Oral Surgery Flashcards
In Peralta’s 2015 study “Non-radiation-related osteonecrosis of the jaws in dogs: 14 cases (1996-2014),” how many dogs had a history of recent previous dental extractions and how many of those dogs had at least 1 ONJ site that conincided with areas of recent dental extractions?
Frontiers 2015
Recent previous dental extractions: 11/14 dogs
at least 1 ONJ site that coincided with areas of recent extractions: 10/11 dogs
When do non-absorbable sutures need to be removed?
7-21 days
What are the two phases that suture absorption occurs in chromic gut?
Collagenolysis and proteolytic enzyme digestion and absorption
What are the pros and cons to chromic gut?
Good handling ability and knot security
Poor tissue response –> moderate to severe inflammation, especially cats; premature resorption in tissue that is infected, inflamed, or very vascular; can induce allergic reaction in cats especially ones with stomatitis!
How are ALL synthetic sutures degraded?
Hydrolysis, which results in more predictable absorption times
What is Polyglactin 910 and when is there no detectable tensile strength left?
Vicryl, 28 days
What is monocryl?
Polyglecaprone 25
What has the longest complete absorption in absorbable suture?
PDS at 182 days
What are sutures that are contraindicated in the mouth?
Nonabsorbable sutures like nylon and polypropylene, and PDS
Poliglecaprone maintains what percent of its tensile strength for 7 days and when is it completely degraded by?
Pegg “Clinical Evaluation of Intraoral Suture Patterns Using Poliglecaprone 25 in Greyhound Dogs,” JVD 2022
maintains 50-60% of tensile strength through 7 days
Completely degraded by hydrolysis after 91-119 days
In Pegg’s 2022 article “Clinical Evaluation of Intraoral Suture Patterns Using Poliglecaprone 25 in Greyhound Dogs,” what differences exisited between SI and SC for dehiscence and tissue inflammation, and what teeth experienced sig more dehiscence than any other?
JVD 2022, Issue 2
A
No significant difference between dehiscence scores based on suture pattern
Stat sig increase in inflammation per suture for SI pattern between rechecks 1 and 2
SC faster to apply
When patterns compared at a site → trend observed for SI to have higher dehiscence scores
Mandibular canine teeth sig more likely to dehisce
6 of the 7 sites with major dehiscence occurred with the SI pattern
In Pegg’s study “Cadaveric Evaluation of Load to Failure in Canine Gingiva Apposed With Varied Suture Patterns Using Poliglecaprone 25,” which suture method was most liekly to fail?
A. Simple continuous
B. Simple continuous barbed
C. Cruciate pattern
D. Simple interrupted
JVD 2021 issue 1
B. Simple continuous barbed
In Pegg’s study “Cadaveric Evaluation of Load to Failure in Canine Gingiva Apposed With Varied Suture Patterns Using Poliglecaprone 25,” what suture pattern at what length withstood less tension?
JVD 2021
Knotless barbed at 3cm length
In Pegg’s 2021 study “Cadaveric Evaluation of Load to Failure in Canine Gingiva Apposed With Varied Suture Patterns Using Poliglecaprone 25,” what was the difference in tension at initial failure and maximum tension between simple interrupted, simple continuous and cruciate patterns?
JVD 2021
No stat sig differences
In Pegg’s 2021 study “Cadaveric Evaluation of Load to Failure in Canine Gingiva Apposed With Varied Suture Patterns Using Poliglecaprone 25,” what were the statistically significant findings?
JVD 2021
Cruciate, simple continuous, and knotless continuous barbed suture (SF) faster to perform than simple interrupted
SF more likely to fail by breakage than tissue tearing
SF withstood less tension at 3cm length
In Mulherin’s 2021 case report Unerupted “Supernumerary Mandibular Fourth Premolar in a Dog,” what imaging modalities were used to identify the location of the supernumerary tooth?
JVD 2021, Issue 3
Dental radiographs with the aid of pieces of gutta percha cone
Conventional CT without contrast
In Mulherin’s 2021 case report Unerupted “Supernumerary Mandibular Fourth Premolar in a Dog,” what was the suspected etiology of the supernumerary tooth?
JVD 2021
Reversion to ancestral condition
ruled out other potential etiologies: Mechanical splitting of tooth germ, Retention of a deciduous tooth, Genetic mutation causing formation of an additional tooth
What kHz of piezoelectric surgery cuts mineralized tissues?
Hennet. Piezoelectric bone surgery: a review of the literature and potential applications in veterinary oromaxillofacial surgery. Frontiers 2015
25-35 kHz
What kHz is required to cut soft tissues with piezoelectric surgery?
Hennet. Piezoelectric bone surgery: a review of the literature and potential applications in veterinary oromaxillofacial surgery. Frontiers 2015
> 50 kHz
How much longer do procedures take when performed with piezoelectric surgery vs oscillating saw?
Hennet. Piezoelectric bone surgery: a review of the literature and potential applications in veterinary oromaxillofacial surgery. Frontiers 2015
at least 35% longer
What force in N should be applied to bone when cutting with a piezotome?
Hennet. Piezoelectric bone surgery: a review of the literature and potential applications in veterinary oromaxillofacial surgery. Frontiers 2015
1.5-3N
Handwriting force 1N
Beyond what force in N is cutting efficiency with a piezotome not improved and thermal damage increased?
Hennet. Piezoelectric bone surgery: a review of the literature and potential applications in veterinary oromaxillofacial surgery. Frontiers 2015
3N
What effect is responsible for reduced hemorrhage with piezoelectric surgery?
Hennet. Piezoelectric bone surgery: a review of the literature and potential applications in veterinary oromaxillofacial surgery. Frontiers 2015
Cavitation effect
CO2 lasers can coagulate and seal what diameter of vessels?
Ibarra. Anatomy of the Brachycephalic Canine Hard Palate and Treatment of Acquired Palatitis Using CO2 Laser. JVD 2019
< 0.6mm
To prophylatically treat deep palatal folds with a CO2 laser, what settings should be used?
Ibarra, Legendre. “Anatomy of the Brachycephalic Canine Hard Palate and Treatment of Acquired Palatitis Using CO2 Laser.” JVD 2019, Issue 3
cutting setting with super pulse or continuous wave
What CO2 laser setting should be used for therapeutic/curative intent to treat palatitis or if there is an ulcer present?
Vaporization setting with pulse wave
In Somrak’s 2015 study “Comparison of Dorsal and Buccal Approaches for Surgical Extraction of the Mandibular Canine Tooth in Cat Specimens Using Radiographic and Computed Tomographic Analysis,” what parameters were statistically significant and which were not between the two approaches?
JVD 2015, Issue 4
Closure time for the dorsal approach was stat sig lower
overall procedure time and bone loss were not stat sig different
No complications for either approach
In Bellei’s 2019 study “A Clinical, Radiographic and Histological Study of Unerupted Teeth in Dogs and Cats: 73 Cases (2001-2018),” what was the most common unerupted tooth and what percent of unerupted teeth had dentigerous cysts associated with them?
Frontiers 2019
Most common unerupted tooth: PM1 78%
Dentigerous cysts associated with 44% of unerupted teeth in dogs, 20% unerupted teeth in cats
In Bellei’s 2019 study “A Clinical, Radiographic and Histological Study of Unerupted Teeth in Dogs and Cats: 73 Cases (2001-2018),” what breed of dog is associated with only unerupted PM1 and a high incidence of cystic lesions?
Frontiers 2019
Boxers
90% developed lesions
25 dentigerous cysts, 1 tumor
In Bellei’s 2019 study “A Clinical, Radiographic and Histological Study of Unerupted Teeth in Dogs and Cats: 73 Cases (2001-2018),” smaller body weights were associated with what unerupted teeth and larger body weights with what unerupted tooth respectively?
Frontiers 2019
Smaller body weight: unerupted canines mandibular third molars
Larger body weight: unerupted PM1
In Bellei’s 2019 study “A Clinical, Radiographic and Histological Study of Unerupted Teeth in Dogs and Cats: 73 Cases (2001-2018),” of the teeth with dentigerous cysts what percent were identified in brachycephalic dogs?
Frontiers 2019
77%
In Bellei’s 2019 study “A Clinical, Radiographic and Histological Study of Unerupted Teeth in Dogs and Cats: 73 Cases (2001-2018),” what was association between type of teeth and presence of a cyst and tooth inclination and cyst development?
Frontiers 2019
No stat sig association between type of teeth and presence of cyst
No stat sig association between type of inclination and cyst development
The alveolar bulla of rabbits includes the reserve crowns and apices of which cheek teeth?
