignant melanomas: 151 cases (2001–2012)" written by Boston et al JAVMA 2014, what was the overall median survival time?

Answer 334

346 days

Question 335

In the study, "Efficacy of systemic adjuvant therapies administered to dogs after excision of oral malignant melanomas: 151 cases (2001–2012)" written by Boston et al JAVMA 2014, what were negative prognostic factors?

Answer 335

Increasing tumor size, and age

Question 336

In the 2003 World Health Organization classification system what are tumors of odontogenic epithelium without odontogenic mesemchyme? ## Footnote Soukup, Bell. Nomenclature and Classification of Odontogenic Tumors - Part I: Historical Review. JVD 2014

Answer 336

Ameloblastoma Amyloid-producing odontogenic tumor CAA

Question 337

In Fiani's 2011 study “Clinicopathologic characterization of odontogenic tumors and focal fibrous hyperplasia in dogs: 152 cases (1995-2005)," what location was most common for the CAA vs POF and FFH? ## Footnote Verstraete JAVMA 2011

Answer 337

CAA: rostral mandible POF, FFH: rostral maxilla

Question 338

In Fiani's 2011 study “Clinicopathologic characterization of odontogenic tumors and focal fibrous hyperplasia in dogs: 152 cases (1995-2005)," what was the association of sex with mass type? ## Footnote Verstraete, JAVMA 2011

Answer 338

- Males and females equally represented for CAA and FFH - MN overrepresented for POF

Question 339

In Fiani's 2011 study “Clinicopathologic characterization of odontogenic tumors and focal fibrous hyperplasia in dogs: 152 cases (1995-2005)," what breeds were ovverrepresented for CAA? ## Footnote Verstraete. JAVMA 2011

Answer 339

Goldens, Akitas, Cocker Spaniels, Shetland Sheepdogs ## Footnote No breed predisposition for FFH or POF

Question 340

In Fiani's 2011 study “Clinicopathologic characterization of odontogenic tumors and focal fibrous hyperplasia in dogs: 152 cases (1995-2005)," dogs with what mass had a greater mean age?

Answer 340

FFH

Question 341

In the 2003 World Health Organization classification system what are tumors of odontogenic epithelium with odontogenic mesenchyme? ## Footnote Soukup, Bell. Nomenclature and Classification of Odontogenic Tumors - Part I: Historical Review. JVD 2014

Answer 341

Ameloblastic fibroma Feline inductive odontogenic tumor Complex odontoma Compound odontoma

Question 342

Does the 2005 World Health Organization human classification system for domestic animals accomodate all odontogenic tumors that have reported in veterinary literature? ## Footnote Nomenclature and Classification of Odontogenic Tumors - Part II: Clarification of Specific Nomenclature. Bell, Soukup. JVD 2014.

Answer 342

No particularly those unique to vet med

Question 343

In Stebbins' 1989 study "Feline oral neoplasia: a ten-year survey," what percent of feline oral tumors were odontogenic? ## Footnote cited in "Maxillary and Mandibular Peripheral Odontogenic Fibromas (Fibromatous Epulides of Periodontal Ligament Origin) in a Cat" JVD 2018

Answer 343

0.33%

Question 344

In Poulet's 1992 study "A survey of epithelial odontogenic tumors and cysts in dogs and cats," the POF represented what percent of masses? ## Footnote cited in "Maxillary and Mandibular Peripheral Odontogenic Fibromas (Fibromatous Epulides of Periodontal Ligament Origin) in a Cat" JVD 2018

Answer 344

7.8%

Question 345

In Velazquez's 2018 case report, "Maxillary and Mandibular Peripheral Odontogenic Fibromas (Fibromatous Epulides of Periodontal Ligament Origin) in a Cat," what histo findings were consitent with a POF? ## Footnote Reiter JVD 2018

Answer 345

Moderate to dense proliferation of mildly pleomorphic spindle cells

Question 346

Odontogenic or nonodontgenic neoplasms are most common in dogs and comprise what percent of nonpapilloma oral neoplasms in dogs < 1 year old? ## Footnote Schmidt JM, North SM, Freeman KP, et al. Canine paediatric on- cology: retrospective assessment of 9522 tumours in dogs up to 12 months (1993–2008). Vet Comp Oncol 2010

Answer 346

Odontogenic 65%

Question 347

In Amory's 2014 study, "Computed tomographic characteristics of odontogenic neoplasms in dogs," what were the most common imaging findings? ## Footnote Lewis, Reiter. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2014

Answer 347

- Direct association with tooth bearing regions 96% - contrast enhancement 96% - Alveolar bone lysis 93% - Mass-associated tooth displacement 85% - Mass associated cyst-like structures identified in 53% cases

Question 348

In Amory's 2014 study, "Computed tomographic characteristics of odontogenic neoplasms in dogs," what was the most common tumor, location and what percent of that tumor were extra vs intraosseous? ## Footnote Lewis, Reiter. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2014

Answer 348

CAA Rostral maxilla/incisive bone 53% Extraosseous 66% Intraosseous 33%

Question 349

In Amory's 2014 study, "Computed tomographic characteristics of odontogenic neoplasms in dogs," what were rads and CT proposed to be better at evaluating than each other? ## Footnote Lewis, Reiter. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2014

Answer 349

Dental rads may be better for assessing tooth-associated destruction CT better for extra-oral tumor extension

Question 350

In Scott's 2017 case report "Odontogenic Fibromyxoma in a Cat: First Confirmed Case in This Species," how much follow up did they have and was recurrence noted? ## Footnote JVD 2017. Dorsal rim excision performed

Answer 350

34 months final RAD and biopsy --> no recurrence 49 months no recurrence per owner

Question 351

What are the key histo features of calcifying odontogenic cysts? ## Footnote Babbit, Bell. Cystic Odontogenic Tumor with Features of a Calcifying Odontogenic Cyst in 3 Cats and a Dog. JVD 2022

Answer 351

presence of odontogenic epithelium with multifocal accumulations of **ghost cells ** Intraepithelial calcifications with little to no amyloid like material ## Footnote Ghost cells result from squamous transformation of odontogenic epithelium cells

Question 352

In Hutt's 2022 study "Correlation Between Radiographic and Histopathologic Findings Associated with Unerupted Teeth in Dogs," mandibular first premolars comprised what percent of unerupted teeth and what breeds had the most unerupted teeth and unerupted mandibular first premolars ## Footnote Hutt, Volker. JVD 2022

Answer 352

Mandibular first premolars 93% of unerupted teeth Boxer, Pug, Shih, Tzu: 38% of all unerupted teeth, 38.5% unerupted mandibular first premolars

Question 353

In Hutt's 2022 study "Correlation Between Radiographic and Histopathologic Findings Associated with Unerupted Teeth in Dogs," radiographic and histo evidence of a cyst was found in what percent of overall teeth and mandibular first premolars respectively? ## Footnote Hutt, Volker. JVD 2022

Answer 353

Teeth overall: 48% Mandibular first premolars: 44% ## Footnote 5/5 unerupted teeth other than mandibular first premolars had rad evidence of cyst and 4/5 had histo evidence of dentigerous cyst

Question 354

In Hutt's 2022 study "Correlation Between Radiographic and Histopathologic Findings Associated with Unerupted Teeth in Dogs," what percent of mandibular first premolars with radiographic evidence of a cyst had histo evidence of a cyst? ## Footnote Hutt, Volker. JVD 2022

Answer 354

75%

Question 355

In Hutt's 2022 study "Correlation Between Radiographic and Histopathologic Findings Associated with Unerupted Teeth in Dogs," for the mandibular first premolars that had no radiographic evidence of a cyst, what percent had histo evidence of a cyst/epithelial lining? ## Footnote Hutt, Volker. JVD 2022.

Answer 355

23%

Question 356

In Hutt's 2022 study "Correlation Between Radiographic and Histopathologic Findings Associated with Unerupted Teeth in Dogs," what percent of unerupted mandibular first premolars were incidental findings? ## Footnote Hutt, Volker. JVD 2022

Answer 356

46% ## Footnote nearly same as 2010 Verstraete odontogenic cyst study (50%)

Question 357

In Hutt's 2022 study "Correlation Between Radiographic and Histopathologic Findings Associated with Unerupted Teeth in Dogs," what was the overall agreement between radiographic and histologic evidence of cyst when the cyst was either present or absent on radiographs? ## Footnote Hutt, Volker. JVD 2022

Answer 357

Cyst present: 75% agreement Cyst absent: 77% agreement

Question 358

In the study, "Polyamine Inhibitors for Treatment of Feline Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Proof-of-Concept Study" by John Lewis JDV 2013, what are polyamines?

Answer 358

Aliphatic polycations that are present in all cells (but are present in higher levels in cancer cells)

Question 359

In the study, "Polyamine Inhibitors for Treatment of Feline Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Proof-of-Concept Study" by John Lewis JDV 2013, what is MOA of Difluoromethylornithine (DFMO)?

