Imaging and Development Flashcards by Jennifer Kelley

What are the eruption times of the permanent incisors, canines and premolars and molars?

Boy. Developmental structural tooth defects in dogs - experience from veterinary dental referral practice and review of the literature. Frontiers 2016.

Incisors: 12-16 weeks
Canines and premolars: 16-24 weeks
Molars: 20-32 weeks

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What systemic diseases/factors can lead to enamel defects during tooth development?

Boy. Developmental structural tooth defects in dogs - experience from veterinary dental referral practice and review of the literature. Frontiers 2016.

Severe pyrexia
Infection with epitheliotropic viruses
Exposure to tetracyclines, high levels systemic fluoride

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What is the gross appearance of enamel hypoplasia due to incomplete/disrupted enamel matrix production vs EH due to inadequate matrix mineralization?

Boy. Developmental structural tooth defects in dogs - experience from veterinary dental referral practice and review of the literature. Frontiers 2016.

Incomplete/disrupted enamel matrix production: edges regular and smooth
Inadequate matrix mineralization: sharp and irregular

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Familial enamel hypoplasia due to 5-bp deletion of exon 10 on enamelin gene has been identified in what species of dogs?

Boy. Developmental structural tooth defects in dogs - experience from veterinary dental referral practice and review of the literature. Frontiers 2016.

Italian Greyhounds

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To avoid tetracycline staining, tetracyclines should not be administered to pregnant bitches or what age of puppies?

Boy. Developmental structural tooth defects in dogs - experience from veterinary dental referral practice and review of the literature. Frontiers 2016.

Puppies < 6 months old

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What is the mechanism of action of tetracycline staining?

Tetracycline binds irreversibly to and forms complexes with calcium orthophosphate in affected teeth

Produces no structual weakness: no treatment necessary

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Germination is seen most commonly in what breed?

Boy. Developmental structural tooth defects in dogs - experience from veterinary dental referral practice and review of the literature. Frontiers 2016.

Boxers

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What is the difference between enamel hypoplasia and enamel hypomineralization?

AVDC nomenclature

Enamel hypoplasia: due to inadequate deposition of enamel matrix
Enamel hypomineralization: inadequate mineralization of enamel matrix. crowns covered with soft enamel that may wear quickly

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What is the definition of fusion/fused teeth?

AVDC nomenclature

Combining of adjacent tooth germs and resulting in partial or complete union of the developing teeth; also called synodontia

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What is the definition of concrescence?

AVDC nomenclature

Fusion of roots of two or more teeth at the cementum level

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What is the defintion of fused roots?

AVDC nomenclature

Fusion of the roots of the same tooth

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What is the definition of germination?

AVDC nomenclature

A single tooth bud’s attempt to divide partially (cleft of crown) or completely (presence of an identical supernumerary tooth) also called twinning

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These teeth show examples of what defect?

Partial germination

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What structure promotes deposition of cementum onto newly formed dentin?

Hernandez. Morphology of the Cementoenamel Junction in Permanent Teeth of Dogs: A Scanning Electron Microscopic Study. JVD 2011

Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath (HERS)

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In DeLaurier’s 2006 study “Analysis of the characteristics and mineralization status of feline teeth using scanning electron microscopy,” what Choquet types were most prevalent?

Hernandez. Morphology of the Cementoenamel Junction in Permanent Teeth of Dogs: A Scanning Electron Microscopic Study. JVD 2020 cited this paper

Type 3 and Type 4

Authors concluded that the high prevalence of type 4 CEJs was correlated with the high prevalence of dental resorption

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What Choquet type of cementoenamel junction morphology should not be developmentally possible and what is the developmental explanation for its existence?

Hernandez. Morphology of the Cementoenamel Junction in Permanent Teeth of Dogs: A Scanning Electron Microscopic Study. JVD 2020

Type 2: Enamel overlaps cementum, should not be possible since development of enamel ceases before that of cementum
Can be explained by hyperactive Hertwig’s sheath as happens in formation of enamel pearls

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In Hernandez’s 2020 study “Morphology of the Cementoenamel Junction in Permanent Teeth of Dogs: A Scanning Electron Microscopic Study,” what Type of CEJ was most common?

Type 3: present alone or in combo in 91% samples

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In Verstraete’s 2011 study “Clinical signs and histopathologic findings in dogs with odontogenic cysts: 41 cases (1995–2010),” what was the most common type of odontogenic cyst?

JAVMA 2011

Dentigerous cyst 71% of cysts

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In Verstraete’s 2011 study “Clinical signs and histopathologic findings in dogs with odontogenic cysts: 41 cases (1995–2010),” how many dogs had cysts suggestive of odontogenic keratocysts and what was their distribution?

JAVMA 2011

9/41
all in maxilla and surrounded roots of erupted teeth

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In Verstraete’s 2011 study “Clinical signs and histopathologic findings in dogs with odontogenic cysts: 41 cases (1995–2010),” how many cysts were associated with the unerupted first premolar tooth?

JAVMA 2011

30
83%

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In Verstraete’s 2011 study “Clinical signs and histopathologic findings in dogs with odontogenic cysts: 41 cases (1995–2010),” what skull type and breeds of dog were overrepresented?

JAVMA 20111

Brachycephalic
Boxers 24%
Pugs 20%

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What are potential oral cyst sources?

Babbit. Incidence of Radiographic Cystic Lesions Associated With Unerupted Teeth in Dogs. JVD 2016.

tooth germ
enamel epithelium of tooth crown
epithelial rests of Malassez
dental lamina remnants
basal layer of oral epithelium

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What are the two defining histologic features of dentigerous cysts?

Babbit. Incidence of Radiographic Cystic Lesions Associated With Unerupted Teeth in Dogs. JVD 2016.

stratified squamous epithelial lining
lack of keratinization

When eruption fails, ameloblast cells make up the squamous epithelial lining seen in dentigerous cysts

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In Babbit’s 2016 study “Incidence of Radiographic Cystic Lesions Associated With Unerupted Teeth in Dogs,” what percent of submitted cysts were dentigerous cysts?

Volker, Luskin JVD 2016

71%

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In Babbit's 2016 study "Incidence of Radiographic Cystic Lesions Associated With Unerupted Teeth in Dogs," what percent of unerupted teeth were mandibular first premolars and what percent of unerupted teeth had radiographic evidence of cystic lesions? ## Footnote Volker, Luskin. JVD 2016

68% unerupted teeth mandibular PM1 29% unerupted teeth rad evidence of cystic lesion

In Babbit's 2016 study "Incidence of Radiographic Cystic Lesions Associated With Unerupted Teeth in Dogs," there was a high correlation with pathology when the pericoronal radiolucency was what size in relation to the normal width of the maxillary canine PDL space? ## Footnote Luskin, Volker. JVD 2016

3x normal PDL width

In Babbit's 2016 study "Incidence of Radiographic Cystic Lesions Associated With Unerupted Teeth in Dogs," what percent of radiographic cystic lesions came from Boxers, Pugs, Shih Tzu and Boston Terriers and what percent of histologically diagnosed dentigerous cysts were from brachycephalic dogs? ## Footnote Volker, Luskin. JVD 2016

- 61% radiographic cystic lesions Boxer, Pug, Shih Tzu, Boston Terrier - 85% of histologically diagnosed dentigerous cysts brachycephalic

In Haseler's 2032 study "Marsupialisation of 12 odontogenic cysts in Boxer dogs: Retrospective case series," what percent of cases were dentigerous cysts and what percent of dentigerous cysts were associated with the first premolar? ## Footnote Frontiers 2023

Dentigerous cysts 75% cases All dentigerous cysts associated with unerupted 1st premolar (78% located in mandible)

In Haseler's 2032 study "Marsupialisation of 12 odontogenic cysts in Boxer dogs: Retrospective case series," what was the mean cyst volume reduction? ## Footnote Frontiers 2023