Capello. Surgical Treatment of Facial Abscesses and Facial Surgery in Pet Rabbits. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract. 2016
maxillary fourth premolar and first, second and third molars (last 4 cheek teeth)
For Santos’s 2015 paper “Mathematical equation for prediction of cat mandibular canal height dimension based on canine tooth width measurement,” what structures were correlated?
J Feline Med Surg 2015
There was a strong correlation between the canine tooth width at the free gingival margin and mandibular canal height.
In Hatakeyama’s 2013 study “Effects of Platelet-Poor Plasma, Platelet-Rich Plasma, and Platelet-Rich Fibrin on Healing of Extraction Sockets with Buccal Dehiscence in Dogs,” the median area of new bone at 4 and 8 weeks and median horizontal bone width at 8 weeks were highest in what group?
PPP
In Type II crown lengthening procedures, the apically repositioned flap should maintain a minimum of how many millimeters of biologic width apical to the newly formed alveolar crest?
Crown Lengthening for Mandibular and Maxillary Canine Teeth in the Dog. Fraser Hale. JVD 2001
3mm
What are the dimensional goals of lateral sliding pedicle flap construction?
Lateral Sliding Pedicle Flap For Gingival Cleft at the Mandibular Canine Tooth S. Startup, DVM. JVD 2011.
develop flap 1.5x the width of recipient site at its widest point; incision should extend 2.5x width of the defect at least
What is this instrument?
Mini beaver blade
Used for lateral sliding pedicle flap
What is the only unpaired bone of the maxilla?
Vomer
What nerve(s) are responsible for sensory and motor functions of the tongue?
Hypoglossal n CN XII main one, many main muscles
CN V: lingual n - sensory rostral 2/3
CN VII: chorda tympani - sensory taste and motor, rostral 2/3
CN IX: lingual branch - sensory and motor, caudal 1/3 root of tongue
These images show what kind of motor used for what kind of handpiece?
The Air-Driven Dental Unit: Form and Function at a Mechanical Level. Jane E. Pegg, Chad Lathimer and Jennifer Rawlinson. JVD 2019
Rotary vane motor
Low speed handpiece
The low speed handpiece turns how many times per minute?
The Air-Driven Dental Unit: Form and Function at a Mechanical Level. Jane E. Pegg, Chad Lathimer and Jennifer Rawlinson. JVD 2019
20,000 - 40,000
What is the RPM of high-speed handpieces?
The Air-Driven Dental Unit: Form and Function at a Mechanical Level. Jane E. Pegg, Chad Lathimer and Jennifer Rawlinson. JVD 2019
350,000 - 400,000
In Ritchie’s 2018 article “A Modified Technique for Extraction Site Closure of the Maxillary Molars in a Dog,” what modification was made and what are the benefits?
JVD 2018
Envelope flap - no releasing incisions
Main benefits:
- Potentially less hemorrhage
- Less trauma to soft tissues
- Easier to perform
- Generally faster
What nerve innervates the maxillary molar teeth?
Maxillary Molar Tooth Extraction in the Dog
Vall. JVD 2012
Caudal superior alveolar nerve
branch of infraorbital nerve prior to its entrance of infraorbital canal
In Vall’s 2012 article “Maxillary Molar Tooth Extraction in the Dog,” a mesial or distal release is recommended?
JVD 2012
Distal - maintains the gingival collar of distal PM4
In Bissett’s 2021 study “A Retrospective Evaluation of Secondary Wound Healing for Extraction of the Maxillary First Molar in Dogs,” what percentage of cases had follow up and what percentage of cases had successful outcomes?
Neimeic JVD 2021
60% of cases had follow up
99% successful outcomes
Successful outcome determined based off of records and conscious exam
What paper first described gutter formation to extract retained roots?
Woodward’s 2006 JVD “Extraction of fractured tooth roots”
What percent does the diameter of the alveolus need to be enlarged wider than the retained root to successful extract it?
Woodward. “Extraction of fractured tooth roots” JVD 2006
30%
In Moore’s 2014 study “Evaluation of extraction sites for evidence of retained tooth roots and periapical pathology,” what percentage of dogs and cats with a history of previous extractions had retained tooth roots and what percent had pathology associated with those roots?
Neimeic. JAAHA 2014
RTRs: 86%
RTRs + pathology: 66%
In Moore’s 2014 study “Evaluation of extraction sites for evidence of retained tooth roots and periapical pathology,” did dogs or cats have a higher incidence of retained tooth roots and pathology associated with RTR?
Neimeic. JAAHA 2014
Cats
RTR: cats 93%, dogs 82%
RTR + pathology: cats 69%, dogs 62%
In Ng’s 2020 study “Frequency of clinical and radiographic evidence of inflammation associated with retained tooth root fragments and the effects of tooth root fragment length and position on oral inflammation in dogs,” retained tooth roots were present in what percent of dogs and what percent of RTR fragments had evidence of inflammation?
Ng, Fiani, Tennant, Peralta. JAVMA 2020.
22% of dogs had RTR
55% RTR fragments had evidence of inflammation
In Ng’s 2020 study “Frequency of clinical and radiographic evidence of inflammation associated with retained tooth root fragments and the effects of tooth root fragment length and position on oral inflammation in dogs,” what was the relationship between increase in RTR fragment length and inflammation?
Ng, Fiani, Tennant, Peralta. JAVMA 2020.
Every 1mm increase in length, odds of inflammation increased by 17%( OR 1.17)
In Ng’s 2020 study “Frequency of clinical and radiographic evidence of inflammation associated with retained tooth root fragments and the effects of tooth root fragment length and position on oral inflammation in dogs,” what percent of fragments that did not have clinical evidence of inflammation had radiographic evidence of inflammation?
Ng, Fiani, Tennant, Peralta. JAVMA 2020.
16%
What is the difference between impacted and embedded teeth?
Embedded teeth do not erupt due to lack of normal eruptive forces
Impacted teeth do not erupt due to presence of physical barrier
In the study “Non-radiation-related osteonecrosis of the jaws in dogs: 14 cases (1996–2014)” how many dogs had a history of recent previous dental extractions? And out of those how many of them had at least one ONJ (osteonecrosis of the jaw) site within the vicinity of those recent dental extractions?
11/14 dogs and 10/11 dogs respectively
In the study “Non-radiation-related osteonecrosis of the jaws in dogs: 14 cases (1996–2014)” how many dogs had recently been given antibiotics due to oral/dental problems?
9 dogs
What were the most common clinical signs in dogs in the study “Non-radiation-related osteonecrosis of the jaws in dogs: 14 cases (1996–2014)”?
14/14 halitosis
11/14 mandibular lymphadenopathy
9/14 oral pain
3/14 local swelling
NO FEVER IN ANY DOGS!!!
What were the only hematological findings in the study “Non-radiation-related osteonecrosis of the jaws in dogs: 14 cases (1996–2014)”?
Hyperglobulinemia in 4/12 dogs, everything else was WNL
What were the most common radiographic findings in “Non-radiation-related osteonecrosis of the jaws in dogs: 14 cases (1996–2014)”?
Bone loss, sequestrum formation, periosteal reaction and moth-eaten or permeative pattern
What was the tx that was pursued in the dogs in “Non-radiation-related osteonecrosis of the jaws in dogs: 14 cases (1996–2014)” and what was the outcome?
SURGERY, aggressive surgical debridement!
Follow up on 12 dogs –> healed extraction sites.
They were also placed on antibiotics from 2 weeks - 2 months.
In the study “Non-radiation-related osteonecrosis of the jaws in dogs: 14 cases (1996–2014)” what two breeds are suggested to potentially have a breed predisposition for developing ONJ?
Cocker spaniels and Scottish Terriers
In the study “ Osteonecrosis of the jaws in dogs in previously irradiated fields: 13 cases (1989-2014)” what were the outcomes for the dogs?
Poor. Caca.
3 dogs - lesions healed following surgical debridement or mandibulectomy
2 dogs - several debridement’s stabilized/slow down progression
1 dog - medically managed then euthanized at 6 months
1 dog - surgical debridement then euthanized due to complications before second debridement could be performed
2 dogs - euthanized due to ONJ and poor prognosis
4 - lost to follow up
In the study “A Retrospective Evaluation of Secondary
Wound Healing for Extraction of the Maxillary
First Molar in Dogs” what was the outcome of the 127 sites that did represent for follow up?
126 appeared appropriately healed (99.2%), results of this retrospective evaluation demonstrated that primary closure of a first molar extraction site may not be required for appropriate soft tissue wound healing in canine patients
What are the three general surgical flap designs and techniques that are typically employed in exodontia?
Envolope flaps, triangle flap, pedicle flap
According to the study “A Retrospective Evaluation of Secondary
Wound Healing for Extraction of the Maxillary
First Molar in Dogs” what are the general four steps to wound healing?