Answer 359

Inhibit synthesis of putrescine (a major polyamine) from ornithine (via inactivating ornithine decarboxylase aka ODC), and therefor decreases polyamine levels within cells and decrease cell proliferation

Question 360

In the study, "Polyamine Inhibitors for Treatment of Feline Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Proof-of-Concept Study" by John Lewis JDV 2013, what were the main takeaways from the study?

Answer 360

Significant difference in median polyamine levels of pre and post tumor tissue. No significant difference in median polyamine levels of normal mucosa pre vs post treatment.

Question 361

In the study, "Polyamine Inhibitors for Treatment of Feline Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Proof-of-Concept Study" by John Lewis JDV 2013, were their specific differences between the different polyamines?

Answer 361

Yes. Putrescine was significantly lower post tx in tumor tissue and normal mucosa. Spermidine and spermine were not different post tx.

Question 362

What were the side effects of DFMO in the study "Polyamine Inhibitors for Treatment of Feline Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Proof-of-Concept Study" by John Lewis JDV 2013?

Answer 362

Ototoxicity (5/6 being tested with BAET) and non-clinical thrombocytopenia (6/14 cats)

Question 363

In Odenweller's 2019 study "Validation of Regional Lymph Node Excisional Biopsy for Staging Oral and Maxillofacial Malignant Neoplasms in 97 Dogs and 10 Cats (2006-2016)," what was the incidence of metastasis to one or more lymphocentrums? ## Footnote JVD 2019

Answer 363

14% ## Footnote Less than previous Herring 2002 study that found 35.5% incidence of mets

Question 364

In Odenweller's 2019 study "Validation of Regional Lymph Node Excisional Biopsy for Staging Oral and Maxillofacial Malignant Neoplasms in 97 Dogs and 10 Cats (2006-2016)," what percent of metastasis did not involve the mandibular lymph nodes? ## Footnote JVD 2019

Answer 364

26.7%

Question 365

In Odenweller's 2019 study "Validation of Regional Lymph Node Excisional Biopsy for Staging Oral and Maxillofacial Malignant Neoplasms in 97 Dogs and 10 Cats (2006-2016)," metastasis was greatest for what tumor type? ## Footnote JVD 2019

Answer 365

Malignant melanoma

Question 366

In Bonfanti's 2015 paper "Diagnostic value of cytological analysis of tumours and tumour-like lesions of the oral cavity in dogs and cats: A prospective study on 114 cases," how many dogs were excluded due to unsatisfactory cytology results and what were the two main diagnoses for excluded cases? ## Footnote Vet Journal 2015

Answer 366

16/85 dogs excluded POF 44% Gingival hyperplasia 19%

Question 367

In Bonfanti's 2015 paper "Diagnostic value of cytological analysis of tumours and tumour-like lesions of the oral cavity in dogs and cats: A prospective study on 114 cases," what percent of cases were malignant neoplasms? ## Footnote vet Journal 2015

Answer 367

84% Dogs - 75% Cats - 62%

Question 368

In Bonfanti's 2015 paper "Diagnostic value of cytological analysis of tumours and tumour-like lesions of the oral cavity in dogs and cats: A prospective study on 114 cases," what cytological method had the highest agreement overall with histo in dogs vs cats?

Answer 368

Dogs: FNI 85% agreement Cats: FNA and FNI 100%

Question 369

In Bonfanti's 2015 paper "Diagnostic value of cytological analysis of tumours and tumour-like lesions of the oral cavity in dogs and cats: A prospective study on 114 cases," what cytological technique had the highest sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing oral tumors in dogs and cats?

Answer 369

Dogs FNI Cats all cyto methods high sensitivity and specifity for neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions

Question 370

In Bonfanti's 2015 paper "Diagnostic value of cytological analysis of tumours and tumour-like lesions of the oral cavity in dogs and cats: A prospective study on 114 cases," what were the most common malignant neoplasms diagnosed in dogs and cats and what cyto techniques were most reliable for each?

Answer 370

Dogs malignant melanoma impression smear most reliable Cats SCC FNI most reliable

Question 371

In Wingo's 2018 study "Histopathologic Diagnoses From Biopsies of the Oral Cavity in 403 Dogs and 73 Cats," what were the most common histo diagnoses categories for dogs? ## Footnote JVD 2018

Answer 371

Malignant 37% Odontogenic 34% Inflammatory 28%

Question 372

In Wingo's 2018 study "Histopathologic Diagnoses From Biopsies of the Oral Cavity in 403 Dogs and 73 Cats," what were the most common histo diagnoses categories for cats? ## Footnote JVD 2018

Answer 372

Inflammatory 51% SCC 37% Overall malignant 47%

Question 373

In Skinner's 2016 article " Patterns of lymph node metastasis identified following bilateral mandibular and medial retropharyngeal lymphadenectomy in 31 dogs with malignancies of the head," metastasis occured in either lymph nodes in what percent of dogs? ## Footnote Vet Comp Onc 2016

Answer 373

45%

Question 374

Wingo's 2018 oral biopsy study found what percent of odontogenic tumors in dogs compared to the original UC Davis study? ## Footnote Wingo "Histopathologic Diagnoses From Biopsies of the Oral Cavity in 403 Dogs and 73 Cats," JVD 2018

Answer 374

Wingo 2018: 34% UC Davis: 13% ## Footnote UC Davis study classified POFs as hyperplasia rather than odontogenic tumors

Question 375

What was the most common malignant oral neoplasm in Wingo's 2018 oral biopsy study vs the original UC Davis study? ## Footnote Wingo "Histopathologic Diagnoses From Biopsies of the Oral Cavity in 403 Dogs and 73 Cats," JVD 2018

Answer 375

Wingo SCC 7% UC Davis Malignant melanoma and SCC 7%

Question 376

In the study, "Prevalence and types of tooth resorption in dogs with oral tumors" written by Ana Nemec in AVJR 2012, what type of tooth resorption was found to be present (statistically significant) in nonodontogenic tumors compared with teeth at tumor sites that were odontogenic?

Answer 376

External inflammatory resorption

Question 377

In Skinner's 2016 article " Patterns of lymph node metastasis identified following bilateral mandibular and medial retropharyngeal lymphadenectomy in 31 dogs with malignancies of the head," how many dogs had metastasis to the mandibular lymph nodes and medial retropharyngeal lymph nodes? ## Footnote Vet Comp Onc 2016

Answer 377

Mandibular LNs 14/14 Medial retropharyngeal 11/14 ## Footnote All dogs with metastasis to medial retropharyngeal LNs also had metastasis present in mandibular LNs

Question 378

In Skinner's 2016 article " Patterns of lymph node metastasis identified following bilateral mandibular and medial retropharyngeal lymphadenectomy in 31 dogs with malignancies of the head," contralateral and ipsilateral metastasis were seen in what percent of cases with metastasis?

Answer 378

Contralateral metastasis 62% Ipsilateral metastasis 92% ## Footnote 4/13 dogs with OMM had metastasis to all four lymph centers

Question 379

In Conguista's 2020 study "Variability in Recommendations for Cervical Lymph Node Pathology for Staging of Canine Oral Neoplasia: A Survey Study," regardless of tumor type and stage, extirpation and histopathology were most commonly recommended for what stage of tumors? ## Footnote Goldschmidt. Frontiers 2020

Answer 379

In cases with confirmed metastasis (N+)

Question 380

In Conguista's 2020 study "Variability in Recommendations for Cervical Lymph Node Pathology for Staging of Canine Oral Neoplasia: A Survey Study," the likelihood of recommending elective neck dissection (END)/LN extirpation was sig more likely for what tumor type and other factors? ## Footnote Goldschmidt. Frontiers 2020.

Answer 380

OMM Increasing tumor size Academic clinicians

Question 381

Which study found that mandibular lymph nodes were affected in 73% of cases with metastasis vs Herring's 2002 study that found mandibular lymph node involvement in metastasis in 54% of cases? ## Footnote Herring. Lymph node staging for oral and maxillofacial neoplasms in 31 dogs and cats. JVD 2002

Answer 381

Odenweller, Smith, Taney. Validation of Regional Lymph Node Excisional Biopsy for Staging Oral and Maxillofacial Malignant Neoplasms in 97 Dogs and 10 Cats (2006-2016). JVD 2019

Question 382

In Herring's 2002 study "Lymph node staging for oral and maxillofacial neoplasms in 31 dogs and cats," what percent of normal and enlarged lymph nodes on palpation had metastasis? ## Footnote JVD 2002

Answer 382

Normal on palpation 8% Enlarged on palpation 18% ## Footnote Size of LN not an accurate predictor of disease

Question 383

In Herring's 2002 study "Lymph node staging for oral and maxillofacial neoplasms in 31 dogs and cats," what percent of cases with thoracic radiographs had distant metastasis? ## Footnote JVD 2002

Answer 383

7%

Question 384

In Herring's 2002 study "Lymph node staging for oral and maxillofacial neoplasms in 31 dogs and cats," there was agreement between preop and postop LN FNA and histology for what percent of cases? ## Footnote JVD 2002