67%

In Haseler's 2032 study "Marsupialisation of 12 odontogenic cysts in Boxer dogs: Retrospective case series," what was the relationship between extension of cyst into surrounding tissues and volume reduction? ## Footnote Frontiers 2023

Rate of reduction of cysts when adjusted for age found to be sig higher in cysts with extension into surrounding soft tissue compared to cysts completely surrounded by bone and those that extended into the nasal cavity

In Bellei's 2019 study "A Clinical, Radiographic and Histological Study of Unerupted Teeth in Dogs and Cats: 73 Cases (2001-2018)," what percent of dog cases had radiographic and/or histopath evidence of dentigerous cysts in unerupted teeth? ## Footnote Frontiers 2019

44% ## Footnote In agreement with Hutt 2022 also 44%

In Bellei's 2019 study "A Clinical, Radiographic and Histological Study of Unerupted Teeth in Dogs and Cats: 73 Cases (2001-2018)," what percent of cat cases were dentigerous cysts and what percent of dog dog dentigerous cysts were in Brachycephalic dogs? ## Footnote Frontiers 2019

No dentigerous cysts in cats 77% of dentigerous cysts in brachycephalic dogs ## Footnote - 90% of Boxers with unerupted teeth developed cystic lesions (mostly all dentigerous cysts)

In Bellei's 2019 study "A Clinical, Radiographic and Histological Study of Unerupted Teeth in Dogs and Cats: 73 Cases (2001-2018)," what was the treatment outcome? ## Footnote frontiers 2019

All cases treated surgically successful

In Johnson's 2022 paper "Characterization and Classification of Keratinized Odontogenic Cysts in 29 Dogs," what was the most common cyst location? ## Footnote JVD 2022

Rostal maxilla 38% ## Footnote 59% invovled a canine tooth

In Johnson's 2022 paper "Characterization and Classification of Keratinized Odontogenic Cysts in 29 Dogs," what were the most common gross findings? ## Footnote JVD 2022

Visualization of pore/intraluminal keratin 48% Most cyst contents firm Gross visible expansion of bone common 86%

In Johnson's 2022 paper "Characterization and Classification of Keratinized Odontogenic Cysts in 29 Dogs," what were the histologic findings in all cases? ## Footnote JVD 2022

- All lined with keratinized stratified squamous epithelium with organized maturation of cell layers and no nuclear atypia - both orthokeratotic (absence of nuclei) and parakeratotic (presence of nuclei) seen

In Clayton's 2023 study "Clinical, Radiographic and Histologic Evaluation of 40 Cystic Oral Lesions in 37 Cats," what lesions were stat sig noted in younger animals? ## Footnote Bell JVD 2023

Feline inductive odontogenic tumors (FIOTs) Dentigerous cysts

In Clayton's 2023 study "Clinical, Radiographic and Histologic Evaluation of 40 Cystic Oral Lesions in 37 Cats," what percent of odontogenic cysts could not be classified as a type of cyst currently described and recognized in cats? ## Footnote bell JVD 2023

78%

In Clayton's 2023 study "Clinical, Radiographic and Histologic Evaluation of 40 Cystic Oral Lesions in 37 Cats," a definitive diagnosis was able to be made in what percent of cystic lesions and cystic tumors respectively? ## Footnote Bell JVD 2023

- Cystic lesions 49% cases - Cystic tumors 88% cases

In Clayton's 2023 study "Clinical, Radiographic and Histologic Evaluation of 40 Cystic Oral Lesions in 37 Cats," what percent of cystic lesions were unable to be identified due to insufficient diagnostic information? ## Footnote Bell JVD 2023

52% ## Footnote - 58% of those cases not able to be classified due to not submitting tooth associated with cyst

In Clayton's 2023 study "Clinical, Radiographic and Histologic Evaluation of 40 Cystic Oral Lesions in 37 Cats," what was the name and defining characteristics of the previously unidentified cystic entity described in this study? ## Footnote Bell JVD 2023

Unclassified collateral cyst (UCC) - Tooth vital with absence of pulpitis - All formed collateral to tooth with TR

In Clayton's 2023 study "Clinical, Radiographic and Histologic Evaluation of 40 Cystic Oral Lesions in 37 Cats," what were the defining features of feline inductive odontogenic tumors (FIOTs)?" ## Footnote bell JVD 2023

Occur predominately in young cats, in the maxilla and all displace teeth

In Clayton's 2023 study "Clinical, Radiographic and Histologic Evaluation of 40 Cystic Oral Lesions in 37 Cats," what imaging and exam features can be used to differentiate cystic tumors from odontogenic cysts? ## Footnote Bell JVD 2023

Cystic tumors more sig swelling 94% Cystic tumors commonly have bone destruction 76% Cystic tumors can displace teeth, odontogenic cysts do not Cystic tumors multilocular 88% Cystic tumors often do not have well defined borders (odontogenic cysts 91% well defined) Cystic tumors expand beyond cortical plates 76%

The Epithelial Rests of Malassez are most abundant in what regions of the tooth? ## Footnote Davis. A Review of the Epithelial Cell Rests of Malassez on the Bicentennial of Their Description. JVD 2018

Cervical and furcational portions of PDL

What is the precursor to the epithelial cell rests of Malassez? ## Footnote Davis. A Review of the Epithelial Cell Rests of Malassez on the Bicentennial of Their Description. JVD 2018

Hertwig's epithelial root sheath (HERS)

Transection of inferior alveolar nerve in rates has what effect on epithelial rests of Malassez and the PDL? ## Footnote Davis. A Review of the Epithelial Cell Rests of Malassez on the Bicentennial of Their Description. JVD 2018

reduces distribution and size of ERM cell clusters, resulted in dentoalveolar ankylosis

What are the the arrows marked 1 and 2 pointing to?

1. Mandibular fossa width 2. Mandibular fossa depth

What are the definitions of thecodont and gomphosis? ## Footnote Davis. A Review of the Epithelial Cell Rests of Malassez on the Bicentennial of Their Description. JVD 2018

thecodont → deep bony socket gomphosis → collagen fibers that connect tooth root to surrounding bone thecodonty → bony alveolus with depth that exceeds length of crown

What are the definitons of pluerodont and acrodont attachment? ## Footnote Davis. A Review of the Epithelial Cell Rests of Malassez on the Bicentennial of Their Description. JVD 2018

Pleurodont attachment: lateral side of tooth fused to wall of jaw Acrodont attachment: fused to the rest of the jawbone at the base of tooth

What structure/cells of the PDL are responsible for preventing ankylosis?

epithelial cell rests of Malassez

What are the widths of normal feline and canine PDLs? ## Footnote Davis. A Review of the Epithelial Cell Rests of Malassez on the Bicentennial of Their Description. JVD 2018

Feline: mean width 150 micrometers Canine: 150 micrometers (1mm apical to crestal bone), 200 micrometers (at level of crestal bone)

What is this image illustrating?

In a multiplanar view, the medial aspect of the TMJ, where the retroarticular process reaches its maximum extension (dashed circle. The * is the condylar process.

What are these sagittal reconstructions depicting?

The interjection point between the lines (small circle) was the estimated axis of rotation of the articular head of the condylar process (C).

What is the only source of odontogenic epithelium in the adult PDL?