(i) generation of a blood clot and inflammation
(ii) granulation tissue formation
(iii) re-epithelialization
(iv) formation of a connective tissue matrix with and end stage contraction phase
In Peralta’s 2015 study “Non-radiation-related osteonecrosis of the jaws in dogs: 14 cases (1996-2014),” how many dogs recently received antibiotics due to oral/dental problems?
Frontiers 2015
9/14
No fever in any dogs, halitosis in 14/14 dogs
In Peralta’s 2015 study “Non-radiation-related osteonecrosis of the jaws in dogs: 14 cases (1996-2014),” what precent of sites were in the maxilla and mandible and what percent were in the site of recently extracted teeth?
Front 2015
Maxilla 59%
Mandible 41%
Site of recently extracted teeth: 63%
In Peralta’s 2015 study “Non-radiation-related osteonecrosis of the jaws in dogs: 14 cases (1996-2014),” for the dogs that had CT imaging how did it compare with radiographic and clinical signs of osteonecrosis?
Front 2015
4/4 dogs, bone loss, moth-eaten that extended beyond clinically and radiographically detectable ONJ sites
In Peralta’s 2015 study “Non-radiation-related osteonecrosis of the jaws in dogs: 14 cases (1996-2014),” what treatments were performed and what was the outcome?
Front 2015
All 14 dogs treated with surgical debridement, antibiotic therapy for 2 weeks to 2 months
Follow up available for 12/14 dogs: all had healed surgical sites
In Nemec’s 2015 study “Osteonecrosis of the jaws in dogs in previously irradiated fields: 13 cases (1989-2014),” what is the incidencde of human osteoradionecrosis compared to canine oral tumors osteoradionecrosis?
Peralta, Verstraete Front 2015
Humans: 2-8%
Canine oral tumors: 6-7.6%
In Nemec’s 2015 study “Osteonecrosis of the jaws in dogs in previously irradiated fields: 13 cases (1989-2014),” how many dogs had dental extractions performed within the irradiated field resulting in osteoradionecrosis and what was the range of time from onset of RT to ORNJ?
Peralta, Verstraete Front 2015
dental extractions: 3/13 dogs
Time range: 2-44 months
In Nemec’s 2015 study “Osteonecrosis of the jaws in dogs in previously irradiated fields: 13 cases (1989-2014),” how many cases had follow up and how many dogs were euthanized due to osteoradionecrosis?
Peralta, Verstraete Front 2015
Follow up 9/13 cases
4/9 euthanized due to ORNJ
What is the relationship of osteoblasts and osteoclasts to RANK and RANKL?
Osteoblasts RANKL (ligand)
Osteoclasts RANK (receptor)
Osteoprotegrin: produced by osteoblasts acts as a decoy by binding to RANKL which prevents activation of RANK
What are the least and most potent bisphosphonates?
Stepaniuk, Kevin
Biphosphonate Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaws: A Review, 2011
least: Etidonate
Most: Zoledronate
What effect does bisphosphonate administration have on bone remodeling?
Stepaniuk, Kevin
Biphosphonate Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaws: A Review
2011
BP administration inhibits osteoclastic bone resorption and leads to microscopic bone necrosis
In Stepaniuk’s 2011 paper “Biphosphonate Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaws: A Review,” the mandible, maxilla and both mandible and maxilla were involved in what percent of human cases of BRONJ?
Mandible 67%
Maxilla 26%
Both 8%
In Bell’s 2015 study “Histologic, Clinical, and Radiologic Findings of Alveolar Bone Expansion and Osteomyelitis of the Jaws in Cats,” what percent of cats had rarifying osseous proliferation of alveolar bone expansion on rads and what percent of cats had TR?
Soukup Vet Pathol 2015
Rarifying osseous proliferation: 96%
TR: 83%
In the study “The Use of Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Substitute (BCP) in Mandibular Defects in Dogs: Use of CBCT to Evaluate Bone Healing” what was found to not be statistically significant?
Correlation between bone ridge margins and bone-material interface
In the study “The Use of Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Substitute (BCP) in Mandibular Defects in Dogs: Use of CBCT to Evaluate Bone Healing” what was biomaterial homogeneity also significantly correlated with aside from time?
Bone ridge margin
What are the most commonly used calcium phosphate (CaP) bone void filling materials per the study “ Biphasic calcium phosphate microparticles mixed with autologous blood: application for the reconstruction of a large mandibular bone defect in a dog. ”?
Hydroxyapatite (HA)
Beta-TCP
Biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP)
In Bell’s 2015 study “Histologic, Clinical, and Radiologic Findings of Alveolar Bone Expansion and Osteomyelitis of the Jaws in Cats,” ABE and osteomyelitis often occurs in conjunction with what conditions?
Soukup Vet Pathol 2015
Periodontal disease
Tooth resorption
Type 1 most common: 92% TR
Where does the temporalis muscle arise and insert?
Constantaras. Maxillofacial Injuries and Diseases That Cause an Open Mouth in Cats. JVD 2014
Origin: Temporal bone, few fibers zygomatic arch
Insert: medial aspect of coronoid process
Where does the masseter muscle originate from and insert?
Constantaras. Maxillofacial Injuries and Diseases That Cause an Open Mouth in Cats. JVD 2014
Originate: zygomatic arch
Insert: Lateral aspect of ramus in masseteric fossa, lateral aspect of angular process
Where do the medial and lateral pterygoid muscles arise and insert?
Constantaras. Maxillofacial Injuries and Diseases That Cause an Open Mouth in Cats. JVD 2014
Origin: Sphenoid bone/pterygopalatine fossae
Insert: medial mandible (coronoid and angular process)
What is the origin and insertion of the digastricus muscle?
Origin: occipital bone (jugular process)
Insertion: Caudoventral border of body of the mandible
What nerve provides motor innervation to the muscles of mastication?
Constantaras. Maxillofacial Injuries and Diseases That Cause an Open Mouth in Cats. JVD 2014
mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve
What nerve innervates the caudal belly of the digastricus?
Constantaras. Maxillofacial Injuries and Diseases That Cause an Open Mouth in Cats. JVD 2014
Facial nerve
What muscles hold the condylar process secure in the mandibular fossa?
Constantaras. Maxillofacial Injuries and Diseases That Cause an Open Mouth in Cats. JVD 2014
Masseter
Temporalis
Pterygoid
What is the most common TMJ luxation direction in cats and where does it shift the mandibles to?
Constantaras. Maxillofacial Injuries and Diseases That Cause an Open Mouth in Cats. JVD 2014
Unilateral rostrodorsal most common
Shifts mandibles away from side of luxation
A unilateral caudal TMJ luxation shifts the mandibles in what direction and is associated with fracture of what TMJ structure?
Constantaras. Maxillofacial Injuries and Diseases That Cause an Open Mouth in Cats. JVD 2014
Mandibles shifted towards side of luxation
Retroarticular process fractured
In Cetinkaya’s 2012 study “Temporomandibular joint injuries and ankylosis in the cat,” what percent of cases developed TMJ ankylosis?
11%
More likely to occur in fracture combinations of the condylar process and mandibular fossa
In Cetinkaya’s 2012 study “Temporomandibular joint injuries and ankylosis in the cat,” what was the association between age at time of trauma and ankylosis?
Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2012
No significant relationship between age at time of trauma and ankylosis
What breed of cat has open mouth jaw locking been reported in?
Constantaras. Maxillofacial Injuries and Diseases That Cause an Open Mouth in Cats. JVD 2014
Persians
For treatment of open mouth jaw locking in 3 cats what treatment was 100% successful in all three cases?
Constantaras. Maxillofacial Injuries and Diseases That Cause an Open Mouth in Cats. JVD 2014
Partial coronoidectomy
In Thomson’s 2021 paper “Gape Angle in Asymptomatic Dogs with Normal Occlusion,” what was the mean gape angles for conscious and anesthetized patients?
Synder JVD 2021
Conscious: 44 degrees
Anesthetized patients: 43.9 degrees
Synder JVD 2021
In Thomson’s 2021 paper “Gape Angle in Asymptomatic Dogs with Normal Occlusion,” what was the relationship with weight and jaw opening?
Synder JVD 2021
For each 10kg increase in body weight, average decrease of 0.68 degrees
Stat sig not not highly correlated
In Thomson’s 2021 paper “Gape Angle in Asymptomatic Dogs with Normal Occlusion,” what was the difference in gape angle between dental and non-dental patients?
Synder JVD 2021
No difference
In Soukup’s 2013 study ““Prevalence and nature of dentoalveolar injuries among patients with maxillofacial fractures,” what variables were stat sig associated with dentoalveolar injuries?
J Small Anim Pract 2013
Age (63% patients < 3 yro)
Mechanism of trauma (HBC 40% more likely to sustain DAI)
In Soukup’s 2013 study ““Prevalence and nature of dentoalveolar injuries among patients with maxillofacial fractures,” what was the association between mechanism of trauma and severity of DAI?