Answer 384

Preop 90% Postop 80%

Question 385

In Herring's 2002 study "Lymph node staging for oral and maxillofacial neoplasms in 31 dogs and cats," what percent of cases had metastasis to 1 of the regional lymphocentrums? ## Footnote JVd 2002

Answer 385

35.5%

Question 386

In Herring's 2002 study "Lymph node staging for oral and maxillofacial neoplasms in 31 dogs and cats," serial sectioning increased detection of metastasis by what percent? ## Footnote JVD 2002

Answer 386

6.7%

Question 387

In Raleight's 2021 study "Curative Intent Surgery of Oral Malignant Melanoma and Regional Lymph Node Biopsy Assessment in 25 Dogs: 2006–2017," what were the inclusion criteria? ## Footnote Smith, Taney. JVD 2021

Answer 387

All dogs had an oral malignant melanoma excised with tumor free margins and ipsilateral biopsy of at least two of the parotid, medial retropharyngeal and mandibular lymphocentrums

Question 388

In Raleight's 2021 study "Curative Intent Surgery of Oral Malignant Melanoma and Regional Lymph Node Biopsy Assessment in 25 Dogs: 2006–2017," what was the metastasis rate and did any dogs have metastasis to mulitple lymphocenters? ## Footnote Smith, Taney. JVD 2021

Answer 388

16% metastasis No dogs had metastasis to multiple LNs ## Footnote 3 mandibular and 1 parotid

Question 389

In Raleight's 2021 study "Curative Intent Surgery of Oral Malignant Melanoma and Regional Lymph Node Biopsy Assessment in 25 Dogs: 2006–2017," what was the overall median survival time? ## Footnote smith, Taney. JVD 2021

Answer 389

335 days ## Footnote range 41 to 1578

Question 390

In Raleight's 2021 study "Curative Intent Surgery of Oral Malignant Melanoma and Regional Lymph Node Biopsy Assessment in 25 Dogs: 2006–2017," what percent of dogs died or were euthanized due to metastasis or local recurrence? ## Footnote Smith, Taney. JVD 2021

Answer 390

52% metastasis 32% local recurrence 20% ## Footnote recurred despite tumor free margins

Question 391

In Raleight's 2021 study "Curative Intent Surgery of Oral Malignant Melanoma and Regional Lymph Node Biopsy Assessment in 25 Dogs: 2006–2017," what factors were associated with survival?

Answer 391

Tumor size: tumors < 3cm longer MST, > 3cm shorter MST Regional LN metastasis: metastasis negatively impacted MST

Question 392

In Raleight's 2021 study "Curative Intent Surgery of Oral Malignant Melanoma and Regional Lymph Node Biopsy Assessment in 25 Dogs: 2006–2017," what factors did not impact survival time? ## Footnote Smith, Taney. JVD 2021

Answer 392

Tumor location Mitotic index Adjuvant postoperative therapy

Question 393

In Leite's "Prognostic Value of Intratumoral Collagen Quantification in Canine Oral Melanomas," what was the main conclusion?

Answer 393

ICI not an efficient prognostic marker for canine oral melanomas

Question 394

In Tuohy's 2014 study "Outcome following curative-intent surgery for oral melanoma in dogs: 70 cases (1998-2011)," what was the overall median survival time and what percent of cases died of their disease? ## Footnote Worley, Erhart, Withrow. JAVMA 2014

Answer 394

MST 723 ## Footnote sig higher than Raleigh, Taney 2021 study 335 days

Question 395

In Tuohy's 2014 study "Outcome following curative-intent surgery for oral melanoma in dogs: 70 cases (1998-2011)," what variables were associated with an increased hazard of decreased MST or death? ## Footnote Worley, Erhart, Withrow. JAVMA 2014

Answer 395

Administration of adjuvant therapy Presence of metastatic disease at time of diagnosis Higher tumor stage (III or IV) Increased tumor size (>3cm) Sexually intact female dogs

Question 396

In Delgado's 2022 study "Oral Pathology in Portuguese Dogs: An Eight-Year Biopsy-Based Retrospective Study (2010-2017)," malignant neoplasms, benign neoplasms and non-neoplastic lesions had what prevalence respectively? ## Footnote JVD 2022

Answer 396

Malignant neoplasms 49% cases Benign neoplasms 36% Non-neoplastic lesions 15%

Question 397

In Delgado's 2022 study "Oral Pathology in Portuguese Dogs: An Eight-Year Biopsy-Based Retrospective Study (2010-2017)," what were the three most common malignant tumors in descending order? ## Footnote JVD 2022

Answer 397

Melanoma 37% SCC 20% Fibrosarcoma 17% ## Footnote Differs from Wingo AZ (SCC ) and UC Davis studies (SCC and MM)

Question 398

In Delgado's 2022 study "Oral Pathology in Portuguese Dogs: An Eight-Year Biopsy-Based Retrospective Study (2010-2017)," what were the two most common benign tumors and what percent of all tumors did they represent? ## Footnote JVD 2022

Answer 398

POF 81% benign tumors, 29.5% all tumors CAA 9.4% benign tumors, 3.5% all tumors

Question 399

In Delgado's 2022 study "Oral Pathology in Portuguese Dogs: An Eight-Year Biopsy-Based Retrospective Study (2010-2017)," what tumor was most common in small and large breed dogs respectively? ## Footnote JVD 2022

Answer 399

Small dogs: POF Large dogs: Malignant melanoma

Question 400

In Delgado's 2022 study "Oral Pathology in Portuguese Dogs: An Eight-Year Biopsy-Based Retrospective Study (2010-2017)," dogs younger than what age tended to have more benign lesions and greater than what age had a higher incidence of malignant neoplasms? ## Footnote JVD 2022

Answer 400

Dogs > 7yro high incidence of malignant neoplasms Dogs < 7yro tended to have more benign lesions

Question 401

In Przezdziecki's 2015 article, "Accuracy of routine cytology and immunocytochemistry in perioperative diagnosis of oral amelanotic melanomas in dogs," what was the specificity and sensitivity of cytologic diagnosis with histopathology and IHC-derived diagnosis? ## Footnote Vet Clin Path 2015

Answer 401

100% for all 38 cases

Question 402

In Przezdziecki's 2015 article, "Accuracy of routine cytology and immunocytochemistry in perioperative diagnosis of oral amelanotic melanomas in dogs," what stains were used to aid in diagnosis for immunocytochemistry? ## Footnote Vet Clin Path 2015

Answer 402

anticytokeratin, anti-vimentin, and anti-Melan A antibodies

Question 403

In Williams' 2002 study "Association between lymph node size and metastasis in dogs with oral malignant melanoma: 100 cases (1987-2001)," what was the overall rate of metastasis? ## Footnote JAVMA 2002

Answer 403

53%

Question 404

In Williams' 2002 study "Association between lymph node size and metastasis in dogs with oral malignant melanoma: 100 cases (1987-2001)," what percent of dogs with metastasis had palpable LN enlargment, and what percent of dogs with normal palpatkon of LN had microscopic metastasis? ## Footnote JAVMA

Answer 404

70% of dogs with metastasis had palpable LN enlargement 40% of dogs with normal LN palpation had microscopic metastasis

Question 405

In Williams' 2002 study "Association between lymph node size and metastasis in dogs with oral malignant melanoma: 100 cases (1987-2001)," the authors make what conclusion regarding staging OMM with LN size?

Answer 405

LN size alone is insufficient for an accurate clinical staging of OMM in dogs → need cytology or histo of regional LN regardless of LN size ## Footnote Significant relationship identified between lymph node size and LN metastasis but the association was not strong enough to be clinically relevant

Question 406

A xenogenic DNA vaccine for dogs has been licensed for use in dogs with oral malignant melanoma in what specific conditions?

Answer 406

Locally controlled Stage II and III

Question 407

In Treggiari's 2016 study "A retrospective review of outcome and survival following surgery and adjuvant xenogeneic DNA vaccination in 32 dogs with oral malignant melanoma," what was the median survival time and what percent of patients died from their disease? ## Footnote JVMS 2016

Answer 407

335 days 62% ## Footnote much shorter than Tuohy 2014 CSU study of 723 days, similiar percent that died of their disease 51%

Question 408

In Treggiari's 2016 study "A retrospective review of outcome and survival following surgery and adjuvant xenogeneic DNA vaccination in 32 dogs with oral malignant melanoma," did stage, completeness of surgical margins and delay of administration of the vaccine have a statistically significant influence on survival?

Answer 408

They did not appear to statistically influence survival

Question 409

In Ottnod's 2013 study "A retrospective analysis of the efficacy of Oncept vaccine for the adjunct treatment of canine oral malignant melanoma," outcomes were improved for patients with what histologic characteristics? ## Footnote Vet Comp Onc 2013

Answer 409

Lower mitotic indices < 4/hpf less atypia lower Ki67 levels

Question 410

In Ottnod's 2013 study "A retrospective analysis of the efficacy of Oncept vaccine for the adjunct treatment of canine oral malignant melanoma," what was the difference in survival between dogs that recieved the vaccine and those that did not? ## Footnote 22 dogs received the vaccination and 23 dogs that did not. All dogs died during study with known date of death.