Epithelial cells rests of Malassez ## Footnote Davis. A Review of the Epithelial Cell Rests of Malassez on the Bicentennial of Their Description. JVD 2018

In Peralta's 2020 study "Prevalence, Radiographic, and Demographic Features of Buccal Bone Expansion in Cats: A Cross-Sectional Study at a Referral Institution," what factors were significantly associated with buccal bone expansion? ## Footnote Fiani. JVD 2020

Pattern of vertical bone loss common cause of canine tooth loss

In Peralta's 2020 study "Prevalence, Radiographic, and Demographic Features of Buccal Bone Expansion in Cats: A Cross-Sectional Study at a Referral Institution," what factors were not associated with BBE? ## Footnote Fiani. JVD 2020

Breed, sex, age Horizontal bone loss Extrusion Tooth resorption

In Peralta's 2020 study "Prevalence, Radiographic, and Demographic Features of Buccal Bone Expansion in Cats: A Cross-Sectional Study at a Referral Institution," what percent of cats had BBE and was 1 canine or 2 canines more commonly affected? ## Footnote Fiani. JVD 2020

35% 2 canines more commonly affected

In Verstraete's 1998 paper "Diagnostic value of full – mouth radiography in dogs," radiographs of teeth with clinically evident dental disease provided further clinically relevant information in what percent of cases and incidental findings in what percent of cases? ## Footnote Am J Vet Res 1998

Further clinically relevant info 72% Incidental findings 42%

In Verstraete's 1998 study "Diagnostic value of full-mouth radiography in cats," radiographs provided additional information in what percent of perio and TR cases respectively? ## Footnote Am J Vet Res 1998

Perio 93% TR 98%

In Thielen's 2012 paper "Cone Beam Computed Tomography in Veterinary Dentistry," what slice thickness were evaluated and how did image quality of CBCT compare to dental rads at that time? ## Footnote JVD 2012

Panoramic images → 5, 10, 15, 20mm Parasagittal slices → 2mm Moderate image quality inferior to diagnostic image quality of 2-D dental radiographs ## Footnote No CBCT devices specifically for vet dentistry at that time. Study considered CBCT better for research than clinical use

In Scherer's 2018 study "A Volumetric Assessment Using Computed Tomography of Canine and First Molar Roots in Dogs of Varying Weight," as patient weight increased the percentage of the canine and mandibular first molar tooth root volume to mandible volume decreased or increased? ## Footnote Synder. JVD 2018

Decreased

In Scherer's 2018 study "A Volumetric Assessment Using Computed Tomography of Canine and First Molar Roots in Dogs of Varying Weight," what percent of the mandible does the canine root and mesial and distal mandibular first molar roots occupy? ## Footnote Synder JVD 2018

Canine 28-34% Mesial root M1: 17-26% Distal root M1: 7.6-14.5%

In Scherer's 2018 study "A Volumetric Assessment Using Computed Tomography of Canine and First Molar Roots in Dogs of Varying Weight," did the slope (rate of increaasing change) of the canine or mesial or distal M1 increase more quickly? ## Footnote Synder JVD 2018

Canine slope increased more quickly

In Berning's 2020 article "Analysis of the Anatomic Relationship Between the Mandibular First Molar Roots and Mandibular Canal Using Cone-Beam Computed-Tomography in 101 Dogs," what percent of tooth roots were found to be located closer to the lingual cortex? ## Footnote Synder Frontiers 2020

73%

In Berning's 2020 article "Analysis of the Anatomic Relationship Between the Mandibular First Molar Roots and Mandibular Canal Using Cone-Beam Computed-Tomography in 101 Dogs," tooth root apical positions relative to the mandibular canal within the same tooth were found to be consistent in what percent of teeth? ## Footnote Synder Frontiers 2020

52% ## Footnote Tooth root apical positions were symmetric between right and left side of mouth in 93% mesial roots and 95% distal roots

In Chia's 2021 study "Localization of the First Mandibular Molar Roots in Relationship to the Mandibular Canal in Small Breed Dogs – A Tomography Imaging Study," what percent of all roots were located lingual to the canal? ## Footnote Taney Frontiers 2021

83%

In Chia's 2021 study "Localization of the First Mandibular Molar Roots in Relationship to the Mandibular Canal in Small Breed Dogs – A Tomography Imaging Study," what breed had 100% of roots located lingual to the canal? ## Footnote Taney, Frontiers 2021

Dachshunds

In Chia's 2021 study "Localization of the First Mandibular Molar Roots in Relationship to the Mandibular Canal in Small Breed Dogs – A Tomography Imaging Study," what percent of M1 roots were superimposed with the canal? ## Footnote Taney. Frontiers 2021

97% mesial root mean superimposition 100% distal root mean superimposition 90%

In Chia's 2021 study "Localization of the First Mandibular Molar Roots in Relationship to the Mandibular Canal in Small Breed Dogs – A Tomography Imaging Study," what was the association of weight with superimposition of roots with the canal? ## Footnote Taney. Frontiers 2021

as body weight increased by 1kg superimposition was decreased by 3-3.7% for mesial and distal roots respectively

In Greene's 2022 article "The Anatomical Relationship Between the Mandibular First Molar Roots and the Mandibular Canal Based on Breed Size and Skull Type," what percent of roots were located lingual to the canal and what percent of all dogs had at least 1 root lingual to the canal? ## Footnote Goldschmidt Frontiers 2022

50% of all roots lingual 64% of all dogs had at least 1 lingual root

In Greene's 2022 article "The Anatomical Relationship Between the Mandibular First Molar Roots and the Mandibular Canal Based on Breed Size and Skull Type," lingual roots were most common in what skull types? ## Footnote Goldschmidt Frontiers 2022

Mesaticephalic 58% of all roots Brachycephalic 53% all roots

In Greene's 2022 article "The Anatomical Relationship Between the Mandibular First Molar Roots and the Mandibular Canal Based on Breed Size and Skull Type," what was the rarest root position and what skull type were they diagnosed in most frequently? ## Footnote Goldschmidt Frontiers 2022

Buccal roots rarest (9.7% of all roots) Most common in brachycephalic patients (84% of all buccal roots) ## Footnote Buccal roots sig more likely to occur in brachycephalics than other skull types

In Greene's 2022 article "The Anatomical Relationship Between the Mandibular First Molar Roots and the Mandibular Canal Based on Breed Size and Skull Type," what was the most common root location in dolichocephalic dogs? ## Footnote Goldschmidt Frontiers 2022

Dorsal to canal 65% of all dolichocephalic roots 79% dolichocephalic patients had at least one dorsal root

In Greene's 2022 article "The Anatomical Relationship Between the Mandibular First Molar Roots and the Mandibular Canal Based on Breed Size and Skull Type," what was the association of weight with root location and what skull type was an exception? ## Footnote Goldschmidt. Frontiers 2022

Lingual root location sig less likely as size increased Exception that large brachycephalic patients had rates of lingual roots similar to small dogs

In Greene's 2022 article "The Anatomical Relationship Between the Mandibular First Molar Roots and the Mandibular Canal Based on Breed Size and Skull Type," what skull type had straddle roots sig more commonly? ## Footnote Goldschmidt. Frontiers 2022

Brachycephalic

What is the white arrowhead pointing to? ## Footnote Villamizar-Martinez "Morphometry and Morphology of the Articular Surfaces of the Medial Region of the Temporomandibular Joint in the Felis Catus (Domestic cat) - A Cone Beam Computed Tomography Study. JVD 2023

Retroarticular process

In Villamizar-Martinez's 2023 study "Morphometry and Morphology of the Articular Surfaces of the Medial Region of the Temporomandibular Joint in the Felis Catus (Domestic cat) - A Cone Beam Computed Tomography Study," the margins of the mandibular fossa were rounded, regular and smooth in what percent of cases? ## Footnote JVD 2023

97%

In Villamizar-Martinez's 2023 study "Morphometry and Morphology of the Articular Surfaces of the Medial Region of the Temporomandibular Joint in the Felis Catus (Domestic cat) - A Cone Beam Computed Tomography Study," what was the mean degree of coverage of the mandibular fossa over the head at the medial aspect? ## Footnote JVD 2023

171 degrees

In Villamizar-Martinez's 2016 study "Morphologic and Morphometric Description of the Temporomandibular Joint in the Domestic Dog Using Computed Tomography," what three different morphologic conformations were identified?