No stat sig relationship
In Soukup’s 2013 study ““Prevalence and nature of dentoalveolar injuries among patients with maxillofacial fractures,” what percentage of patients with maxillofacial fractures had traumatic DAI?
72% had at least 1 DAI
In Soukup’s 2013 study ““Prevalence and nature of dentoalveolar injuries among patients with maxillofacial fractures,” did the maxilla or mandible have the most root fractures, displaced teeth and concussive dental injuries?
Mandible
In Soukup’s 2013 study ““Prevalence and nature of dentoalveolar injuries among patients with maxillofacial fractures,” the maxilla had the most what type of DAIs?
crown fractures
Avulsions
In Umphlet’s 1988 study “Mandibular fractures in the cat: a retrospective study,” what was the most common fracture sustained and what percent of cases sustained single fractures?
Vet Surg 1988
Symphsyeal fractures 73% of all fractures
79% of cats had single fractures
In Umphlet’s 1988 study “Mandibular fractures in the cat: a retrospective study,” what was the association between sex, age and complications with fracture type/incidence?
Vet Surg 1988
No sex predilection
87% of cats were 4 years old or younger
Complications were sig more likely to occur in cats with multiple fractures
In Bonner’s 2012 study “Orofacial Manifestations of High-Rise Syndrome in Cats: A Retrospective Study of 84 Cases,” what was the overall survival rate and what percent of cats had some degree of orofacial findings overall and when examined by DOSS (group A) or ER vets (group B)?
Reiter, Lewis. JVD 2012
Survival rate 94%
Orofacial findings overall: 66%
Group A: 100%
Group B: 59%
All cats that were treated survived
In Bonner’s 2012 study “Orofacial Manifestations of High-Rise Syndrome in Cats: A Retrospective Study of 84 Cases,” what was the most common orofacial finding and what percent were affected overall and identified by Groups A and B?
Reiter, Lewis. JVD 2012
Facial soft tissue injury
Overall: 52%
Group A (DOSS): 71%
Group B (ER): 48%
In Knight’s 2019 study “Feline head trauma: a CT analysis of skull fractures and their management in 75 cats,” what was the overall survival rate, and what was the most common trauma etiology and percent of cats affected?
Journal of Feline Med and Surg 2019
Survival rate 92%
HBC most common etiology 89%
in contrast to JK 2023 paper that evaluted survival of all cats, not just those that recieved imaging 62%
In Knight’s 2019 study “Feline head trauma: a CT analysis of skull fractures and their management in 75 cats,” TMJ fractures were seen in what percent of cases?
56%
mostly all unilateral
In Tundo’s 2019 study “Location and distribution of craniomaxillofacial fractures in 45 cats presented for the treatment of head trauma,” what common and predictable patterns of skull trauma were identified?
Fractures of the midface most common, other than symphyseal separations, and likely to occur together: nasopharynx, orbit, nose, upper jaw, intermaxillary suture, zygomatic arch
In Tundo’s 2019 study “Location and distribution of craniomaxillofacial fractures in 45 cats presented for the treatment of head trauma,” what was the mean number of fractures and what structures had the highest incidence of fractures?
Mean number of fractures: 8
Nasopharynx and orbit 69%
Symphyseal separations 56%
In contrast to Umphlet paper that had predominately 1 fracture per cat and symphyseal separations most commonly 73% (only RAD performed)
Consistent with Knight 2019 paper that found skull fractures in multiple bones of 89% of cats
In DePaolo’s 2020 study “Craniomaxillofacial trauma in dogs-Part I: Fracture location, morphology and etiology,” what was the most common trauma etiology and what was the average number of fractured bones or regions per dog?
Frontiers 2020
Animal bites most common 50%
Average number of fractures: 8.2 per dog
In DePaolo’s 2020 study “Craniomaxillofacial trauma in dogs-Part I: Fracture location, morphology and etiology,” what factor were not significantly associated with trauma etiology?
Frontiers 2020
Age and sex
In DePaolo’s 2020 study “Craniomaxillofacial trauma in dogs-Part I: Fracture location, morphology and etiology,” what signalment factors/types of animals were sig more likely to have severe displacement and fragmentation?
Frontiers 2020
Intact and younger animals
In DePaolo’s 2020 study “Craniomaxillofacial trauma in dogs-Part I: Fracture location, morphology and etiology,” what were the most common fracture locations?
frontiers 2020
Maxillary bone 53%
Molar and premolar parts of mandible each affected in 41% dogs
fractures of midface common: maxilla, zygomatic, nasal, incisive)
In DePaolo’s 2020 study “Craniomaxillofacial trauma in dogs-Part I: Fracture location, morphology and etiology,” which bones tended to fracture more in vehicular accidents and animal bites respectively?
Frontiers 2020
Vehicular accidents: Pterygoid bones
Animals bites: Maxillary, zygomatic and molar part of mandibles
In DePaolo’s 2020 study “Craniomaxillofacial trauma in dogs-Part II: Association between fracture location, morphology and etiology,” what trauma etiology resulted in relatively higher numbers of severely displaced and fragmented fractures than other etiologies?
Verstraete Frontiers 2020
Vehicular trauma
In DePaolo’s 2020 study “Craniomaxillofacial trauma in dogs-Part II: Association between fracture location, morphology and etiology,” the molar and premolar parts of the mandible fractured concurrently with what other bones/areas?
Verstraete Frontiers 2020
Molar part fractured concurrently with mid ramus
Premolar part of mandible fractured concurrently with canine and incisive parts
In DePaolo’s 2020 study “Craniomaxillofacial trauma in dogs-Part II: Association between fracture location, morphology and etiology,” what structures fracture concurrently with the symphysis?
Verstraete Frontiers 2020
Cribiform plate!
contralateral or ipsilateral incisive and canine regions
In DePaolo’s 2020 study “Craniomaxillofacial trauma in dogs-Part II: Association between fracture location, morphology and etiology,” what bone tended to fracture concurrently with the highest number of other bones or regions?
Verstraete Frontiers 20202
Maxillary bone
important to look for other fractures when maxilla is fractured
In DePaolo’s 2020 study “Craniomaxillofacial trauma in dogs-Part II: Association between fracture location, morphology and etiology,” fractures of the vomer were often accompanied by fractures of what other two structures?
Verstraete Frontiers 2020
conchae and nasal bones
In DePaolo’s 2020 study “Craniomaxillofacial trauma in dogs-Part II: Association between fracture location, morphology and etiology,” fractures of the frontal and nasal bones were often accompanied by fractures of what structure/region?
Verstraete Frontiers 2020
skull base
In Lopes’ 2005 study “Oral fractures in dogs of Brazil - A retrospective study,” what age and sex of dogs were most likely to sustain fractures?
JVD 2005
Dogs < 2yro and > 8yro
Male dogs
In Lopes’ 2005 study “Oral fractures in dogs of Brazil - A retrospective study,” what was the most common trauma etiology and what percent of dogs sustained pathologic fractures?
JVD 2005
Animal bite wounds 43% of trauma cases
Pathologic fractures 13% all cases
What was the main take away of the study “Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Microparticles Mixed with Autologous Blood: Application for the Reconstruction of a Large Mandibular Bone Defect in a Dog”?
First report to show successful use of combined autologous blood (inductive properties) and BCP microparticles without the addition of exogenous growth factors to repair a large mandibular defect in a dog.
In Kitshoff’s 2013 study “A retrospective study of 109 dogs with mandibular fractures,” what size and age of dogs were most commonly affected?
vet comp ortho trauma 2013
Small breed dogs (70% of all cases) < year old (8 months or younger)
In Kitshoff’s 2013 study “A retrospective study of 109 dogs with mandibular fractures,” what was the most common trauma etiology?
JVD 2013
Dog fights 62% (higher than previous studies up to this point)
Likely due to high incidence of small breeds
In Kitshoff’s 2013 study “A retrospective study of 109 dogs with mandibular fractures,” what region of the mandible was most commonly affected and what was the most common fracture configuration?
JVD 2013
Molar region with first molar most commonly involved
Transverse configuration 67%
In Mulherin’s 2014 study “Retrospective evaluation of canine and feline maxillomandibular trauma cases. A comparison of signalment with non-maxillomandibular traumatic injuries (2003-2012),” what signalment factors had no significant difference between MM or non-MM trauma?
Synder, Soukup. Vet Comp Ortho Traumatol 2014
No sig difference between sex or repro altered status or age between dogs or cats presenting for MM vs non-MM trauma
In Mulherin’s 2014 study “Retrospective evaluation of canine and feline maxillomandibular trauma cases. A comparison of signalment with non-maxillomandibular traumatic injuries (2003-2012),” what factors associated with MM trauma as oppossed to non-MM trauma were statistically significant?