Answer 410

Dogs that received the vaccine did not achieve a greater progression-free survival, disease-free interval or median survival time than dogs that did not receive the vaccine.

Question 411

In Boston's 2014 study "Efficacy of systemic adjuvant therapies administered to dogs after excision of oral malignant melanomas: 151 cases (2001-2012)," what was the difference in survival time between dogs that received systemic adjuvant therapy and those that did not? ## Footnote JAVMA 2014

Answer 411

No clear difference in survival time

Question 412

In Boston's 2014 study "Efficacy of systemic adjuvant therapies administered to dogs after excision of oral malignant melanomas: 151 cases (2001-2012)," what factors had a stat sig negative effect on survival time? ## Footnote JAVMA 2014

Answer 412

Age (> 12 year at time of surgery) Maximum tumor dimension Intralesional surgery

Question 413

In Peralta's 2023 study "Confirmation of canine acanthomatous ameloblastoma using RAS Q61R immunohistochemical staining of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues," how many CAAs and OSCCs were immunoreactive for RAS Q61R and what was the specificity and sensitivity of this test? ## Footnote Frontiers 2023

Answer 413

23/23 CAAs 0/8 OSCCs Specificity and sensitivity 100% ## Footnote Normal gingival epithelium in 9/23 CAA showed no immunoreactivity confirming RAS Q61R as a reliable feature of CAA

Question 414

In Fiani's 2019 study, "Extended Subtotal Mandibulectomy for the Treatment of Oral Tumors Invading the Mandibular Canal in Dogs—A Novel Surgical Technique," what are the landmarks for the osteotomy? ## Footnote Frontiers 2019

Answer 414

Distal to the mandibular third molar at the angle of the mandible to the angular process Making sure to include the mandibular foramen

Question 415

In Sarowitz's 2017 paper "Outcome and prognostic factors following curative-intent surgery for oral tumors in dogs: 234 cases (2004-2014)," what tumor type had the highest rate of recurrence and incomplete margins? ## Footnote JSAP 2017

Answer 415

Fibrosarcoma Local recurrence 54% Incomplete margins 37.5%

Question 416

In Sarowitz's 2017 paper "Outcome and prognostic factors following curative-intent surgery for oral tumors in dogs: 234 cases (2004-2014)," what was the complication rate and was it associated with surgery type? ## Footnote JSAP 2017

Answer 416

Complication rate 16% Not associated with surgery type ## Footnote Different from Worley study: dorsolateral approach + intraoral approach 4x more likely to receive blood transfusion)

Question 417

What recurrence rates for oral tumors in cats have been reported following mandibulectomy? ## Footnote Northrup NC, Setting KA, Rassnick KM, et al. Outcomes of cats with oral tumors treated with mandibulectomy 42 cases. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2006 Bradley RL, MacEwen EG, Loar AS. Mandibular resection for removal of oral tumors in 30 dogs and 6 cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1984

Answer 417

Northrup 2006: 38% Bradley 1984: 80%

Question 418

In Northrup's 2006 study "Outcomes of cats with oral tumors treated with mandibulectomy 42 cases," what percent of cats never regained the ability to eat?

Answer 418

12%

Question 419

SCC in dogs of the tonsils and base of the tongue has been reported to metastacize in up to what percent of dogs? ## Footnote Wingo. Histopathologic Diagnoses From Biopsies of the Oral Cavity in 403 Dogs and 73 Cats. JVD 2018

Answer 419

73% ## Footnote Rostral canine oral SCC met rate 20%xf

Question 420

In Ciekot's 1994 paper "Histologically low‐grade, yet biologically high‐grade, fibrosarcomas of the mandible and maxilla in dogs: 25 cases (1982–1991)," what breed was overrepresented and where did the masses most commonly occur? ## Footnote Withrow JAVMA 1994

Answer 420

Golden retriever Most frequently in maxilla 72% ## Footnote males and females equally represented

Question 421

In Ciekot's 1994 paper "Histologically low‐grade, yet biologically high‐grade, fibrosarcomas of the mandible and maxilla in dogs: 25 cases (1982–1991)," pulmonary and regional LN metastasis was observed in what percent of cases? ## Footnote Withrow JAVMA 1994

Answer 421

Pulmonary mets 12% Regional LN mets 20%

Question 422

In Ciekot's 1994 paper "Histologically low‐grade, yet biologically high‐grade, fibrosarcomas of the mandible and maxilla in dogs: 25 cases (1982–1991)," what treatments prolonged survival time? ## Footnote Withrow JAVMA 1994

Answer 422

Surgical excision in combo with radiation, radiation therapy alone, and radiation therapy used with local hyperthermia prolonged survival times

Question 423

In Frazier's 2011 study "Outcome in dogs with surgically resected oral fibrosarcoma (1997-2008)," what breed of dogs and what surgical margins were sig more likely to experience local recurrence? ## Footnote Vet Comp Oncol 2011

Answer 423

Golden retrievers Dogs with incomplete surgical excision sig more likely to experience local recurrence

Question 424

In Frazier's 2011 study "Outcome in dogs with surgically resected oral fibrosarcoma (1997-2008)," what percent of cases developed metastasis and what factors were predictive of metastasis?

Answer 424

24% met rate No factors found to be predictive of metastasis

Question 425

In Frazier's 2011 study "Outcome in dogs with surgically resected oral fibrosarcoma (1997-2008)," what was teh median survival time and was it stat sig different between dogs treated with surgery alone vs surgery + radiation therapy?

Answer 425

MST 743 days MST of dogs treated with surgery alone vis sx + RT not stat sig different

Question 426

In Frazier's 2011 study "Outcome in dogs with surgically resected oral fibrosarcoma (1997-2008)," what variables were identified as being predictive of survival?

Answer 426

None

Question 427

In Gardner's 2013 study "Canine oral fibrosarcomas: a retrospective analysis of 65 cases (1998-2010)," what factors were predictive of median survival? ## Footnote Vet Comp Oncol 2013

Answer 427

Tumor location Tumor size or oral stage Type of surgery Margins Grade

Question 428

In Gardner's 2013 study "Canine oral fibrosarcomas: a retrospective analysis of 65 cases (1998-2010)," what tumor location was significantly associated with poor outcome?

Answer 428

Palatine/oral tumors

Question 429

In Gardner's 2013 study "Canine oral fibrosarcomas: a retrospective analysis of 65 cases (1998-2010)," what treatment was the strongest predictor of median survival?

Answer 429

Combination of surgery with radiation MST 505 PFS 301 ## Footnote Differs from Frazier's 2011 study in which surgery vs surgery + RT did not have a stat sig difference on outcome

Question 430

In Riggs' 2018 study "Outcomes following surgical excision or surgical excision combined with adjunctive, hypofractionated radiotherapy in dogs with oral cell carcinoma or fibrosarcoma," did SCC or FSA have longer median disease free intervals and MST? ## Footnote JAVMA 2018

Answer 430

SCC

Question 431

In Riggs' 2018 study "Outcomes following surgical excision or surgical excision combined with adjunctive, hypofractionated radiotherapy in dogs with oral squamous cell carcinoma or fibrosarcoma," for SCC what factors resulted in sig longer survival times? ## Footnote JAVMA 2018

Answer 431

Clean margins Hypofractionated radiotherapy + surgery sig prolonged survival time ## Footnote Lymph node mets sig shorter survival time

Question 432

In Riggs' 2018 study "Outcomes following surgical excision or surgical excision combined with adjunctive, hypofractionated radiotherapy in dogs with oral squamous cell carcinoma or fibrosarcoma," what were the negative prognostic factors identified for FSA? ## Footnote JAVMA 2018

Answer 432

Sex (females) Tumor location (caudal or central maxilla) Radiotherapy LN mets prior to surgery

Question 433

In Eberspacher-Schweda's 2020 study "Diagnostic Yield of Micro-Computed Tomography (micro-CT) vs. Histopathology of a Canine Oral Fibrosarcoma," could tumor margins be determined on micro-CT? ## Footnote Reiter, JVD 2020

Answer 433

- Tumor margins could not be exactly determined on micro-CT tomograms due to limited image resolution and contrast. - Histopathology showed neoplastic cells infiltrating the surrounding tissue further than assumed from micro-CT images.

Question 434

In Eberspacher-Schweda's 2020 study "Diagnostic Yield of Micro-Computed Tomography (micro-CT) vs. Histopathology of a Canine Oral Fibrosarcoma," microCT could be clinically useful to determine what parameter? ## Footnote Reiter JVD 2020

Answer 434

Total tumor volume ## Footnote cannot determine tumor margins or grade

Question 435

In Soltero Rivera's 2015 study "Benign and malignant proliferative fibro-osseous and osseous lesions of the oral cavity of dogs," what tumor types had ill-defined and well-defined margins respectively? ## Footnote Vet Path 2015

Answer 435

ill-defined: Fibrous dysplasia, low grade osteosarcoma well-defined: ossifying fibroma, osteoma

Question 436

In the study, "Malignant transformation of a canine papillomavirus Type 1-Induced persistent oral papilloma in a 3 year old dog," JVD 2018.1 what CPV's are associated with malignant transformation?