A: Concave mandibular fossa and prominent retroarticular process (Labs, German shepherds, Boxers, English Bulldogs) B: Less concave mandibular fossa, less prominent retroarticular process (Cocker Spaniels, Pug, Shih Tzus) C: Shallow mandibular fossa, small or absent retroarticular process (Cavalier King Charles Spaniels)

In Villamizar-Martinez's 2016 study "Morphologic and Morphometric Description of the Temporomandibular Joint in the Domestic Dog Using Computed Tomography," line angles 2 (angle between line sements that connect the dorsal articular eminence of the mandibular fossa and the maximal ventral extension of the retroarticular process) less than how many degrees may be associated with loss of TMJ congruence? ## Footnote JVD 2016

Less than 100 degrees

What does 4 represent? ## Footnote Villamizar-Martinez "Morphologic and Morphometric Description of the Temporomandibular Joint in the Domestic Dog Using Computed Tomography." JVD 2016

Nuchal crest

In Villamizar-Martinez's 2016 study "Morphologic and Morphometric Description of the Temporomandibular Joint in the Domestic Dog Using Computed Tomography," what breed was associated with the shallowest mandibular fossa and small or absent retroarticular processes? ## Footnote JVD 2016

King Charles Cavalier Spaniel ## Footnote No skull conformation necessarily correlated with TMJ morphology

In Soukup's 2015 study "Comparison of the Diagnostic Image Quality of the Canine Maxillary Dentoalveolar Structures Obtained by Cone Beam Computed Tomography and 64-Multidetector Row Computed Tomography," CBCT was superior to CT in all dentoalveolar structures except which? ## Footnote JVD 2015

Pulp canal

In Southerden's 2018 study "Three Dimensional Osteometric Analysis of Mandibular Symmetry and Morphologic Consistency in Cats," what was the most consistent measurement? ## Footnote Frontiers 2018

Lateral ramus inclination angle

In Southerden's 2018 study "Three Dimensional Osteometric Analysis of Mandibular Symmetry and Morphologic Consistency in Cats," what was the correlation between height, width and length of the ramus? ## Footnote Frontiers 2018

As the height of the ramus increases, there is a proportional increase in its length and width ## Footnote Low level of asymmetry between contralateral mandibles in cats

In Villamizar-Martinez's 2021 study "Radiographic Assessment of the Feline Temporomandibular Joint with Oblique Projections: A Preliminary Ex Vivo Study," what view did not allow adequate discrimination of all TMj anatomy at any angle? ## Footnote Reiter. JVD 2021

Nose up lateral oblique view

In Villamizar-Martinez's 2021 study "Radiographic Assessment of the Feline Temporomandibular Joint with Oblique Projections: A Preliminary Ex Vivo Study," what angles were best for assessment of TMJ anatomy with the lateroventral-laterodorsal view? ## Footnote Reiter. JVD 2021

10 and 20 degrees

What radiographic view of the feline TMJ is being shown? ## Footnote Villamizar-Martinez, Reiter. "Radiographic Assessment of the Feline Temporomandibular Joint with Oblique Projections: A Preliminary Ex Vivo Study," JVD 2021

LaV-LaDO (lateroventral-laterodorsal view) ## Footnote TMJs in vertical plane relative to each other Dependent TMJ projected ventrally

The image shows what feline TMJ radiographic view? ## Footnote Villamizar-Martinez, Reiter. "Radiographic Assessment of the Feline Temporomandibular Joint with Oblique Projections: A Preliminary Ex Vivo Study," JVD 2021

Nose up lateral oblique ## Footnote TMJs in horizontal plane relative to each other Dependent TMJ projected rostrally

In Ghirelli's 2013 study "Comparison of Standard Radiography and Computed Tomography in 21 Dogs with Maxillary Masses," bony changes and invasion of adjacent structures were noted on what percent of skull radiographs and CT respectively? ## Footnote JVD 2013

Bony changes: skull rads 81%, CT 95% Invasion of adjacent structures: skull rads 30%, CT 90%

Conventional radiographs require what percent difference in tissue resolution for bony changes to be detected vs CT? ## Footnote Ghirelli, Villamizar. "Comparison of Standard Radiography and Computed Tomography in 21 Dogs with Maxillary Masses," JVD 2013

conventional rads: 5% difference CT: 1% or less

In Ruhnau's 2023 article "A Trans-Orbital Projection for Radiological Evaluation of the Maxillary First Molar Tooth in Dogs," what view was sig better for evaluation of the attachment loss and periapical pathology of 109/209? ## Footnote JVD 2023

Transorbital

What radiographic projection is shown below?

Trans-Orbital Projection ## Footnote Ruhnau "A Trans-Orbital Projection for Radiological Evaluation of the Maxillary First Molar Tooth in Dogs," JVD 2023

In Nikolic-Jakoba's 2021 paper "Effect of section thickness on cone beam computed tomography-based measurements of intrabony defects compared with clinical measurements," what were stat sig differences between 0.25mm, 1mm and 3mm CBCT slice thicknesses and clinical measurements of intrabony defects? ## Footnote J Periodontol 2021

No stat sig differences between clinical and radiographic bone level for any slice thickness

In Nemec's 2012 study "Prevalence and Types of Tooth Resorption in Dogs With Oral Tumors," what was the association of tooth resorption type and non-odontogenic tumors? ## Footnote Am J Vet Res 2012

No stat sig differences in tooth resorption type

In Nemec's 2012 study "Prevalence and Types of Tooth Resorption in Dogs With Oral Tumors," what type of tooth resorption was most common in dogs with CAAs and POFs at the tumor site respectively? ## Footnote Am J Vet Res 2012

CAA: external inflammatory resorption POF: external replacement resorption

What is the radiographic difference between condensing osteitis and osteosclerosis? ## Footnote Menzies, Reiter. Assessment of Apical Periodontitis in Dogs and Humans: A Review. JVD 2014

Endodontically diseased teeth or those with previous endodontic treatment: condensing osteitis Teeth with no evidence of endodontic disease or only superficial caries

What is the red arrow pointing to?

The radicular groove

In the study, "Comparison of Micro-Computed Tomography and Digital Intraoral Radiography to Determine the Accuracy of Digital Radiographic Measurements of Mandibular Molar Teeth in Dogs," what pathology is being depicted in this following image?

Root canal calcification

Ankyloses and replacement resorption

How soon can CBCT detect apical periodontitis in dogs vs periapical radiographs ## Footnote Menzies, Reiter. Assessment of Apical Periodontitis in Dogs and Humans: A Review. JVD 2014

CBCT 7 days Periapical rads 15 days

In Bell's 2015 study "Histologic, Clinical, and Radiologic Findings of Alveolar Bone Expansion and Osteomyelitis of the Jaws in Cats," what percent of maxillary and mandibular sites had radiologic evidence of periodontitis? ## Footnote Soukup. Vet Path 2015

Maxillary 100% PD Mandibular 67% PD

In Bell's 2015 study "Histologic, Clinical, and Radiologic Findings of Alveolar Bone Expansion and Osteomyelitis of the Jaws in Cats," what was the overal radiologic prevalence of tooth resorption? ## Footnote Soukup. Vet Path 2015

83%

In Bell's 2015 study "Histologic, Clinical, and Radiologic Findings of Alveolar Bone Expansion and Osteomyelitis of the Jaws in Cats," what were two common histologic findings? ## Footnote Soukup Vet Path 2015

Woven bone in all samples Rarifying osseous proliferation 96%

In Bell's 2015 study "Histologic, Clinical, and Radiologic Findings of Alveolar Bone Expansion and Osteomyelitis of the Jaws in Cats," what percent of cases affected the caudal premolars or molars? ## Footnote Soukup Vet Pathol 2015