Synder, Soukup. Vet Comp Ortho Traumatol 2014
Sig higher percentage of animal altercation injuries in MM group than non-MM group
Sig higher percentage of smaller dogs presented for MM trauma than non-MM trauma
Cats predisposed to sustain MM injuries relative to non-MM injuries
In Mulherin’s 2014 study “Retrospective evaluation of canine and feline maxillomandibular trauma cases. Comparison of lunar cycle and seasonality with non-maxillomandibular traumatic injuries (2003-2012),” when did MM vs non-MM injuries tend to occur and was the difference between the two statistically significant?
Synder, Soukup. Vet Comp Ortho Traumatol 2014
MM injuries tended to occur in spring and decreased through winter
non-MM injuries tended to occur more in summer and fall
Difference in frequency of MM vs non-MM injuries during different seasons not significant
In Mulherin’s 2014 study “Retrospective evaluation of canine and feline maxillomandibular trauma cases. Comparison of lunar cycle and seasonality with non-maxillomandibular traumatic injuries (2003-2012),” what was the association of injuries with lunar cycle?
Synder, Soukup. Vet Comp Ortho Traumatol 2014
Stat sig greater amount of injuries (MM and non-MM) occurred immediately following full moon (third quarter to New Moon)
In Soukup’s 2015 study “Classification and epidemiology of traumatic dentoalveolar injuries in dogs and cats: 959 injuries in 660 patient visits (2004–2012),” what was the overall prevalence of TDI in the oral patient population?
JVD 2015
26%
Very similar to human TDI prevalence of 1 in 4 patients
In Soukup’s 2015 study “Classification and epidemiology of traumatic dentoalveolar injuries in dogs and cats: 959 injuries in 660 patient visits (2004–2012),” what percent of TDI were able to be classified with the human TDI system and what was the most common TDI?
JVD 2015
100% of TDI able to be classified by human system
Enamel dentin pulp/CCF most common 50%
In Soukup’s 2015 study “Classification and epidemiology of traumatic dentoalveolar injuries in dogs and cats: 959 injuries in 660 patient visits (2004–2012),” CCF were most likely to occur in what teeth and what were the most commonly injured teeth?
JVD 2015
CCF sig more likely to occur in canine and strategic teeth (canines and carnassials)
Mandibular and maxillary canines most commonly injured teeth
Premolars most commonly fractured teeth
In Soukup’s 2015 study “Classification and epidemiology of traumatic dentoalveolar injuries in dogs and cats: 959 injuries in 660 patient visits (2004–2012),” CCRFs and UCFs were significantly more common in what teeth?
JVD 2015
CCRFs: premolar and carnassial teeth
UCF: premolar teeth
In Soukup’s 2015 study “Classification and epidemiology of traumatic dentoalveolar injuries in dogs and cats: 959 injuries in 660 patient visits (2004–2012),” lateral luxation injuries occurred significantly more frequently in what populations of patients?
JVD 2015
< 3yro
Sexually intact
In Soukup’s 2015 study “Classification and epidemiology of traumatic dentoalveolar injuries in dogs and cats: 959 injuries in 660 patient visits (2004–2012),” TDIs occurred sig less commonly overall in what age categories of patients?
JVD 2015
< 3yro and > 10 yro
More commonly in middle aged patients
Is this a favorable or unfavorable fracture?
Scherer, Hetzel, Synder. Assessment of the Role of Mandibular First Molar Tooth in Mandibular Fracture Patterns of 29 Dogs. JVD 2019
unfavorable: courses in caudoventral direction
In Scherer’s 2019 study “Assessment of the Role of Mandibular First Molar Tooth in Mandibular Fracture Patterns of 29 Dogs,” what was the most common Schloss and Maretta fracture classification?
Synder JVD 2019
Type A
In Scherer’s 2019 study “Assessment of the Role of Mandibular First Molar Tooth in Mandibular Fracture Patterns of 29 Dogs,” fractures most commonly occured in what directions?
Synder JVD 2019
Oblique 76% fractures
Caudoventral/unfavorable 52%
Caudolingual 60%
CL fractures may be considered favorable since digastricus pulls jaw medially when closing mouth
In Scherer’s 2019 study “Assessment of the Role of Mandibular First Molar Tooth in Mandibular Fracture Patterns of 29 Dogs,” was the distribution between mesial and distal roots significant and what root was involved most frequently in fracture?
Synder JVD 2019
Distrubtion between roots not significant
Distal root involved in 61% cases
In Scherer’s 2019 study “Assessment of the Role of Mandibular First Molar Tooth in Mandibular Fracture Patterns of 29 Dogs,” periodontitis was involved in the fractures of what percent of patients and how many of those patients had PD4?
Synder JVD 2019
Periodontitis 24% cases
PD4 6/7 cases
In Castejon-Gonzalez’s 2022 paper “Etiology, Clinical Presentation, and Outcome of Mandibular Fractures in Immature Dogs Treated with non-Invasive or Minimally Invasive Techniques,” what factors were stat sig associated with outcome?
JVD 2022
Increments of one day in age decreased the time needed to reach clinical healing by 0.8 days
Time needed to reach clinical healing increased by 0.4 days for each day muzzle was in place
In Castejon-Gonzalez’s 2022 paper “Etiology, Clinical Presentation, and Outcome of Mandibular Fractures in Immature Dogs Treated with non-Invasive or Minimally Invasive Techniques,” what were the most common locations of the mandibular body and ramus fractures?
JVD 2022
Mandibular body unerupted canines 46%, unerupted first molar 35%
Ramus ventral half 53%
In Castejon-Gonzalez’s 2022 paper “Etiology, Clinical Presentation, and Outcome of Mandibular Fractures in Immature Dogs Treated with non-Invasive or Minimally Invasive Techniques,” what percent of fractures were unfavorable and stabilization was achieved with muzzling or muzzling + wound closure +/- tooth extraction in what percent of cases?
JVD 2022
Unfavorable 93%
Muzzling etc 72%
In Castejon-Gonzalez’s 2022 paper “Etiology, Clinical Presentation, and Outcome of Mandibular Fractures in Immature Dogs Treated with non-Invasive or Minimally Invasive Techniques,” what percent of dogs had a successful outcome and what was the mean clinical healing time?
JVD 2022
100% successful outcomes
Clinical healing mean time 21 days
In Castejon-Gonzalez’s 2022 paper “Etiology, Clinical Presentation, and Outcome of Mandibular Fractures in Immature Dogs Treated with non-Invasive or Minimally Invasive Techniques,” what percent of cases required at least one additional procedure and what percent had skeletal malocclusions?
JVD 2022
31%
skeletal malocclusions 38% (only 1 required intervention)
In Castejon-Gonzalez’s 2022 study “Dental abnormalities in immature dogs with a history of mandibular fractures,” how many dogs with follow up had abnormal dental development or malocclusion and how many required at least 1 further anesthetic procedure for treatment of those issues?
Reiter JVD 2022.
All 10/11 dogs with follow up had abnormal development or dental malocclusion of permanent teeth at previous fracture site
All 10 dogs required at least 1 anesthetic procedure for further treatment
In Castejon-Gonzalez’s 2022 study “Dental abnormalities in immature dogs with a history of mandibular fractures,” what percent of permanent teeth in or near the fracture lines erupted and what percent of permanent teeth in or near the fracture had developmental abnormalities or were nonvital?
Reiter JVD 2022
70% of affected permanent teeth erupted
73% of permanent teeth affected had developmental abonormalities or were nonvital
In Castejon-Gonzalez’s 2022 study “Dental abnormalities in immature dogs with a history of mandibular fractures,” what was the most common dental abnormality?
Reiter JVD 20022
Failure of eruption or partial eruption 29%
Three other most common dental abnormalities
Resorption 23%
Abnormal shape 19%
Enamel hypoplasia 14%
In Castejon-Gonzalez’s 2022 study “Dental abnormalities in immature dogs with a history of mandibular fractures,” what percent of deciduous teeth in or near the fracture continued normal development and eruption?
Reiter JVD 2022
64%
In Wolfs’ 2022 article “Craniomaxillofacial Trauma in Immature Dogs; Etiology, Treatments and Outcomes,” healing complications were reported for what percent of dogs and what was the most common complication?
Arzi, Verstraete. Frontiers 2022
72% of dogs had healing complications
Malocclusion most reported complication 55%
In Wolfs’ 2022 article “Craniomaxillofacial Trauma in Immature Dogs; Etiology, Treatments and Outcomes,” what was the most commonly fractured bone/region and how many average regions were affected per dog?
