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Phase 1 Boards Prep - SA > Imaging and Development > Flashcards

Imaging and Development Flashcards

1
Q

What are the eruption times of the permanent incisors, canines and premolars and molars?

Boy. Developmental structural tooth defects in dogs - experience from veterinary dental referral practice and review of the literature. Frontiers 2016.

A

Incisors: 12-16 weeks
Canines and premolars: 16-24 weeks
Molars: 20-32 weeks

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2
Q

What systemic diseases/factors can lead to enamel defects during tooth development?

Boy. Developmental structural tooth defects in dogs - experience from veterinary dental referral practice and review of the literature. Frontiers 2016.

A

Severe pyrexia
Infection with epitheliotropic viruses
Exposure to tetracyclines, high levels systemic fluoride

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3
Q

What is the gross appearance of enamel hypoplasia due to incomplete/disrupted enamel matrix production vs EH due to inadequate matrix mineralization?

Boy. Developmental structural tooth defects in dogs - experience from veterinary dental referral practice and review of the literature. Frontiers 2016.

A

Incomplete/disrupted enamel matrix production: edges regular and smooth
Inadequate matrix mineralization: sharp and irregular

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4
Q

Familial enamel hypoplasia due to 5-bp deletion of exon 10 on enamelin gene has been identified in what species of dogs?

Boy. Developmental structural tooth defects in dogs - experience from veterinary dental referral practice and review of the literature. Frontiers 2016.

A

Italian Greyhounds

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5
Q

1.

To avoid tetracycline staining, tetracyclines should not be administered to pregnant bitches or what age of puppies?

Boy. Developmental structural tooth defects in dogs - experience from veterinary dental referral practice and review of the literature. Frontiers 2016.

A

Puppies < 6 months old

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6
Q

What is the mechanism of action of tetracycline staining?

A

Tetracycline binds irreversibly to and forms complexes with calcium orthophosphate in affected teeth

Produces no structual weakness: no treatment necessary

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7
Q

Germination is seen most commonly in what breed?

Boy. Developmental structural tooth defects in dogs - experience from veterinary dental referral practice and review of the literature. Frontiers 2016.

A

Boxers

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8
Q

What is the difference between enamel hypoplasia and enamel hypomineralization?

AVDC nomenclature

A

Enamel hypoplasia: due to inadequate deposition of enamel matrix
Enamel hypomineralization: inadequate mineralization of enamel matrix. crowns covered with soft enamel that may wear quickly

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9
Q

What is the definition of fusion/fused teeth?

AVDC nomenclature

A

Combining of adjacent tooth germs and resulting in partial or complete union of the developing teeth; also called synodontia

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10
Q

What is the definition of concrescence?

AVDC nomenclature

A

Fusion of roots of two or more teeth at the cementum level

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11
Q

What is the defintion of fused roots?

AVDC nomenclature

A

Fusion of the roots of the same tooth

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12
Q

What is the definition of germination?

AVDC nomenclature

A

A single tooth bud’s attempt to divide partially (cleft of crown) or completely (presence of an identical supernumerary tooth) also called twinning

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13
Q

These teeth show examples of what defect?

A

Partial germination

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14
Q

What structure promotes deposition of cementum onto newly formed dentin?

Hernandez. Morphology of the Cementoenamel Junction in Permanent Teeth of Dogs: A Scanning Electron Microscopic Study. JVD 2011

A

Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath (HERS)

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15
Q

In DeLaurier’s 2006 study “Analysis of the characteristics and mineralization status of feline teeth using scanning electron microscopy,” what Choquet types were most prevalent?

Hernandez. Morphology of the Cementoenamel Junction in Permanent Teeth of Dogs: A Scanning Electron Microscopic Study. JVD 2020 cited this paper

A

Type 3 and Type 4

Authors concluded that the high prevalence of type 4 CEJs was correlated with the high prevalence of dental resorption

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16
Q

What Choquet type of cementoenamel junction morphology should not be developmentally possible and what is the developmental explanation for its existence?

Hernandez. Morphology of the Cementoenamel Junction in Permanent Teeth of Dogs: A Scanning Electron Microscopic Study. JVD 2020

A

Type 2: Enamel overlaps cementum, should not be possible since development of enamel ceases before that of cementum
Can be explained by hyperactive Hertwig’s sheath as happens in formation of enamel pearls

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17
Q

In Hernandez’s 2020 study “Morphology of the Cementoenamel Junction in Permanent Teeth of Dogs: A Scanning Electron Microscopic Study,” what Type of CEJ was most common?

A

Type 3: present alone or in combo in 91% samples

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18
Q

In Verstraete’s 2011 study “Clinical signs and histopathologic findings in dogs with odontogenic cysts: 41 cases (1995–2010),” what was the most common type of odontogenic cyst?

JAVMA 2011

A

Dentigerous cyst 71% of cysts

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19
Q

In Verstraete’s 2011 study “Clinical signs and histopathologic findings in dogs with odontogenic cysts: 41 cases (1995–2010),” how many dogs had cysts suggestive of odontogenic keratocysts and what was their distribution?