53%

In Mihaljevic's 2012 study "Radiographic Changes Associated with Tooth Resorption Type 2 in Cats," what percent of cats had a root remant visible with radiographic evidence of inflammation? ## Footnote JVD 2012

3.6% ## Footnote Crown amputation for teeth with TR type 2 adequate treatment but not perfect

In Mihaljevic's 2012 study "Radiographic Changes Associated with Tooth Resorption Type 2 in Cats," what percent of cats had a root or root remnant partially visible with no rad evidence inflammation? ## Footnote JVD 2012

68% (most common group - Group B)

In Mestrinho's 2013 study "Risk Assessment of Feline Tooth Resorption: A Portuguese Clinical Case Control Study," what factors were significantly more likely to have tooth resorption? ## Footnote JVD 2013

Older cats (10-15 yro cats 6.5x more likely to have have TR than 0-4 yro) Presence of gingivitis (any index) Canine teeth stat sig more likely to have TR Type 2

In Mestrinho's 2013 study "Risk Assessment of Feline Tooth Resorption: A Portuguese Clinical Case Control Study," what teeth were most commonly affected by Type 1 lesions? ## Footnote JVD 2013

mandibular third premolars Mandibular first molar teeth

In Mestrinho's 2013 study "Risk Assessment of Feline Tooth Resorption: A Portuguese Clinical Case Control Study," what was the most common type of TR and what percent of cats had more than one type of TR? ## Footnote JVD 2013

Type 1 46% 50% of cats had more than 1 type of TR

In Lommer's 2000 study "Prevalence of odontoclastic resorption lesions and periapical radiographic lucencies in cats: 265 cases (1995-1998)," what percent of cats had TR and what percent had periapical lucencies? ## Footnote Verstraete JAVMA 2002

TR prevalence 61% Periapical lucencies 13% No lucency associated with TR ## Footnote Pulp involvement of TR does not appear to be associated with periapical lucency

What are tooth resorption stages 4a, b and c respectively? ## Footnote AVDC Nomenclature

Stage 4: Extensive dental hard tissue loss extending into pulp cavity with loss of structural integrity. 4a: crown and root equally affected 4b: Crown more severely affected 4c: Root more severely affected

In Lommer's 2000 study "Prevalence of odontoclastic resorption lesions and periapical radiographic lucencies in cats: 265 cases (1995-1998)," what percent of cases that had restorations performed for TR did not develop additional TR 24 months after treatment? ## Footnote Verstraete JAVMA 2000

10-20%

In Ingham's 2001 article "Prevalence of odontoclastic resorptive lesions in a population of clinically healthy cats," what was the prevalence of TR? ## Footnote J Small Anim Prac 2001

29%

In Ingham's 2001 article "Prevalence of odontoclastic resorptive lesions in a population of clinically healthy cats," what were the most commonly affected teeth and what factors were associated with an increased risk of TR?

Mandibular third premolars most commonly affected Increasing age and clinically and radiographically missing teeth more likely to have TR

In Wright's 2023 paper " Microspatial distribution of trace elements in feline dental hard tissues: early life exposure to essential and toxic elements," what trace elements were found in higher accumulations in coronal dentin? ## Footnote Frontiers 2023

Barium Strontium Lead

In Lang's 2016 study "Computed Tomography of Tooth Resorption in Cats," was CT found to be a good screening tool for TR in cats? ## Footnote Vet Rad Utra 2016

No ## Footnote Used a 16 slice helical CT scanner

In Lang's 2016 study "Computed Tomography of Tooth Resorption in Cats," did rads, exam or rads and exam identify more TR?

Rads + exam

In Lang's 2016 study "Computed Tomography of Tooth Resorption in Cats," what was the sensitivity and specificity for CT to identify TR? ## Footnote 0.5mm, 1mm, 2mm, 3mm slice thicknesses

sensitivity: fair to poor 42-58% specificity: good to excellent 93-96% ## Footnote Difference between slice thickness sig for specificity but not sensitivity

In Littles' 2022 study "Analysis of the anatomic relationship of the infraorbital canal with the roots of the maxillary fourth premolar tooth in the three different skull types: Mesocephalic, brachycephalic, and dolichocephalic, using cone beam computed tomography," what were the most common locations of the infraorbital canal in relation to the mesial roots? ## Footnote Frontiers 2022 New Mexico private practice

Region 2: Apical to the furcation of the mesial roots Region 5: In the furcation of the mesial roots

In Littles' 2022 study "Analysis of the anatomic relationship of the infraorbital canal with the roots of the maxillary fourth premolar tooth in the three different skull types: Mesocephalic, brachycephalic, and dolichocephalic, using cone beam computed tomography," what was the most frequent position of the infraorbital canal for the mesocephalic skull type? ## Footnote Frontiers 2022

Region 2: Apical to the furcation of the mesial roots

In Littles' 2022 study "Analysis of the anatomic relationship of the infraorbital canal with the roots of the maxillary fourth premolar tooth in the three different skull types: Mesocephalic, brachycephalic, and dolichocephalic, using cone beam computed tomography," what were the most common configurations of the IOC for the brachycephalic and dolichocephalic skull types?

Each 40% Region 2 and 5 ## Footnote Region 2: Apical to the furcation of the mesial roots Region 5: In the furcation of the mesial roots

In Littles' 2022 study "Analysis of the anatomic relationship of the infraorbital canal with the roots of the maxillary fourth premolar tooth in the three different skull types: Mesocephalic, brachycephalic, and dolichocephalic, using cone beam computed tomography," what was the association between weight and location of the IOC in the furcation of the mesial roots (Section 5)? ## Footnote Frontiers 2022

As weight increased, the portion of the IOF in Section 5 decreased

In Littles' 2022 study "Analysis of the anatomic relationship of the infraorbital canal with the roots of the maxillary fourth premolar tooth in the three different skull types: Mesocephalic, brachycephalic, and dolichocephalic, using cone beam computed tomography," what was the total population's most frequent position of the IOC in relation to the distal root?

Section 9: apical and palatal to distal root

In Littles' 2022 study "Analysis of the anatomic relationship of the infraorbital canal with the roots of the maxillary fourth premolar tooth in the three different skull types: Mesocephalic, brachycephalic, and dolichocephalic, using cone beam computed tomography," the majority of the total population did not have IOF located in what section? ## Footnote Frontiers 2022

Section 12: palatal to distal root ## Footnote Section 5 (furcation) and 12 most likely to cause damage to IOC during extraction

In Littles' 2022 study "Analysis of the anatomic relationship of the infraorbital canal with the roots of the maxillary fourth premolar tooth in the three different skull types: Mesocephalic, brachycephalic, and dolichocephalic, using cone beam computed tomography," the authors concluded that what skull types are at a higher risk for iatrogenic trauma to the IOC? ## Footnote Frontiers 2022

Brachycephalic and dolichocephalic dogs ## Footnote More likely to be in section 5 (in the furcation)

In McKay's 2021 study "The Diagnostic Yield of Cone-Beam Computed Tomography for Degenerative Changes of the Temporomandibular Joint in Dogs," there was perfect agreement between CBCT and histology for what findings and what was the most common? ## Footnote Verstraete, Arzi Frontiers 2021

Subchondral bone sclerosis- most common Osteophytes

In McKay's 2021 study "The Diagnostic Yield of Cone-Beam Computed Tomography for Degenerative Changes of the Temporomandibular Joint in Dogs," what was the association of severity of TMJ degeneration and agreement between CBCT and histology? ## Footnote Verstraete, Arzi. Frontiers 2021

The more severe the changes, the more agreement ## Footnote Authors deemed CBCT a suitable imaging modality to evaluate degenerative changes of the TMJ but more studies needed

What is the following an image of?