Arzi, Verstraete. Frontiers 2022
Maxillary 55%
8.8 fractured bones/regions per dog
Verstraete adult trauma study maxillary most common as well 53%, 8.2 fractured bones/regions per dog
In Wolfs’ 2022 article “Craniomaxillofacial Trauma in Immature Dogs; Etiology, Treatments and Outcomes,” what was the association between likelihood of malocclusion in dentate vs non dentate regions of the jaws and maxillary vs mandibular fractures?
Arzi, Verstraete Frontiers 2022
Stat sig association between development of malocclusion and fracture in dentate areas of mandible
No stat sig association between upper jaw fractures, non-dentate mandibular region fractures and malocclusion
In Wolfs’ 2022 article “Craniomaxillofacial Trauma in Immature Dogs; Etiology, Treatments and Outcomes,” what factors were associated with healing outcome?
Arzi, Verstraete. Frontiers 2022
No stat sig association between treatment modality and healing outcome
Positive correlation between severity of fracture fragmentation and displacement and negative healing outcome
In Wolfs’ 2022 article “Craniomaxillofacial Trauma in Immature Dogs; Etiology, Treatments and Outcomes,” what was the most common treatment performed?
Arzi, Verstraete. Frontiers 2022
Muzzle therapy 53%
Soft tissue closure 48%
In Bilyard’s 2023 study “Prevalence and Etiology of Dentoalveolar Trauma in 1,592 United States Military Working Dogs: A 1-Year Retrospective,” what two factors were significant predictors of severe tooth trauma requiring treatment?
Henry Frontiers 2023
Age
Tooth type
MWDs over 72 months 1.98 times more likely to have a fracture with pulp exposure compared to MWDs < 24 months of age
Maxillary incisors most commonly affected by CCF 63% followed by canine teeth 24%
In Bilyard’s 2023 study “Prevalence and Etiology of Dentoalveolar Trauma in 1,592 United States Military Working Dogs: A 1-Year Retrospective,” what was the prevalence of at least 1 TDI injury compared to the pet population?
Henry. Frontiers 2023
43% MWD prevalence
Twice pet population
Soukup 2015 26% prevalence
In Bilyard’s 2023 study “Prevalence and Etiology of Dentoalveolar Trauma in 1,592 United States Military Working Dogs: A 1-Year Retrospective,” what was the prevalence of enamel-dentin-pulp fractures and what was the association between sex and breed with development of CCF?
Henry. Frontiers 2023
Enamel-dentin-pulp fx 60%
No stat sig difference between sex or breed and development of CCF
In Maria-Soltero’s 2019 Study “Fracture Limits of Maxillary Fourth Premolar Teeth in Domestic Dogs Under Applied Force” what was the mean maximum force (± SD) sustained by the tested
teeth at the point of fracture?
1281 N (+/- 403)
In Maria-Soltero’s 2019 Study “Fracture Limits of Maxillary Fourth Premolar Teeth in Domestic Dogs Under Applied Force” what was the most common fracture type?
CCF 12/24 (50%)
UCF 6/24 (25%)
CCRF 5/24
In Maria-Soltero’s 2019 Study “Fracture Limits of Maxillary Fourth Premolar Teeth in Domestic Dogs Under Applied Force” what was the only independent variable that remained significantly associated
with maximum force?
Crown height to diameter ratio (p = 0.005), suggesting that
a decreased ratio increases tooth fracture resistance
The cutting power in the piezotome is influenced by?
Bone density, tip characteristics (alloy, shape, sharpness), and working pressure
What are treatment options for parotid salivary duct injury per the paper “Parotid Salivary Duct Stenosis Following Caudal Maxillectomy “?
Duct ligation, duct anastomosis, marsupialization, and resection of the parotid salivary gland
In Kelley’s 2023 paper “Prognostic indicators for feline craniofacial trauma: a retrospective study of 114 cases,” what was the overall survival rate and what signalment factors were associated with outcome/survival?
Rawlinson, Hoyer, Frontiers 2023
62%
Age not stat sig associated with outcome
Sex stat sig associated with outcome: MI sig more likely to be euthanized
Overall euthanasia rate of 37.7% much higher than previous referral DOSS
In Kelley’s 2023 paper “Prognostic indicators for feline craniofacial trauma: a retrospective study of 114 cases,” what trauma etiologies were stat sig associated with outcome and what was the relationship with median cumulative MGCS and ATT scores?
Rawlinson, Hoyer. Frontiers 2023
probability of euthanasia sig higher for vehicular trauma or animal altercation
Median cumulative MGCS sig lower in euthanized animals
ATT scores sig higher in euthanized animals
In Kelley’s 2023 paper “Prognostic indicators for feline craniofacial trauma: a retrospective study of 114 cases,” what grouping of clinical signs was associated with euthanasia due to grave prognosis?
Hoyer, Rawlinson Frontiers 2023
Ocular changes, cranial nerve deficits, maxillary fractures, altered mentation
Determined via principal component plots
In Kelley’s 2023 paper “Prognostic indicators for feline craniofacial trauma: a retrospective study of 114 cases,” survival to discharge with treatment was stat sig associated with what imaging findings?
Hoyer, Rawlinson Frontiers 2023
mandibular fractures and TMJ luxations
Determined via principal component plots
What type of tooth luxation injuries have the worst prognosis?
Intruded teeth
Edstrom. Traumatic Intrusion of a Maxillary Canine Tooth: 3 Cases. JVD 2015
What is the orbital floor composed of?
Medial pterygoid muscle
Zygomatic salivary gland
soft palate
Duke, Synder. “Ocular Trauma Originating from Within the Oral Cavity: Clinical Relevance and Histologic Findings in 10 Cases (2003-2013).” JVD 2014
In Duke’s 2015 study “Ocular Trauma Originating from Within the Oral Cavity: Clinical Relevance and Histologic Findings in 10 Cases (2003-2013),” all cases of panophthalmitis presented to ophthalmologists how long after dental procedures?
Synder. JVD 2015
Between 3 days and 6 weeks
In Duke’s 2015 study “Ocular Trauma Originating from Within the Oral Cavity: Clinical Relevance and Histologic Findings in 10 Cases (2003-2013),” what treatment was performed in all cases, how many cases had intraocular bacteria and how many had scleral perforations?
Synder. JVD 2014
Enucleation performed in all cases
intraocular bacteria 4/10
scleral perforation 6/10
In Soltero-Rivera’s 2019 paper “Fracture Limits of Maxillary Fourth Premolar Teeth in Domestic Dogs Under Applied Force,” what was the mean maximum force that teeth would withstand and where was the force applied?
Reiter Frontiers 2019
Mean maximum force = 1281N
Force on occluso/palatal aspect of main cusps
rigid chew material that fails to yield below 1,281 N would be considered to be a risk of fracturing a maxillary PM4
In Soltero-Rivera’s 2019 paper “Fracture Limits of Maxillary Fourth Premolar Teeth in Domestic Dogs Under Applied Force,” what factor was stat sig associated with fracture resistance?
Reiter, Frontiers 2019
Crown height to diameter ratio
1 unit increase in crown height/diameter ratio leads to max force decreased by 3,137N
Decreased crown height ratio increases fracture resistance
In Basuki’s 2018 article “Repair of Bilateral Comminuted Mandibular Fractures in a 12-Week-Old-Puppy Using Locking and Nonlocking Maxillofacial Reconstruction Plates,” which plates failed?
Rawlinson, Palmer JVD 2018
The dorsal nonlocking plates
Over what age does mandibular growth occur solely at the caudal border of the mandible?
Basuki, Rawlinson, Palmer. “Repair of Bilateral Comminuted Mandibular Fractures in a 12-Week-Old-Puppy Using Locking and Nonlocking Maxillofacial Reconstruction Plates,” JVD 2018
50 days
In Basuki’s 2018 article “Repair of Bilateral Comminuted Mandibular Fractures in a 12-Week-Old-Puppy Using Locking and Nonlocking Maxillofacial Reconstruction Plates,” what alternative surgical options was suggested to avoid the complications encountered?
Rawlinson, Palmer JVD 2018
single large bridging plate placed along ventral border of mandibles
In Strom’s 2016 article “Ankylosis and pseudoankylosis of the temporomandibular joint in 10 dogs (1993-2015),” what number of dogs had ankylosis, pseudoankylosis or both respectively?
Strom, Arzi, Cissell, Verstraete. Vet Comp Ortho Traumatol 2016.
Ankylosis 2/10
Pseudoankylosis 7/10
Ankylosis + pseudoankylosis 1/10
In Strom’s 2016 article “Ankylosis and pseudoankylosis of the temporomandibular joint in 10 dogs (1993-2015),” what number of dogs that were treated surgically regained the ability to open their mouth and what number never regained a fully normal TMJ ROM?
Arzi, Cissell, Verstraete. Vet Comp Ortho Traumatol 2016.