Answer 436

Chronic CPV-1 and CPV-17 infections can induce oral SCC

Question 437

In the study, "Malignant transformation of a canine papillomavirus Type 1-Induced persistent oral papilloma in a 3 year old dog," what were the authors' hypothesis about how the patient's papillomas malignantly transformed?

Answer 437

Inadequate cellular immunity with reactivation of a latent CPV-1 infection induced by oral trauma

Question 438

In Soltero Rivera's 2015 study "Benign and malignant proliferative fibro-osseous and osseous lesions of the oral cavity of dogs," what was the only lesion that had bony proliferation on histo? ## Footnote Vet Path 2015

Answer 438

Osteomas

Question 439

In Soltero Rivera's 2015 study "Benign and malignant proliferative fibro-osseous and osseous lesions of the oral cavity of dogs," how was diagnosis of a PFOL best made?

Answer 439

assimilation of clinical, imaging and histopath features for PFOLs

Question 440

In Cray's 2021 article "Analysis of risk factors associated with complications following mandibulectomy and maxillectomy in dogs," what was the overall complication rate? ## Footnote JAVMA 2021

Answer 440

37.3%

Question 441

In Cray's 2021 article "Analysis of risk factors associated with complications following mandibulectomy and maxillectomy in dogs," multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed what one variable that had a significant association with the occurence of 1 or more complications? ## Footnote JAVMA 2021

Answer 441

Increased surgical time For each additional half hour of surgery, the odds of complications increased by 36%

Question 442

In Cray's 2021 article "Analysis of risk factors associated with complications following mandibulectomy and maxillectomy in dogs," what preoperative treatments increased the odds of incisional dehiscence or oral fistula formation? ## Footnote JAVMA 2013

Answer 442

Preoperative radiation therapy or chemotherapy

Question 443

In Cray's 2021 article "Analysis of risk factors associated with complications following mandibulectomy and maxillectomy in dogs," increased odds of developing incisional dehiscence and oronasal fistula formation were associated with what procedure? ## Footnote JAVMA 2021

Answer 443

Maxillectomies

Question 444

What level of evidence has been achieved for safety margins/surgical margins for ameloblastomas in dogs? ## Footnote Goldschmidt. Surgical Margins for Ameloblastoma in Dogs: A Review With an Emphasis on the Future. Frontiers 2022.

Answer 444

Level 4 ## Footnote Goldschmidt, Bell, Hetzel, Soukup. Clinical Characterization of Canine Acanthomatous Ameloblastoma in 263 dogs and the Influence of Postsurgical Histopathological Margin on Local Recurrence. JVD 2017.

Question 445

Excisional surgery of canine ameloblastomas with 1-2cm margins has what reported range of recurrence rates? ## Footnote Goldschmidt. Surgical Margins for Ameloblastoma in Dogs: A Review With an Emphasis on the Future. Frontiers 2022.

Answer 445

0-4.6%

Question 446

Goldschmidt suggests what pathologic and surgical margins may be appropriate for canine ameloblastomas in her 2022 article "Surgical Margins for Ameloblastoma in Dogs: A Review With an Emphasis on the Future?" ## Footnote Frontiers 2022

Answer 446

Pathologic margins > 0mm 5-10mm gross surgical margin ## Footnote Recommends aiming for 10mm surgically when possible. When histo margins narrow or incomplete clinical monitoring with diagnostic imaging rather than revision surgery or radiation appears appropriate

Question 447

In Tsugawa's 2022 study "A Retrospective Study on Mandibular Reconstruction Following Excision of Canine Acanthomatous Ameloblastoma," immediate reconstruction was performed for how many of the segmental and rostral mandibulectomies? ## Footnote Arzi, Vertstraete. Frontiers 2022

Answer 447

segmental 7/8 rostral mandibulectomy 1/3 ## Footnote dehiscence occurred for the immediate rostral mandibulectomy: recommend delayed reconstruction for rostral mandibulectomies

Question 448

In Tsugawa's 2022 study "A Retrospective Study on Mandibular Reconstruction Following Excision of Canine Acanthomatous Ameloblastoma," did tumor recurrence, construct failure or fractures of the regenerated mandible occur? ## Footnote Arzi, Verstraete. Frontiers 2022

Answer 448

No

Question 449

In Bertone's 2003 study "Environmental and lifestyle risk factors for oral squamous cell carcinoma in domestic cats," what two factors. were stat sig associated with risk of developing oral SCC? ## Footnote J Vet Internal Med 2003

Answer 449

Cats that wore flea collars: 5 times increased risk Cats with high canned food intake (particularly tuna): 3 fold increased risk ## Footnote Exposure to household environmental tobacco smoke associated with nonsignificant 2 fold increase in risk

Question 450

In Gendler's 2010 study "Computed tomographic features of oral squamous cell carcinoma in cats: 18 cases," what CT findings were most commonly observed? ## Footnote Lewis. JAVMA 2013

Answer 450

Heterogenous contrast ehancement 8/18 cats Osteolytic mass lesion 9/18 ## Footnote Maxillary masses most often observed to affect the orbit

Question 451

In Gendler's 2010 study "Computed tomographic features of oral squamous cell carcinoma in cats: 18 cases," what associations were found with mass size, attenuatiuon or lymph node width and survival time? ## Footnote Lewis. JAVMA 2010

Answer 451

No CT quantitative features such as mass size, attenuation or lymph node width correlated with survival time

Question 452

In Lewis' 2013 study "Polyamine Inhibitors for Treatment of Feline Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Proof-of-Concept Study," what post treatment polyamine levels were stat sig reduced? ## Footnote JVD 2013

Answer 452

Median post-treatment tumor polyamine levels stat sig reduced Putricine significantly lower post-tx in tumor and normal mucosa

Question 453

In Lewis' 2013 study "Polyamine Inhibitors for Treatment of Feline Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Proof-of-Concept Study," what adverse effects were observed? ## Footnote JVD 2013

Answer 453

Ototoxicity Clinical thrombocytopenia

Question 454

In Nemec's 2013 paper "Oral Papillary Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Twelve Dogs," revealed what different signalment factor than had been previously shown for papillary SCC? ## Footnote Verstraete. J Comp Pathol 2013

Answer 454

Predominately affected adult/older dogs 75% (9/12 dogs > 6 years) Pap SCC recognized as a malignant tumor of very young dogs in previous studies

Question 455

In Nemec's 2013 paper "Oral Papillary Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Twelve Dogs," where were the majority of tumors located, what was the predominate T stage(s), and were any mets noted? ## Footnote Verstraete. J Comp Path 2013

Answer 455

67% rostral mandible and maxilla Majority advanced lesions (T2 and T3) but no regional or thoracic mets noted

Question 456

In Nemec's 2013 paper "Oral Papillary Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Twelve Dogs," what two microscopic patterns that corresponded with imaging findings were observed?

Answer 456

1.) Invasion of bone with cup shaped lesion or deeply cavitated cyst within bone 2.) Histo malignant growth with no bone invasion

Question 457

In Soltero-Rivera's 2013 study "Prevalence of regional and distant metastasis in cats with advanced oral squamous cell carcinoma: 49 cases (2005-2011)," what was the prevalence of mandibular lymph node and thoracic metastasis respectively? ## Footnote Reiter. J Feline Med Surg 2013

Answer 457

Mandibular LN mets 31% Thoracic mets 10% ## Footnote Both higher than previously reported. 88% mandibular LN enlarged

Question 458

In Soltero-Rivera's 2013 study "Prevalence of regional and distant metastasis in cats with advanced oral squamous cell carcinoma: 49 cases (2005-2011)," what was the median survival time and what percent of patients died or were euthanized due to progression of local disease? ## Footnote Reiter. J Feline Med and Surg 2013

Answer 458

MST = 91 days 84% (41/49) died or euthanized due to progression of local disease

Question 459

In Soltero-Rivera's 2013 study "Prevalence of regional and distant metastasis in cats with advanced oral squamous cell carcinoma: 49 cases (2005-2011)," what was the association between tumor volume and the presence of mets, and what was the association between the presence of mets and survival time? ## Footnote Reiter. J Feline Med and Surg 2013

Answer 459

No significant relation between tumor volume or location and presence of mets Presence of mets did not affect survival time ## Footnote Caudal pharyngeal tumors had decreased survival time Maxillary tumors had increased survival time

Question 460

In Fulton's 2013 study "Risk factors associated with survival in dogs with nonton-sillar oral squamous cell carcinoma 31 cases (1990-2010)," what was the MST and percent of dogs alive at 1 year for the surgically treated vs not surgically treated group? ## Footnote Nemec, Verstraete. JAVMA 2013