A transorbital radiographic approach to visualize the mesiobuccal and distobuccal roots.

What radiographic approach was applied in the following image?

Transorbital

In the study, "Gape Angle in Asymptomatic Dogs with Normal Occlusion " what was the mean gape angle for anesthetized and non-anesthetized dogs?

Conscious - 44 degrees Anesthetized - 43.9 degrees

In Ng's 2019 study "Mandibular Carnassial Tooth Malformations in 6 Dogs—Micro-Computed Tomography and Histology Findings," the condition was bilateral in what number of dogs and was the origin of the abnormal tissue able to be determined? ## Footnote Fiani, Peralta. Frontiers 2019

bilateral 5/6 dogs Origin of abnormal tissue unable to be determined

In Heney's 2019 study "Diagnostic Yield of Dental Radiography and Cone-Beam Computed Tomography for the Identification of Anatomic Structures in Cats," were dental rad or CBCT scores lower for all 17 structures and what CBCT module had the highest scores? ## Footnote Arzi, Verstraete. Frontiers 2019

DR scores significantly lower for all 17 anatomic structures MPR scores highest

In Heney's 2019 study "Diagnostic Yield of Dental Radiography and Cone-Beam Computed Tomography for the Identification of Anatomic Structures in Cats," dental rads were comparable to CBCT modalities for what structure? ## Footnote Arzi, Verstraete. Frontiers 2019

Symphysis

In Heney's 2019 study "Diagnostic Yield of Dental Radiography and Cone-Beam Computed Tomography for the Identification of Anatomic Structures in Cats," what CBCT modality was deemed unsuitable for evaluation of the cat skull due superimposition? ## Footnote Arzi, Verstraete. Frontiers 2019

Panoramic view

What diagnostic imaging methods are shown from top to bottom? ## Footnote Heney "Diagnostic Yield of Dental Radiography and Cone-Beam Computed Tomography for the Identification of Anatomic Structures in Cats." Frontiers 2019

dental radiographs Panoramic 3-D Multiplanar reconstruction (MPR)

In Heney's 2019 study "The Diagnostic Yield of Dental Radiography and Cone-Beam Computed Tomography for the Identification of Dentoalveolar Lesions in Cats," CBCT (MPR) had significantly higher diagnostic yield for what 4 categories? ## Footnote Arzi, Verstraete Frontiers 2019

Missing teeth Horizontal bone loss Loss of tooth integrity Tooth Resorption

In Heney's 2019 study "The Diagnostic Yield of Dental Radiography and Cone-Beam Computed Tomography for the Identification of Dentoalveolar Lesions in Cats," MPR was better at identifying what categories than dental rads (not necessarily stat sig)? ## Footnote Arzi, Verstraete. Frontiers 2019

More sensitive for periapical lesions Only method that identified supernumerary roots of PM3 Best for missing teeth and external replacement resorption

What bones contribute to the structure of the orbit? ## Footnote Winer "Clinical Features and Computed Tomography Findings Are Utilized to Characterize Retrobulbar Disease in Dogs," Frontiers 2018

Frontal, lacrimal, maxillary, zygomatic, palatine, spheniod

In the image below what are numbers 3, 4, 5 and 6? ## Footnote Winer "Clinical Features and Computed Tomography Findings Are Utilized to Characterize Retrobulbar Disease in Dogs," Frontiers 2018

3: ethmoid foramina 4: Optic canal 5: Orbital fissure 6: Rostral alar foramen

In the image what do 9, 13, 14, 15, 16 represent? ## Footnote Winer "Clinical Features and Computed Tomography Findings Are Utilized to Characterize Retrobulbar Disease in Dogs," Frontiers 2018

9: Lateral rectus muscle 13: Maxillary nerve 14: Medial pterygoid muscle 15: Maxillary artery 16: Facial vein

The ventral floor of the orbit is composed of what tissues? ## Footnote Winer "Clinical Features and Computed Tomography Findings Are Utilized to Characterize Retrobulbar Disease in Dogs," Frontiers 2018

Medial pterygoid muscle zygomatic salivary gland orbital adipose tissue

What is the difference between primary and secondary retrobulbar disorders? ## Footnote Winer "Clinical Features and Computed Tomography Findings Are Utilized to Characterize Retrobulbar Disease in Dogs," Frontiers 2018

Primary arises from or within the retrobulbar tissues and remain confined to the orbit and expand outward When disease occurs adjacent to and extends into the retrobulbar space --> secondary disorder

Is masticatory muscle myositis considered a primary or secondary retrobulbar disease? ## Footnote Winer "Clinical Features and Computed Tomography Findings Are Utilized to Characterize Retrobulbar Disease in Dogs," Frontiers 2018

Primary because the temporalis mucles comprise the lateral wall of the orbit

In Winer's 2018 study "Clinical Features and Computed Tomography Findings Are Utilized to Characterize Retrobulbar Disease in Dogs," what percent of dogs had primary disease of the retrobulbar space and what percent of those were neoplastic vs infectious? ## Footnote Frontiers 2018

62% primary 46% primary neoplasia 46% infectious/inflammatory

In Winer's 2018 study "Clinical Features and Computed Tomography Findings Are Utilized to Characterize Retrobulbar Disease in Dogs," what percent of cases were secondary and what percent of those were neoplastic?

38% secondary 84% secondary neoplasia

In Winer's 2018 study "Clinical Features and Computed Tomography Findings Are Utilized to Characterize Retrobulbar Disease in Dogs," what imaging factors were significantly associated with neoplasia? ## Footnote Frontiers 2018

Orbital osteolysis Orbital periosteal reaction Retrobulbar mass

In Winer's 2018 study "Clinical Features and Computed Tomography Findings Are Utilized to Characterize Retrobulbar Disease in Dogs," what imaging findings were associated with infectious/inflammatory disease? ## Footnote frontiers 2018

Zygomatic salivary gland enlargement Retrobulbar mass effect Mandibular lymphadenopathy

In Winer's 2018 study "Clinical Features and Computed Tomography Findings Are Utilized to Characterize Retrobulbar Disease in Dogs," in what percent of cases was dental pathology the cause of retrobulbar disease? ## Footnote Frontiers 2018

1.5%

In the study. Hematologic, Biochemical, and Endocrine Parameters in Horses With Tooth Resorption and Hypercementosis" JVD 2017.3, what was the only consistent abnormality on bloodwork?

Hypoalbuminemia 88%

What are the different colored arrows pointing to?

Red arrows - tooth resorption Green arrows - hypercementosis Yellow arrows - condensing osteitis Orange arrow - blunting of reserve crown due to TR Pink arrows - loss of alveolar bone, and expansion of cementum

In humans, dentinal dysplasia is what type of genetic abnormality?

Autosomal-dominant

What is the bracket depicting in the following image?

Osteodentin, in a dog with dentinal dysplasia

What is the following an image of?

Dentinal Dysplasia

What are the arrows pointing to and why is the apical third of the root so wide?

The arrows are pointing to a distinct demarcation between normal primary dentin and dysplastic secondary dentin. The apical portion of the root is wide because there was minimal deposition of secondary dentin.

What is the dental follicle?

Ectomesenchymal tissue that surrounds the enamel organ.

In the study, "Analysis of the anatomic relationship of the infraorbital canal with the roots of the maxillary fourth premolar tooth in the three different skull types: Mesocephalic, brachycephalic, and dolichocephalic, using cone beam computed tomography" for the brachycephalic skull type, where was the distal root most frequently position?

Caudal to the maxillary foramen/floor of the orbit 62.5%

"Analysis of the anatomic relationship of the infraorbital canal with the roots of the maxillary fourth premolar tooth in the three different skull types: Mesocephalic, brachycephalic, and dolichocephalic, using cone beam computed tomography," where was the infraorbitals' canal most frequent position at the mesial roots?