8/9 dogs regained ability to open mouth
6/9 never regained full TMJ ROM
1 dog had to be retreated surgically
In Strom’s 2016 article “Ankylosis and pseudoankylosis of the temporomandibular joint in 10 dogs (1993-2015),” how many dogs were euthanized intraoperatively and how many recieved blood transfusions during surgery?
Arzi, Cissell, Verstraete. Vet Comp Ortho Traumatol 2016.
1 euthanized due to rapid, uncontrollable hemorrhage
2 received blood transfusions
In Strom’s 2016 article “Ankylosis and pseudoankylosis of the temporomandibular joint in 10 dogs (1993-2015),” psuedoankylosis occurred most commonly between what structures?
Arzi, Cissell, Verstraete. Vet Comp Ortho Traumatol 2016.
Coronoid process or mandibular ramus with zygomatic arch
Large breeds and females overrepresented
What is biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) composed of and what are the contributions of its two main components?
Girard. Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Microparticles Mixed with Autologous Blood: Application for the Reconstruction of a Large Mandibular Bone Defect in a Dog. JVD 2020
Beta-TCP: promotes tissue regeneration, rapidly resorbably
Hydroxyapatite (HA): provides structural scaffold, not biodegradable
Osteoconductive and inductive when combined with blood
Girard’s 2020 pilot trial, “Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Microparticles Mixed with Autologous Blood: Application for the Reconstruction of a Large Mandibular Bone Defect in a Dog,” what were the surgical steps/phases performed?
JVD 2020
First surgery: segmental mandibulectomy with piezotome
Second surgery: performed 4 weeks postop, 3D prepared pre-op, locking plate contoured to ventral aspect of right mandible, BCP mixed with blood, plate placed, BRB cylinder placed in defect and closed
In Girard’s 2020 pilot trial, “Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Microparticles Mixed with Autologous Blood: Application for the Reconstruction of a Large Mandibular Bone Defect in a Dog,” when was new bone bridging between the implant material and mandible bone observed and when were the margins of the defect no longer visible?
JVD 2020
New bone bridging: 1 month postop CBCT
Margins of defect no longer visible: 6 month postop CBCT
In Girard’s 2020 pilot trial, “Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Microparticles Mixed with Autologous Blood: Application for the Reconstruction of a Large Mandibular Bone Defect in a Dog,” what were the size of BCP porous microparticles used and what percent composition of HA and Beta-TCP was used?
JVD 2020
Microparticles 80-200nm
HA 60%
Beta-TCP 40%
In Girard’s 2020 study “The Use of Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Substitute (BCP) in Mandibular Defects in Dogs: Use of CBCT to Evaluate Bone Healing,” what significant linear correlations were observed?
JVD 2020
Between time of the CBCT examination and ratio of maximum HU value of the defect/implant to the contralateral mandible
Between time of the CBCT exam and ratio of minimum HU value of the implant/defect to the contralateral mandible
In Girard’s 2020 study “The Use of Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Substitute (BCP) in Mandibular Defects in Dogs: Use of CBCT to Evaluate Bone Healing,” what was the overall outcome?
JVD 2020
All surgically created defects healed with evidence of bone regrowth and excellent return to function
No large gap defects–> interdental wiring fracture repair, endo-perio lesions treated with extraction, periapical cysts/osteitis treated with endodontic surgery
In Thatcher’s 2020 paper “Diagnosis and Management of An Oronasal Fistula Secondary to Nasal Transmissible Venereal Tumor in a Dog,” how was the tumor diagnosed and treated?
JVD 2020
Diagnosed via CT, incisional biopsy, histo and IHC to rule out other round cell neoplasms
Treated with vincristine 6 treatments q7 days
2 weeks after final chemo - a transposition U-shaped palatal flap 50% larger than defect
No recurrence at 12 month follow up CT
This is an example of what type of acquired palatal defect repair technique? How much larger should the flap be than the defect?
Transposition palatal U-shaped flap
50% larger
Small triangle of tissue removed to facilitate movement of flap over defect (Burow’s triangle)
In “Oronasal fistula repair using auricular cartilage” by RP Lorraine & L Legendre, where is the incision made at the donor site to obtain the graft segment?
Dorsal surface of the pinna
In Feigin’s 2019 study “Use of Platelet-Rich Plasma and Platelet-Rich Fibrin in Dentistry and Oral Surgery: Introduction and Review of the Literature,” what are the advantages of PRF over PRP?
Shope 2019
Simple preparation, minimal expense, absence of added anticoagulant or bovine thrombin
PRF fibrin network forms a homogenous 3-D organization that has long-term effect on tissue healing by slowly releasing cytokines
What is the advantage of using an auricular cartilage graft for refractory oronasal fistula repairs?
Provides underlying support for epithelial migration, rapid to obtain graft, autogenous graft; donor site heals with minimal complication
Plalete-rich plasma should be used how soon after isoloation and when due release of growth factor begin and end after preparation?
Feigin, Shope. “Use of Platelet-Rich Plasma and Platelet-Rich Fibrin in Dentistry and Oral Surgery: Introduction and Review of the Literature,” JVD 2019.
Should be used with 4 hours of isolation
Release of growth factors begins within 10 minutes after preparation, almost 95% growth factors secreted within first hour
What cytokines and growth factors are present in platelet-rich fibrin and for how long are they released?
Feigin, Shope. “Use of Platelet-Rich Plasma and Platelet-Rich Fibrin in Dentistry and Oral Surgery: Introduction and Review of the Literature,” JVD 2019.
Interleukin 1Beta, IL-4, tumor necrosis factor alpha, PDF alpha and beta, insulin-like growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor
Sustained release of growth factors for 1-4 weeks
What critical size bone defect was determined in the 2009 mini pig article for defects retained by two reconstructive plates for models with and without periosteum respectively?
With periosteum 6cm
Without periosteum 2cm
In the 2016 JAVMA study, “Use of a split thickness soft palate hinged flap and bilateral buccal mucosal rotation flaps for one-stage repair of a bilateral hypoplastic soft palate in a dog” a pseudouvula was not a prominent feature in this dog. What makes up a pseudouvula and what concerns should one have for this dog given its lack of this structure?
A pseudouvula consists of palatine muscles (tensor and levator veli palatini), connective tissue and mucosa. Owners should be made aware that the absence of normal palatine muscle within the reconstructed palate may affect function.
In Arzi’s 2014 paper “Regenerating Mandibular Bone Using rhBMP-2: Part 1 Immediate Reconstruction of segmental Mandibulectomies,” what concentration and volume of rhBMP-2 should be used in respect to calcium compression resistance matrix (CRM) volume and how much CRM should be used relative to mandibular defect dimensions?
Vet Surg 2014
rhBMP 0.5mg/ml at 50% of CRM volume
CRM should be 2mm longer than defect and 50-75% of mandibular bone height
In Arzi’s 2014 paper “Regenerating Mandibular Bone Using rhBMP-2: Part 1 Immediate Reconstruction of segmental Mandibulectomies,” when was palable hard tissue present after surgery, when was the defect completely solid and when did the implant appear as native bone?
Vet Surg 2014
Palpable hard tissue 2 weeks
Defect completely solid 4 weeks
Radiographically appeared as native bone: 3 months
In the 2016 JAVMA study, “Use of a split thickness soft palate hinged flap and bilateral buccal mucosal rotation flaps for one-stage repair of a bilateral hypoplastic soft palate in a dog” what is their theory for bilateral soft palate hypoplasia?
Failure of fusion of the lateral palatine processes to the tissues that will form the tonsillar crypts, palatine tonsils, cranial and caudal tonsillar pillars
What were the pros to the surgical approach in the 2016 JAVMA study, “Use of a split thickness soft palate hinged flap and bilateral buccal mucosal rotation flaps for one-stage repair of a bilateral hypoplastic soft palate in a dog”?
1 surgical procedure vs 2 (can only really performed when pseudouvula is not present), applicable to a variety of skull morphologies, robust tissue combination that is expected to be less prone to trauma
In Arzi’s 2014 paper “Regenerating Mandibular Bone Using rhBMP-2: Part 1 Immediate Reconstruction of segmental Mandibulectomies,” why does intraoral incision oozing occur, when does it begin, peak and resolve?
Vet Surg 2014
BMP induces inflammation since is chemotactic for inflammatory cells like PMN and osteoclast like cells
Oozing begins on day 3, peaks at 1 week and resolves in 2-3 weeks
In Arzi’s 2014 paper “Regenerating Mandibular Bone Using rhBMP-2: Part 1 Immediate Reconstruction of segmental Mandibulectomies,” do higher doses of BMP improve bone quality?