Answer 460

Curative intent surgery: 94% alive at 1 year, MST 365 No treatment: 0% alive at 1 year, MST 54 days

Question 461

In Fulton's 2013 study "Risk factors associated with survival in dogs with nonton-sillar oral squamous cell carcinoma 31 cases (1990-2010)," what factors were not associated with survival time? ## Footnote Nemec, Verstraete. JAVMA 2013

Answer 461

Tumor location Histologic subtype

Question 462

In Fulton's 2013 study "Risk factors associated with survival in dogs with nonton-sillar oral squamous cell carcinoma 31 cases (1990-2010)," what was the association of incomplete or narrow margins with survival and curative intent surgery decreased risk of death by what percent? ## Footnote Nemec, Verstraete. JAVMA 2013

Answer 462

Survival time sig longer for dogs with incompletely or narrowly excised margins then dogs that were not treated surgically Curative intent surgery decreased risk of death by 91%

Question 463

In Fulton's 2013 study "Risk factors associated with survival in dogs with nonton-sillar oral squamous cell carcinoma 31 cases (1990-2010)," what was the association of tumor associated inflammation (TAI) and risk score with survival? ## Footnote Nemec, Verstraete JAVMA 2013

Answer 463

Mild, moderate or severe TAI associated with sig increased risk of death Survival time decreased as risk score (TAI, PNI, LVI) increased ## Footnote tumor-associated inflammation (TAI), perineural invasion (PNI), lymphovascular invasion (LVI)

Question 464

In Randall's 2013 study "Evaluation of 18FDG- PET/CT as a diagnostic imaging and staging tool for feline oral squamous cell carcinoma," what percent of tumors were FDG avid and conspicuous on 18FDG-PET/CT? ## Footnote Vet Comp Oncol 2013

Answer 464

100% (12/12)

Question 465

In Randall's 2013 study "Evaluation of 18FDG- PET/CT as a diagnostic imaging and staging tool for feline oral squamous cell carcinoma," 18FDG-PET/CT was most beneficial for identifying soft tissue or bone infiltrative tumors? ## Footnote Vet Comp Oncol 2013

Answer 465

Soft tissue infiltrative tumors that were subtle and ill defined on CT were highly visible and more extensive on FDG-PET/CT ## Footnote Tumors invading osseous structures more similar in extent on 18FDG-PET/CT vs CT → more conspicuous on PET images

Question 466

In Randall's 2013 study "Evaluation of 18FDG- PET/CT as a diagnostic imaging and staging tool for feline oral squamous cell carcinoma," 18FDG-PET/CT lead to aspiration and diagnosis of what percent more mets than CT alone? ## Footnote Vet Comp Oncol 2013

Answer 466

17%

Question 467

In Soukup's 2013 study "Clinical, Histologic, and Computed Tomographic Features of Oral Papillary Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Dogs: 9 cases (2008 – 2011)," what was the most common location and were any mets identified? ## Footnote Synder JVD 2013

Answer 467

Rostral maxilla No mets on mandibular LN cytology or thoracic rads ## Footnote Same as Nemec 2013 (only difference that Nemec reported rostral maxilla or mandible as most prevalent)

Question 468

In Soukup's 2013 study "Clinical, Histologic, and Computed Tomographic Features of Oral Papillary Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Dogs: 9 cases (2008 – 2011)," how many dogs were treated with curative intent surgery (1-2cm margins) and how many were in remission at 12 months? ## Footnote Synder. JVD 2013

Answer 468

8/9 dogs treated with curative intent surgery All dogs with 1-2cm margins in remission at 12 months

Question 469

In Soukup's 2013 study "Clinical, Histologic, and Computed Tomographic Features of Oral Papillary Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Dogs: 9 cases (2008 – 2011)," what were the most common CT features? ## Footnote Synder JVD 2013

Answer 469

- Visible mass lesions 100% - Osteolysis with or without osteoproliferation 75% - Contrast enhancement 75% - Regional lymphadenopathy 62% ## Footnote On histo 100% had endophytic growth pattern and 67% had exophytic growth pattern

Question 470

In Bilgic's 2015 review paper "Feline Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Clinical Manifestations and Literature Review," what recurrence rates following definitive surgery were reported? ## Footnote Lewis JVD 2015

Answer 470

38% (Northrup 2006) 80% (Bradley 1984)

Question 471

In Bilgic's 2015 review paper "Feline Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Clinical Manifestations and Literature Review," improved survival rates were noted with what combination of therapies? ## Footnote Lewis JVD 2015

Answer 471

curative-intent surgery done in combo with radiation therapy

Question 472

In Bilgic's 2015 review paper "Feline Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Clinical Manifestations and Literature Review," what was the overall reported survival time for cats treated with surgery for SCC? ## Footnote Lewis, JVD 2015

Answer 472

< 6 months

Question 473

Is feline SCC radioresponsive? ## Footnote Bilgic, Lewis. Feline Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Clinical Manifestations and Literature Review. JVD 2015

Answer 473

Radioresponsive but radioresistant: subclones resistant to radiation re-populate rapidly following treatment

Question 474

In Rejec's 2015 paper "Evaluation of an Accelerated Chemoradiotherapy Protocol for Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma in 5 Cats and 3 Dogs," what protocol was used? ## Footnote JVD 2015

Answer 474

14 fractions of 3.5Gy over 9 days Combined with carboplatin chemotherapy as radiosensitizer (total dose 180 mg/m2 in feline and 300 mg/m2 in canine cases)

Question 475

In Rejec's 2015 paper "Evaluation of an Accelerated Chemoradiotherapy Protocol for Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma in 5 Cats and 3 Dogs," complete tumor response was seen what amount of cats vs dogs, and what were the outcomes? ## Footnote JVD 2015

Answer 475

Complete tumor response in 4/5 cats, 3/3 dogs 2/5 cats euthanized eventually for tumor progression All 3/3 dogs had 2 yr survival

Question 476

In Mestrinho's 2017 study "Comparison of Histological and Proliferation Features of Canine Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Based on Intraoral Location: 36 Cases," what IHC cell cycle protein was significantly associated with histologic grade categories and which cell cycle protein was sig associated with lymph node metastasis? ## Footnote JVD 2017

Answer 476

PCNA sig associated with histo grade Ki-67 sig associated with LN mets

Question 477

In Mestrinho's 2017 study "Comparison of Histological and Proliferation Features of Canine Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Based on Intraoral Location: 36 Cases," histologic grade was stat sig associated with what factor? ## Footnote JVD 2017

Answer 477

Tumor location ## Footnote - No grade 3 OSCC diagnosed in tongue or buccal mucosa - More grade 3 OSCC in tonsillar location

Question 478

What is the potential tumor doubling time for oral SCC? ## Footnote Schwyn U, Crompton NE, Blattmann H, et al. Potential tumour dou- bling time: determination of Tpot for various canine and feline tumours. Vet Res Commun. 1998;

Answer 478

5 days

Question 479

In Marconato's 2020 paper "Toxicity and outcome in cats with oral squamous cell carcinoma after accelerated hypofractionated radiotherapy and concurrent systemic treatment," what were the two groups tested? ## Footnote Vet Comp Oncol 2020

Answer 479

- Group A: medical anti-angiogenic treatment consisting of bleomycin, piroxicam, thalidomide - Group B: anti-angiogenic treatment and concurrent acclerated hypofractionated radiation therapy (48 Gy delivered in 10 fractions)

Question 480

In Marconato's 2020 paper "Toxicity and outcome in cats with oral squamous cell carcinoma after accelerated hypofractionated radiotherapy and concurrent systemic treatment," severe toxicity (grade 3) occurred in what percent of cats and what variables were found to be associated with toxicity? ## Footnote Vet Comp Oncol 2013

Answer 480

severe toxicity 30% (8/27) irradiated cats Onset and severity of toxicity not associated with any variables

Question 481

In Marconato's 2020 paper "Toxicity and outcome in cats with oral squamous cell carcinoma after accelerated hypofractionated radiotherapy and concurrent systemic treatment," what conclusion did the authors make regarding use of this protocol in cats with OSCC ## Footnote Vet Comp Oncol 2020

Answer 481

Given poor overall outcome with high occurrence of acute toxicity, the authors could not recommend use of this accelerated radiation protocol in combo with anti-angiogenic therapy

Question 482

In Mikiewicz's 2019 article "Canine and feline oral cavity tumours and tumour-like lesions: a retrospective study of 486 cases (2015-2017)," what was the most common oral malignancy of epithelial orgin in dogs? ## Footnote J comp Pathol 2019

Answer 482

SCC highest epithel, OMM #1 overall ## Footnote SCC In cats

Question 483

In Peralta's 2023 study "Highly recurrent BRAF p.V595E mutation in canine papillary oral squamous cell carcinoma," how many papillary OSCC harbored a BRAF p. V595E mutation compared to other OSCC types? ## Footnote Vet Comp Oncol 2023

Answer 483

12/14 papillary OSCC harbored a BRAF p.V595E mutation The other non-papillary OSCC only harbored wild type mutations