Apical to the furcation of the mesial roots in the total population 38.8% and 53.8% for the mesocephalic skull. For the brachycephalic and dolichocephalic it was partially in the furcation and partially apical, 40% & 40% respectively.

In the study, "Analysis of the anatomic relationship of the infraorbital canal with the roots of the maxillary fourth premolar tooth in the three different skull types: Mesocephalic, brachycephalic, and dolichocephalic, using cone beam computed tomography," where was the infraorbital canal most frequently positioned in relation to the distal root?

Apical and palatal to the distal root for the total population 36.7%, the mesocephalic skull type 42.5%, and the brachycephalic skull 35%. For the dolichocephalic the IOC was both directly palatal and partially apical and palatal to the distal root (42.5%).

What was the overall consensus for the study in, "Analysis of the anatomic relationship of the infraorbital canal with the roots of the maxillary fourth premolar tooth in the three different skull types: Mesocephalic, brachycephalic, and dolichocephalic, using cone beam computed tomography"?

Extra care must be taken with the dolichocephalic and the brachycephalic skull types to avoid iatrogenic trauma to the infraorbital canal and the orbit during surgical procedures on the maxillary fourth premolar tooth.

What are the following images depicting?

C- A dogs mandibular fossa with joint space narrowing and subchondral bone sclerosis. D. Bone sclerosis characterized by reduction of marrow cavities. Usually these were found on the lateral aspects of the joints.

What are the white arrows pointing to?

Osteophytes

What are the following images of?

TMJ disc perforations

In the study, "The Diagnostic Yield of Cone-Beam Computed Tomography for Degenerative Changes of the Temporomandibular Joint in Dogs" what was the most prevalent finding radiographically with excellent agreement histologically?

1.Subchondral sclerosis Most common CBCT finding - 33/38 of the mandibular hears (86.8%) and 36/38 of the mandibular fossa (94.7) Most common histo finding - 65.5% of mandibular heads and 96.8 % of fossa 2. Osteophytes

In the study, "The Diagnostic Yield of Cone-Beam Computed Tomography for Degenerative Changes of the Temporomandibular Joint in Dogs" what was the overall consensus?

The more severe the TMJ degenerative changes, the higher the agreement between CBCT and histology.

In the study, "The Diagnostic Yield of Cone-Beam Computed Tomography for Degenerative Changes of the Temporomandibular Joint in Dogs" what was the association that was made between joint narrowing and sclerosis?

If a TMJ had joint space narrowing, it almost always had sclerosis. However, sclerosis could occur without joint space narrowing.

What is the following image depicting?

Redundant IFR foramina. Four of the brachycephalics (67%) in the study "Computed Tomography Analysis of the Feline Infraorbital Foramen and Canal" were found to have redundant foramina that were smaller instead of a single foramen.

In the study, "Computed Tomography Analysis of the Feline Infraorbital Foramen and Canal" did the IOC lengths differ between the mesatocephalic and brachycephalic breeds?

No Mesa. - 4.6 mm mean; Brachy. - 4.4 mm mean

In the study, "Computed Tomography Analysis of the Feline Infraorbital Foramen and Canal" what were the significant findings?

Skull length - Mesa 100 mm vs Brachy 89 mm Skull width - Mesa 68 mm vs Brachy 70 mm Oval foramen in 66% of brachy cats vs mesa cats had only 22% as oval foramen (88% were round) Brachycephalic - Incisive bone to foramen - 18 mm; Mesaticephalic – incisive bone to foramen - 23 mm Maxillary foramen to ventral eye - Brachy 3 mm vs Mesa 4 mm Canal to 4th premolar furcation - Brachy 6 mm vs Mesa 5 mm Length of maxillary orbital floor - Brachy 12 mm vs Mesa 13.5 mm

What were the main takeaways in the study, "Cadaveric evaluation of injectate distribution for two maxillary nerve block techniques in cats."?

There was no significant difference in the amount of nerve stained using either the infraorbital or percutaneous block. And there was no significant difference between the two different injectate volumes ( 0.2 vs 0.4 ml). Thus a smaller volume resulted in adequate staining of the nerve.

What is the black arrow pointing to?

An enamel fissure

What are the white and black arrowheads pointing to?

Ectopic enamel

What is the following a radiograph of?

Crown of the left mandibular M1 tooth malformation. Note the corono-apical oriented channel connecting the abnormal tissue to the pulp (open arrow). The entrance to another channel can be seen communicating with the furcational periodontium (closed arrow).

What imaging modalities are present?

3-D rendering of the bone left, and tooth mode (right)

What image modality of CBCT is being depicted in the following image?

MPR or multiplanar reconstruction

What image modality of CBCT is being depicted in the following image?

Panoramic (Pano)

What is the following imaging modality for CBCT?

Standard panoramic view

In the study, "Diagnostic Yield of Dental Radiography and Cone-Beam Computed Tomography for Identification of Anatomic Structures in Cats" what CBCT modality scored the highest for all 17 anatomic structures?

MPR or multiplanar reconstruction

What are the black asterisks in this image depicting? What is the dashed line depicting?

Black asterisks are the salivary glands, note how the right salivary gland is enlarged compared to the left. The dashed lines are surrounding the mass effect aka abscess.

How much do rabiit maxillary and mandibular incisors grow per week?

Maxillary 2mm/week Mandibular 2.4mm/week

What is the difference in CBCT vs conventional CT voxels? ## Footnote Riggs, Arzi, Verstraete. Clinical Application of cone-beam computed tomography of the rabbit head: Part 1 – Normal Dentition. Frontiers 2016

CBCT voxels isotropic (X,Y, Z dimension equal) Conventional CT anisotropic (best resolution in transverse plane)

In Riggs' 2016 article, "Clinical Application of cone-beam computed tomography of the rabbit head: Part 1 – Normal Dentition," what were the thinnest teeth? ## Footnote Arzi, Verstraete. Frontiers 2016

maxillary 2nd incisor 1.3mm Maxillary M3: 1.04mm

In Riggs' 2016 article, "Clinical Application of cone-beam computed tomography of the rabbit head: Part 1 – Normal Dentition," what structure was significantly more visible on CBCT than conventional CT and in general which imaging modality was superior? ## Footnote Arzi, Verstraete. Frontiers 2016

PDL sig more visible CBCT superior to conventional CT when imaging dentition

In Riggs' 2017 article "Clinical Application of Cone Beam Computed Tomography of the Rabbit Head: Part 2—Dental Disease," what were the three most common findings on CBCT? ## Footnote Arzi, Verstraete. Frontiers 2017

PDL space widening (14/15) Premolar and molar malocclusion (13/15) Apical elongation (13/15)

In Riggs' 2017 article "Clinical Application of Cone Beam Computed Tomography of the Rabbit Head: Part 2—Dental Disease," what clinical finding was significantly associated with what CBCT finding? ## Footnote Arzi, Verstraete. Frontiers 2017

Coronal elongation significantly associated with apical elongation

What is the normal occlusal angle of a rabbit? ## Footnote Riggs, Arzi, Verstraete. "Clinical Application of Cone Beam Computed Tomography of the Rabbit Head: Part 2—Dental Disease," frontiers 2017

10 degrees

What does the white arrowhead and white arrow depict? ## Footnote Riggs, Arzi, Verstraete. "Clinical Application of Cone Beam Computed Tomography of the Rabbit Head: Part 2—Dental Disease," frontiers 2017

White arrowhead: apical elongation White arrow: flat occlusal angle

What structure is indicated by the asterisk? ## Footnote Riggs, Arzi, Verstraete. "Clinical Application of Cone Beam Computed Tomography of the Rabbit Head: Part 2—Dental Disease," frontiers 2017

Zygomatic salivary gland

The white arrow and open arrows show what findings? ## Footnote Riggs, Arzi, Verstraete. "Clinical Application of Cone Beam Computed Tomography of the Rabbit Head: Part 2—Dental Disease," frontiers 2017

White arrows: Tooth resorption (inflammatory) white open arrow: Tooth not fully in the the plane of the image appearing lucent and irregular due to volume average artifact

In Riggs' 2017 article "Clinical Application of Cone Beam Computed Tomography of the Rabbit Head: Part 2—Dental Disease," what was the association of the known duration of dental disease with severity? ## Footnote Arzi, Verstraete. Frontiers 2017

The known duration of the dental disease did not necessarily match the severity of the dental disease.