Vet Surg 2014
No
Higher doses –> more inflammation
Does not improve bone quality
In Arzi’s 2014 paper “Regenerating Mandibular Bone Using rhBMP-2: Part 1 Immediate Reconstruction of segmental Mandibulectomies,” what type of plate is recommended and when can BMP be placed at time of segmental mandibulectomy?
Vet Surg 2014
Single 3mm titanium locking plate
Acceptable to place BMP-2 immediately if confident about surgical margins, otherwise contraindicated, can plate locking plate and then place CRM and BMP 2 weeks later
In Verstraete’s 2015 study “Regenerating mandibular bone using rhBMP-2: Part 2 - Treatment of chronic, defect non-union fractures,” how many dogs had normal healing with immediate return to function and normal occlusion following the procedure? When was hard tissue formation observed clinically and solid cortical bone formation?
Vet Surg 2015
5/5 dogs
Hard tissue formation clinically 2 weeks
Solid cortical bone formation 3 months
Bone morphogenic proteins are multifunctional growth factors within what growth factor family, and what form of bone formation do they initiate?
Verstraete, Arzi. “Regenerating mandibular bone using rhBMP-2: Part 2 - Treatment of chronic, defect non-union fractures,” Vet Surg 2015
Transforming growth factor Beta family
Initiate ectopic bone formation
In Arzi’s 2015 study “Regenerative Approach to Bilateral Rostral Mandibular Reconstruction in a Case Series of Dogs,” what complications were observed?
1 dog: plate exposure at 14 days through mucosa–> mucosal flap repair
1 dog: CRM material dislodged at 6 days postop, revision surgery with new rhBMP-2 infused CRM not performed due to contamination
In Arzi’s 2015 study “Regenerative Approach to Bilateral Rostral Mandibular Reconstruction in a Case Series of Dogs,” a single titanium locking plate was contoured in a horseshoe shape to extend rostrally to the level of what maxillary teeth?
Frontiers 2015
Maxillary first premolar/canine teeth
In Arzi’s 2016 ex vivo study “Biomechanical evaluation of two plating configurations for critical-sized defects of the mandible in dogs,” what two plating configurations were tested?
Verstraete JVD 2016
LP: single locking plate halfway between dorsal and ventral borders
LMP: locking plate +alveolar miniplate
In Arzi’s 2016 ex vivo study “Biomechanical evaluation of two plating configurations for critical-sized defects of the mandible in dogs,” what values of test mandibles were < 30% values for intact mandibles and < 45% values for intact mandibles respectively?
Verstraete JVD 2016
Stiffness and yield loads < 30% values of intact mandibles
Failure loads < 45% intact mandibles
In Arzi’s 2016 ex vivo study “Biomechanical evaluation of two plating configurations for critical-sized defects of the mandible in dogs,” the LMP (2 plate) construct had what differences compared to the LP (single plate) construct?
Verstraete JVD 2016
LMP construct had greater stiffness and strength prior to yield (2x more)
Frequency of screw penetration of teeth and mandibular canal sig greater for LMP than single LP constructs
In Arzi’s 2016 ex vivo study “Biomechanical evaluation of two plating configurations for critical-sized defects of the mandible in dogs,” the authors conclude that which construct may not be clincally justifiable?
Verstraete JVD 2016
LMP
No consistent biomechanical differences at failure between LP and LMP. LMP had greater stiffness and strength prior to yield
What are the properties/advantages of locking plates/screws?
Synder. Successful Treatment of Mandibular Nonunion with Cortical Allograft, Cancellous Autograft, and Locking Titanium Miniplates in a Dog. JVD 2016
provide increased implant stiffness with a fixed angle construct and lack the requirement for accurate plate contouring to match bone surface
Do standard nonlocking implants require the implant to be anatomic to the bone surface?
Synder. Successful Treatment of Mandibular Nonunion with Cortical Allograft, Cancellous Autograft, and Locking Titanium Miniplates in a Dog. JVD 2016
Yes
In Synder’s 2016 study “Successful Treatment of Mandibular Nonunion with Cortical Allograft, Cancellous Autograft, and Locking Titanium Miniplates in a Dog,” when complete osseointegration of the graft visible on rads?
JVD 2016
12 months postop
This image shows what soft palatal defect repair technique and what defect is being repaired?
split thickness soft palate hinged flap and bilateral buccal mucosal rotation flaps for one-stage repair of a bilateral hypoplastic soft palate in a dog
In Peralta’s 2017 study “Morphological Evaluation of Clefts of the Lip, Palate or Both in Dogs,” for cleft hard palates (secondary cleft only) what skull type was most frequently affected and what was the most common shape?
Mesaticephalic 57%
Pyriform most common 43%
C. Pyriform
A, B, C and D show what shape of hard palatal defects?
Peralta, Fiani, Verstraete. Morphological Evaluation of Clefts of the Lip, Palate or Both in Dogs. Am J Vet Res 2017
A. Divergent
B. Parallel
C. Pyriform
D. Oval-shaped
What defect is shown?
Fiani, Verstraete. Reconstruction of Congenital Nose, Cleft Primary Palate, and Lip Disorders. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2016.
Bifid nose
During this primary cleft lip repair, what muscle is the instrument pointing to?
Fiani N, Verstraete FJ, Arzi B.
Reconstruction of Congenital Nose, Cleft Primary Palate, and Lip Disorders. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2016
Orbicularis oris muscle
What were the results of the retrospective study, “Surgical Treatment and Outcome of Acquired Midline Palate Defects in Cats” written by Castejon in 2022?
They indicate that the early treatment (within 5 days) of the acquired longitudinal defects in the midline of the hard and soft palates is highly successful.
The images below show what cleft palate repair technique?
Peralta, Fiani, Verstraete. “Outcomes of surgical repair of congenital palatal defects in dogs,” JAVMA 2018
von Langenbeck
The images below show what cleft palate repair technique
Peralta, Fiani, Verstraete. “Outcomes of surgical repair of congenital palatal defects in dogs,” JAVMA 2018
Overlapping flap
In Papazoglou’s 2015 article “Ventral Approach for Surgical Management of Feline Sublingual Sialocele,” the star below indicates what muscle?
JVD 2015
Digastricus
In Scott’s 2017 case report “Odontogenic Fibromyxoma in a Cat: First Confirmed Case in This Species,” how much follow up did they have and was recurrence noted?
JVD 2017. Dorsal rim excision performed
34 months final RAD and biopsy –> no recurrence
49 months no recurrence per owner
In Fiani’s 2019 study, “Extended Subtotal Mandibulectomy for the Treatment of Oral Tumors Invading the Mandibular Canal in Dogs—A Novel Surgical Technique,” what are the landmarks for the osteotomy?
Frontiers 2019
Distal to the mandibular third molar at the angle of the mandible to the angular process
Making sure to include the mandibular foramen
The orange arrow points to what structure?
Excision of Extensive Orbitozygomaticomaxillary Complex Tumors Combining an Intra- and Extraoral Approach With Transpalpebral Orbital Exenteration
Thomson, Rigby, Geddes, Soukup. Frontiers 2020.
Rostral cranial fossa
Contains the rostral olfactory bulb
In Geddes’s 2020 study “Biomechanical Testing of a Calcium Phosphate-Phosphoserine-Based Mineral-Organic Adhesive for Non-Invasive Fracture Repair of Mandibular Fractures in Dogs,” the red, green and light blue lines represent which treatment or control groups?
Synder Frontiers 2020
Red: control
Green: adhesive and composite
Light blue: wire and composite
What are the deep muscles of the lips?
Saverino, Reiter. “Clinical Presentation, Causes, Treatment, and Outcome of Lip Avulsion Injuries in Dogs and Cats: 24 cases (2001-2017),” Frontiers 2018
Zygomaticus, superior and inferior incisivus, levator labii superioris, caninus, mentalis, levator nasolabialis
All innervated by facial nerve
Which muscles are shown in orange, blue and brown respectively?
Orange: buccinator
Blue: Orbicularis oris
Brown: Mentalis
What muscles are shown in blue and brown respectively?
Blue: Levator nasolabialis
Brown: zygomaticus
1.
What axial pattern flap is shown here?
Angularis oris
In Conguista’s 2023 study “Analysis of the approach angle to medial orbitotomy that avoids accidental neurotrauma in the mesaticephalic dog skull utilizing 3D computer models and virtual surgical planning,” the blue circle is pointing to what structure?
Soukup. Frontiers 2023.
Rostal alar foramen
In Conguista’s 2023 study “Analysis of the approach angle to medial orbitotomy that avoids accidental neurotrauma in the mesaticephalic dog skull utilizing 3D computer models and virtual surgical planning,” what planes and markers were used to determine the safe approach angle?
Soukup Frontiers 2023
The angle between the ventral orbital crest (VOC) marker and the midline sagittal plane
What procedure is being illustrated in the image?
Excisional new attachment procedure