Question 484

In Nemec's 2012 study "Prevalence and types of tooth resorption in dogs with oral tumors," what was athe most common type of tooth resorption and what types of tumors were more significantly affected by this type of resorption? ## Footnote AJVR 2012

Answer 484

External inflammatory resorption Non-odontogenic tumors sig more frequently affected

Question 485

In Baratt's 2015 study "Lingual Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor in a Chinese Pug Dog," what stains can help identify granular cell tumors and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors? ## Footnote JVD 2015

Answer 485

PAS S-100 Vimentin and NSE ## Footnote GCT and MPNSTs both derived from Schwann cell lineage

Question 486

In Baratt's 2015 study "Lingual Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor in a Chinese Pug Dog," was an incisional biopsy sufficient to make a diagnosis? ## Footnote JVD 2015

Answer 486

No: Lack of mitotic figures and histo features of malignancy in incisional biopsy lead to misdiagnosis of GCT Excisional biopsy --> mitotic figures and infiltrative nature and association of peripheral nerves consistent with MPNST

Question 487

According to Baratt's 2015 study "Lingual Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor in a Chinese Pug Dog," what were the three most common lingual neoplasms when data was combined from three retrospective studies? ## Footnote JVD 2015

Answer 487

SCC 30% Malignant melanoma 24% GCT 7.5% ## Footnote Comparable to Culp's 2013 paper "Results of surgical excision and evaluation of factors as-sociated with survival time in dogs with lingual neoplasia: 97 cases (1995-2008)" where SCC was 32%, MM 30% and mast cell tumors 7%

Question 488

What is the difference between an exostosis and an osteoma? ## Footnote Volker. Oral Osteoma in 6 Dogs. JVD 2014

Answer 488

Exostosis: limited growth and is associated with inflammation or trauma Osteoma: continuously slow growing

Question 489

In Volker's 2014 study "Oral Osteoma in 6 Dogs," what radiographic sign was present in all dogs? ## Footnote JVD 2014

Answer 489

Bone proliferation without bone lysis

Question 490

In Coyle's 2015 study "Biological behavior of canine mandibular osteosarcoma A retrospective study of 50 cases (1999–2007)," what percent of cases developed metastatic disease and what factors were prognostic for Mestastasis Free Interval? ## Footnote Vet Comp Oncol 2015

Answer 490

58% developed metastatic disease Mitotic index > 40 negative prognostic indicator HIstological grade and adjuvant chemotherapy positive prognostic indicators

Question 491

In Coyle's 2015 study "Biological behavior of canine mandibular osteosarcoma A retrospective study of 50 cases (1999–2007)," what was the median survival time? ## Footnote Vet Comp Oncol 2015

Answer 491

525 days

Question 492

What canine papilloma viruses can cause oral lesions?

Answer 492

CPV-1 CPV-13 CPV-17 CPV-19 ## Footnote Regalado Ibarra. Malignant Transformation of a Canine Papillomavirus Type 1-Induced Persistent Oral Papilloma in a 3-Year-Old Dog. JVD 2018

Question 493

What canine papillomavirus was implicated in transformation of a papilloma to oral SCC in a 3 yro Lab mix?

Answer 493

CPV-1 ## Footnote Regalado Ibarra. Malignant Transformation of a Canine Papillomavirus Type 1-Induced Persistent Oral Papilloma in a 3-Year-Old Dog. JVD 2018

Question 494

What do vimentin and cytokeratin stain? ## Footnote Hodesson, D., Soukup, J., Bell, C. Diagnosis and treatment of an odontogenic epithelial tumor in a dog with features of squamous odontogenic tumor. Journal of Veterinary Dentistry. 2019

Answer 494

Vimentin stains mesenchymal cells Cytokeratin stains epithelial cells

Question 495

Odontogenic fibromas are classified as what type of odontogenic tumor according to WHO Classification?

Answer 495

Tumors of mesenchymal and/or odontogenic ectomesenchyme with or without odontogenic epithelium

Question 496

What is the difference between a compound and complex odontoma? ## Footnote Extensive Maxillary Odontomas in 2 Dogs: Diagnosis, Pathology, and Management Hoyer, Bannon, Bell, Soukup. JVD 2016,

Answer 496

Compound odontomas have denticles/tooth like structures present

Question 497

In Kretsch's 2021 paper "Regional and Distant Metastasis of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma in a Male Castrated Llama: A Case Report," what was the suspected etiology of the SCC? ## Footnote JVD 2021

Answer 497

Chronic inflammatory periodontal cyst may have malignantly transformed

Question 498

Mandibular teeth in camelids are how many times more likely to develop tooth root abscesses than maxillary teeth? ## Footnote Regional and Distant Metastasis of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma in a Male Castrated Llama: A Case Report. Kretsch, Rawlinson. JVD 2021

Answer 498

15 times more likely

Question 499

In Thomson's 2020 paper "Excision of Extensive Orbitozygomaticomaxillary Complex Tumors Combining an Intra and Extraoral Approach With Transpalpebral Orbital Exenteration," what was different for this approach? ## Footnote Geddes, Soukup. Frontiers 2020

Answer 499

approach incorporates a transpalpebral approach and orbital exenteration in comparison to a previous approach in which the extraoral incision is made ventral to the globe. ## Footnote Orbital exenteration allows radiation and eliminates postop ocular complications

Question 500

The orange arrow points to what structure? ## Footnote Excision of Extensive Orbitozygomaticomaxillary Complex Tumors Combining an Intra- and Extraoral Approach With Transpalpebral Orbital Exenteration Thomson, Rigby, Geddes, Soukup. Frontiers 2020.

Answer 500

Rostral cranial fossa ## Footnote Contains the rostral olfactory bulb

Question 501

In Thomson's 2020 paper "Excision of Extensive Orbitozygomaticomaxillary Complex Tumors Combining an Intra and Extraoral Approach With Transpalpebral Orbital Exenteration," what angle from the median plane is recommended for medial orbitectomy? ## Footnote Geddes, Soukup. Frontiers 2020

Answer 501

40 degrees ## Footnote alteration by 15 degrees will go into cerebrum/olfactory bulb

Question 502

In Carroll's 2020 article "Ligation of the Maxillary Artery Prior to Caudal Maxillectomy in the Dog—A Description of the Technique, Retrospective Evaluation of Blood Loss, and Cadaveric Evaluation of Maxillary Artery Anatomy," what percent of dogs required intraoperative transfusion with the combined dorsolateral and intraoral approach (DL-IO) vs the modified DL-IO which included preligation of the maxillary artery? ## Footnote Frontiers 2020

Answer 502

DL-IO 67% modified DL-IO 6%

Question 503

In Carroll's 2020 article "Ligation of the Maxillary Artery Prior to Caudal Maxillectomy in the Dog—A Description of the Technique, Retrospective Evaluation of Blood Loss, and Cadaveric Evaluation of Maxillary Artery Anatomy," preligation of the maxillary artery can be performed via what two approaches? ## Footnote Frontiers 2020

Answer 503

Via enucleation site Zygomatic ostectomy

Question 504

What common arterial branch do the sphenopalatine and major palatine artery share? ## Footnote Carroll. "Ligation of the Maxillary Artery Prior to Caudal Maxillectomy in the Dog—A Description of the Technique, Retrospective Evaluation of Blood Loss, and Cadaveric Evaluation of Maxillary Artery Anatomy," Frontiers 2020.

Answer 504

Descending palatine artery

Question 505

In Aghashani's 2020 article "Temporomandibular Joint Gap Arthroplasty in Cats," how many cats developed a malocclusion postoperatively resulting in soft tissue trauma necessitating extractions and how many cats had improved but persistent difficulty with prehension postop? ## Footnote Verstraete, Arzi. Frontiers 2020

Answer 505

3/7 developed a malocclusion 3/7 had difficulty with prehension

Question 506

In Schneider's 2020 article "Levels of Evidence in Small Animal Dentistry and Oral Surgery Literature Over 40 Years," what categories had the highest number of high evidence design tier? ## Footnote Fiani, Peralta. Frontiers 2020

Answer 506

Periodontic 89 Other oral medicine 53

Question 507

In Geddes's 2020 study "Biomechanical Testing of a Calcium Phosphate-Phosphoserine-Based Mineral-Organic Adhesive for Non-Invasive Fracture Repair of Mandibular Fractures in Dogs," what were the 6 treatment groups tested? ## Footnote Synder. Frontiers 2020

Answer 507

adhesive only adhesive + bis-acryl composite interdental splint interdental wire + bis-acryl composite splint adhesive + titanium plate adhesive + resorbable plate bis-acryl composite only

Question 508

In Geddes's 2020 study "Biomechanical Testing of a Calcium Phosphate-Phosphoserine-Based Mineral-Organic Adhesive for Non-Invasive Fracture Repair of Mandibular Fractures in Dogs," what treatment group had stat sig more stiffness and what treatment group was stat sig strongest construct? ## Footnote Synder Frontiers 2020.