In Cambell's 2016 study "Comparing Intraoral Radiography and Computed Tomography for Detecting Radiographic Signs of Periodontitis and Endodontic Disease in Dogs: An Agreement Study," what site had the most disagreement in scoring for periodontitis? | Peralta, Fiani. Frontiers 2016

Mandibular incisors (CT 50% disagreement, RAD 46% disagreement)

In Cambell's 2016 study "Comparing Intraoral Radiography and Computed Tomography for Detecting Radiographic Signs of Periodontitis and Endodontic Disease in Dogs: An Agreement Study," what percent difference was present between RAD and CT for frequency of detection of endodontic lesions? ## Footnote Peralta, Fiani. Frontiers 2016

10% higher frequency for CT

In Cambell's 2016 study "Comparing Intraoral Radiography and Computed Tomography for Detecting Radiographic Signs of Periodontitis and Endodontic Disease in Dogs: An Agreement Study," the authors conclude that is only necessary to perform dental radiographs after CT (slice thickness 0.5-1mm) when looking for periodontal disease in what region? ## Footnote Peralta, Fiani. Frontiers 2016

mandibular incisors Unnecessary to perform RAD following CT when testing for endodontic disease due to high level of agreement between techniques and observers

What are 1, 3, 4 and 9? ## Footnote Durand. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance diagnosis of variations in the anatomical location of the major salivary glands in 1680 dogs and 187 cats. Vet Journal 2016.

1: parotid gland 3: Mandibular salivary gland 4: Digastricus muscle 9: Mandibular lymph nodes

In the study, "Localization of the First Mandibular Molar Roots in Relationship to the Mandibular Canal in Small Breed Dogs—A Tomography Imaging Study," how common was the following anatomy variation in this image?

Straddle tooth roots were not very common

In the study, "Evaluation of the diagnostic yield of dental radiography and cone-beam computed tomography for the identification of anatomic landmarks in small to medium-sized brachycephalic dogs," what CBCT imaging modalities scored the highest?

Serial CBCT slices scored the highest in 17/19 anatomic landmarks Tridimensional rendering or 3D rendering scored the highest in 2/19 - nasal turbinates and the middle mental foramen

CBCT methods were better suited than dental radiography for the identification of anatomic landmarks in brachycephalic dogs.

Mandibular symphysis, R/L mandibular canine, R/L mandibular M1, R/L mandibular canals

In the study, "Evaluation of the diagnostic yield of dental radiography and cone-beam computed tomography for the identification of dental disorders in small to mediumsized brachycephalic dogs" when taking into account all 3 CBCT modalities it was found to be significantly better than radiographs in what categories?

4/ 10 categories Abnormal eruption, abnormally shaped roots, periodontitis and tooth resorption

In the study, "Evaluation of the diagnostic yield of dental radiography and cone-beam computed tomography for the identification of dental disorders in small to mediumsized brachycephalic dogs" radiographs scored higher than CBCT in ONE category. What was it and why?

Loss of tooth integrity Rads - accuracy 96.5%, sensitivity 83% The superior resolution provided by the rad method aided in the detection of small crown defects, such as enamel fractures or mild attrition or abrasions that were commonly missed with the 3-D and slices methods, especially since the slices method could not visualize the entire surface of the crown in this study.

In Peralta's 2010 study on the extent of TR lesions in dogs, what class of lesion and stage of lesion is depicted here? ## Footnote AJVR 2010

Type: External replacement resorption Stage: 3 ## Footnote I asked Peralta...it's because the PDL is totally gone

In Peralta's 2010 study on the extent of TR lesions in dogs, what type and stage TR is the RmandP4 undergoing? How about the lesion on RmandM1? ## Footnote AVJR 2010

RmandP4: External replacement resorption, stage 4c RmandM1: External replacement resorption, stage 2

What are the previously reported cystic odontogenic tumors in cats?

Ameloblastoma, amyloid-producing ameloblastoma, feline inductive odontogenic tumor in cats, and benign odontogenic tumors which are very uncommon in cats

In Peralta's 2010 study on TR in dogs, which type of TR is depicted here? ## Footnote JAVMA 2010

External surface resorption ## Footnote By results in AJVR 2010, only stage for this type is stage 2, and PDL still visible compared to ext replacement tooth

What is a differential for the following radiograph?

Radicular or periapical cyst, note 203 has internal resorption

In the study, "Clinical, Radiographic and Histologic Evaluation of 40 Cystic Oral Lesions in 37 Cats" they designate 6/23 cystic lesions as ______. What are they characteristics to this lesion?

Unspecified collateral cyst The tooth is usually vital, has no pulpitis, and formed collateral to a tooth with tooth resorption.

In the study, "Clinical, Radiographic and Histologic Evaluation of 40 Cystic Oral Lesions in 37 Cats", what was the most commonly affected tooth by odontogenic cysts ?

Mandibular M1 - 30.4%

In the study, "Clinical, Radiographic and Histologic Evaluation of 40 Cystic Oral Lesions in 37 Cats", what percentage of FIOTS were in the maxilla?

80%

What is craniomandibular osteopathy?

Occurs often in West Highland Terriers (autosomal recessive trait) and other terriers. There is periosteal new bone on the skull, especially the mandible and tympanic bullae.

What is hyperostosis of the calvarium or calvarial hyperostosis?

Occurs in Bullmastiffs ~6-9 months, is characterized by thickening of the frontal, parietal and occipital bones; in lions this disease has been linked with hypovitaminosis A

In the study, "Semi-automatic segmentation of cone beam computed tomography datasets for volume measurements of equine cheek teeth," what were the three main take aways?

1. Volumes acquired from the CBCT 3D model (Vs) were strongly correlated with volumes gained from the water displacement method (Vw). Although on average Vs was 6.1% less than Vw. 2. There was no significant difference in VS between the right and left arcades in individual animals. 3. Maxillary cheek teeth on average 40% larger than mandibular cheek teeth

What are the following images all examples of?

Gemination

What is the following an image of (white arrow)?

Fusion between 201 and 202

In the study, "A standard method for intraoral dental radiography with dental photo-stimulative phosphor (PSP) plates in big cats [lions and tigers]," what was the main take away?

A hemisphere model used for horses was used to image and describe the path and position of the xray beam. All dentition was covered in 7 radiographs. This method can be used to acquire high-quality intraoral dental radiographs in big cats, aiding in the quick and reliable diagnosis of dental diseases.

In the study," Age estimation in young dogs by radiographic assessment of the canine pulp cavity/tooth width ratio," what did their results demonstrate?

Measuring P/T ratios of canine teeth can be used in practice to assign dogs to age categories, with the highest accuracy in young adult dogs. The highest predictable capacity was found in the youngest dogs until the age of 448 days, of which 84.4% of the canine teeth had a P/T ratio above 0.39.

What is the following diagnosis for this radiograph?

Myositis ossificans

In the study, "Mathematical equation for prediction of cat mandibular canal height dimension based on canine tooth width measurement," what two variables had a correlation?

Strong correlation only between wCGM and MCh Canine tooth width at free gingival margin (wCGM) Mandibular canal height MCh