Answer 508

no stat difference between groups regarding stiffness (adhesive + composite had greatest stiffness) adhesive and composite strongest construct (191N) ## Footnote Control 402N. Composite splinting + adhesive stronger than interdental wiring and composite

Question 509

In Geddes's 2020 study "Biomechanical Testing of a Calcium Phosphate-Phosphoserine-Based Mineral-Organic Adhesive for Non-Invasive Fracture Repair of Mandibular Fractures in Dogs," what groups were found to be significantly stronger than wire and composite? ## Footnote Synder Frontiers 2020

Answer 509

Control Composite and adhesive

Question 510

In Geddes's 2020 study "Biomechanical Testing of a Calcium Phosphate-Phosphoserine-Based Mineral-Organic Adhesive for Non-Invasive Fracture Repair of Mandibular Fractures in Dogs," how many constructs failed from adhesive failure, cohesive failure or a combination of the two? ## Footnote Synder. Frontiers 2020

Answer 510

Adhesive failure 23 Cohesive failure 20 Adhesive + Cohesive 5 ## Footnote adhesive failure: gross separation of material from adhered structure cohesive failure: obvious fracture resulting in material breakage

Question 511

In Geddes's 2020 study "Biomechanical Testing of a Calcium Phosphate-Phosphoserine-Based Mineral-Organic Adhesive for Non-Invasive Fracture Repair of Mandibular Fractures in Dogs," the red, green and light blue lines represent which treatment or control groups? ## Footnote Synder Frontiers 2020

Answer 511

Red: control Green: adhesive and composite Light blue: wire and composite

Question 512

How is stiffness calculated?

Answer 512

Slope of the load displacement curve Y axis: Bending moment (N) X axis: angular displacement (degrees)

Question 513

The inner and outer layers of the cheeks consist of what muscles? ## Footnote Saverino, Reiter. "Clinical Presentation, Causes, Treatment, and Outcome of Lip Avulsion Injuries in Dogs and Cats: 24 cases (2001-2017)," Frontiers 2018

Answer 513

Inner: buccinator muscles Outer: orbicularis oris muscles

Question 514

What are the deep muscles of the lips? ## Footnote Saverino, Reiter. "Clinical Presentation, Causes, Treatment, and Outcome of Lip Avulsion Injuries in Dogs and Cats: 24 cases (2001-2017)," Frontiers 2018

Answer 514

Zygomaticus, superior and inferior incisivus, levator labii superioris, caninus, mentalis, levator nasolabialis ## Footnote All innervated by facial nerve

Question 515

Which muscles are shown in orange, blue and brown respectively?

Answer 515

Orange: buccinator Blue: Orbicularis oris Brown: Mentalis

Question 516

In Saverino's 2018 study "Clinical Presentation, Causes, Treatment, and Outcome of Lip Avulsion Injuries in Dogs and Cats: 24 cases (2001-2017)," what was the most common cause of lip avulsions in dogs and cats respectively? ## Footnote Reiter, Frontiers 2018

Answer 516

Dogs: Animal bites 45% Cats: vehicular trauma 25%

Question 516

What muscles are shown in blue and brown respectively?

Answer 516

Blue: Levator nasolabialis Brown: zygomaticus

Question 517

In Saverino's 2018 study "Clinical Presentation, Causes, Treatment, and Outcome of Lip Avulsion Injuries in Dogs and Cats: 24 cases (2001-2017)," what was the most common location of lip avulsions for dogs and cats respectively? ## Footnote Reiter. Frontiers 2018

Answer 517

Dogs: Bilateral rostral upper lip 36% Cats: Bilateral rostral lower lip 54%

Question 518

In Saverino's 2018 study "Clinical Presentation, Causes, Treatment, and Outcome of Lip Avulsion Injuries in Dogs and Cats: 24 cases (2001-2017)," what were the most common other injuries noted?

Answer 518

tooth fractures and facial wounds ## Footnote both 35% of cases

Question 519

In Saverino's 2018 study "Clinical Presentation, Causes, Treatment, and Outcome of Lip Avulsion Injuries in Dogs and Cats: 24 cases (2001-2017)," what was the association between age and lip avulsions and what was the most common complication? ## Footnote Reiter, Frontiers 2018

Answer 519

68.2% under 3yo 36.4% under 1 yo Wound dehiscence most common 21%

Question 520

Is survival more likely for subdermal plexus flaps or axial pattern flaps? ## Footnote Lokinski. Versatility of the angularis oris axial pattern flap for facial reconstruction. Vet Surg 2015

Answer 520

Axial pattern flaps: survival 89-100% Subdermal plexus flaps: 50% survival ## Footnote Subdermal plexus flap: relies on deep or Subdermal plexus for perfusion, limited size, rostral tip necrosis more likely Axial pattern flap: rely on direct cutaneous artery and vein and their terminal branches

Question 521

The angularis oris axial pattern flap relies on what artery?

Answer 521

Cutaneous perforating branch of the angularis oris artery ## Footnote Arborizes with transverse facial and masseteric artery

Question 522

In Lokinski's 2015 article, "Versatility of the angularis oris axial pattern flap for facial reconstruction," what muscles was dissection deep to in order to ensure incorporation of cutaneous perforating branches of the orbicularis oris artery? ## Footnote Vet Surg 2015

Answer 522

Deep to the platysma and sphincter colli profundus muscles

Question 523

In Lokinski's 2015 article, "Versatility of the angularis oris axial pattern flap for facial reconstruction," what method is used to confirm the incorporation of the appropriate vasculature into the angularis oris axial pattern flap? ## Footnote Vet Surg 2015

Answer 523

Transilumination

Question 524

In Lokinski's 2015 article, "Versatility of the angularis oris axial pattern flap for facial reconstruction," how many major intraoperative complications were noted and what was the most common postop complication? ## Footnote Vet Surg 2015

Answer 524

No major intraoperative complications Edema 8/9: resolved without intervention

Question 525

# 1. What axial pattern flap is shown here?

Answer 525

Angularis oris

Question 526

In de Paolo's 2022 article "Management of bilateral pterygoid myositis ossificans-like lesion in dogs," how were these conditions surgically managed and what pterygoid muscles were ossified resulting in TMJ pseudoankylosis? ## Footnote Arzi. Frontiers 2022

Answer 526

Bilateral segmental mandibulectomies Lateral pterygoid mm ## Footnote Excision of ossified muscles associated with recurrence in humans

Question 527

In Conguista's 2023 study "Analysis of the approach angle to medial orbitotomy that avoids accidental neurotrauma in the mesaticephalic dog skull utilizing 3D computer models and virtual surgical planning," the blue circle is pointing to what structure? ## Footnote Soukup. Frontiers 2023.

Answer 527

Rostal alar foramen

Question 528

In Conguista's 2023 study "Analysis of the approach angle to medial orbitotomy that avoids accidental neurotrauma in the mesaticephalic dog skull utilizing 3D computer models and virtual surgical planning," what planes and markers were used to determine the safe approach angle? ## Footnote Soukup Frontiers 2023

Answer 528

The angle between the ventral orbital crest (VOC) marker and the midline sagittal plane

Question 529

In Conguista's 2023 study "Analysis of the approach angle to medial orbitotomy that avoids accidental neurotrauma in the mesaticephalic dog skull utilizing 3D computer models and virtual surgical planning," was a standard approach angle able to be found? ## Footnote Soukup Frontiers 2023

Answer 529

No There is significant variance in the safe approach angle between locations and between dogs

Question 530

In Kling's 2023 article "Approach and Interfragmentary stabilization of caudal mandibular fracture in the cat," for the approach utilizing a commissurotomy vs a ventral approach what muslces and neurovascular structures that will be encountered during the approaches are different between the two? ## Footnote Manfra Marretta JVD 2023

Answer 530

Commissurotomy: Buccinator, orbicularis oris muscle angularis oris artery Ventral approach: Subcutaneous fascia, Digastricus, facial artery and vein, mylohyoideus m, medial pterygoid muscle, temporal muscles ## Footnote All incise the platysma and masseter mm

Question 531

In Munoz-Deque's 2023 study "Histopathological Results of Mouth Lesions in Dogs and Cats from Colombia," for dogs and cats respectively what percent of lesions were neoplastic vs non-neoplastic? ## Footnote JVD 2023.

Answer 531

Dogs: Neoplastic 73%, non-neoplastic 27% Cats: Neoplastic 20%, Non-neoplastic 80%

Question 532

In the study, "Prevalence and etiology of dentoalveolar trauma in 1,592 United States military working dogs: A 1-year retrospective study" what was the percent of overall prevelance of traumatic dentoalveolar injuries (TDI)?

Answer 532

44%

Question 533

In the study, "Prevalence and etiology of dentoalveolar trauma in 1,592 United States military working dogs: A 1-year retrospective study" what was the most common TDI?

Answer 533

Enamel-dentin-pulp fractures 59.9% of all injuries

Question 534

What procedure is being illustrated in the image?

Answer 534

Excisional new attachment procedure