JAVMA 2011

A

9/41
all in maxilla and surrounded roots of erupted teeth

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20
Q

In Verstraete’s 2011 study “Clinical signs and histopathologic findings in dogs with odontogenic cysts: 41 cases (1995–2010),” how many cysts were associated with the unerupted first premolar tooth?

JAVMA 2011

A

30
83%

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21
Q

In Verstraete’s 2011 study “Clinical signs and histopathologic findings in dogs with odontogenic cysts: 41 cases (1995–2010),” what skull type and breeds of dog were overrepresented?

JAVMA 20111

A

Brachycephalic
Boxers 24%
Pugs 20%

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22
Q

What are potential oral cyst sources?

Babbit. Incidence of Radiographic Cystic Lesions Associated With Unerupted Teeth in Dogs. JVD 2016.

A

tooth germ
enamel epithelium of tooth crown
epithelial rests of Malassez
dental lamina remnants
basal layer of oral epithelium

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23
Q

What are the two defining histologic features of dentigerous cysts?

Babbit. Incidence of Radiographic Cystic Lesions Associated With Unerupted Teeth in Dogs. JVD 2016.

A

stratified squamous epithelial lining
lack of keratinization

When eruption fails, ameloblast cells make up the squamous epithelial lining seen in dentigerous cysts

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24
Q

In Babbit’s 2016 study “Incidence of Radiographic Cystic Lesions Associated With Unerupted Teeth in Dogs,” what percent of submitted cysts were dentigerous cysts?

Volker, Luskin JVD 2016

A

71%

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25
Q

In Babbit’s 2016 study “Incidence of Radiographic Cystic Lesions Associated With Unerupted Teeth in Dogs,” what percent of unerupted teeth were mandibular first premolars and what percent of unerupted teeth had radiographic evidence of cystic lesions?

Volker, Luskin. JVD 2016

A

68% unerupted teeth mandibular PM1
29% unerupted teeth rad evidence of cystic lesion

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26
Q

In Babbit’s 2016 study “Incidence of Radiographic Cystic Lesions Associated With Unerupted Teeth in Dogs,” there was a high correlation with pathology when the pericoronal radiolucency was what size in relation to the normal width of the maxillary canine PDL space?

Luskin, Volker. JVD 2016

A

3x normal PDL width

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27
Q

In Babbit’s 2016 study “Incidence of Radiographic Cystic Lesions Associated With Unerupted Teeth in Dogs,” what percent of radiographic cystic lesions came from Boxers, Pugs, Shih Tzu and Boston Terriers and what percent of histologically diagnosed dentigerous cysts were from brachycephalic dogs?

Volker, Luskin. JVD 2016

A
  • 61% radiographic cystic lesions Boxer, Pug, Shih Tzu, Boston Terrier
  • 85% of histologically diagnosed dentigerous cysts brachycephalic
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28
Q

In Haseler’s 2032 study “Marsupialisation of 12 odontogenic cysts in Boxer dogs: Retrospective case series,” what percent of cases were dentigerous cysts and what percent of dentigerous cysts were associated with the first premolar?

Frontiers 2023

A

Dentigerous cysts 75% cases
All dentigerous cysts associated with unerupted 1st premolar (78% located in mandible)

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29
Q

In Haseler’s 2032 study “Marsupialisation of 12 odontogenic cysts in Boxer dogs: Retrospective case series,” what was the mean cyst volume reduction?

Frontiers 2023

A

67%

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30
Q

In Haseler’s 2032 study “Marsupialisation of 12 odontogenic cysts in Boxer dogs: Retrospective case series,” what was the relationship between extension of cyst into surrounding tissues and volume reduction?

Frontiers 2023

A

Rate of reduction of cysts when adjusted for age found to be sig higher in cysts with extension into surrounding soft tissue compared to cysts completely surrounded by bone and those that extended into the nasal cavity

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31
Q

In Bellei’s 2019 study “A Clinical, Radiographic and Histological Study of Unerupted Teeth in Dogs and Cats: 73 Cases (2001-2018),” what percent of dog cases had radiographic and/or histopath evidence of dentigerous cysts in unerupted teeth?

Frontiers 2019

A

44%

In agreement with Hutt 2022 also 44%

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32
Q

In Bellei’s 2019 study “A Clinical, Radiographic and Histological Study of Unerupted Teeth in Dogs and Cats: 73 Cases (2001-2018),” what percent of cat cases were dentigerous cysts and what percent of dog dog dentigerous cysts were in Brachycephalic dogs?

Frontiers 2019

A

No dentigerous cysts in cats
77% of dentigerous cysts in brachycephalic dogs

  • 90% of Boxers with unerupted teeth developed cystic lesions (mostly all dentigerous cysts)
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33
Q

In Bellei’s 2019 study “A Clinical, Radiographic and Histological Study of Unerupted Teeth in Dogs and Cats: 73 Cases (2001-2018),” what was the treatment outcome?

frontiers 2019

A

All cases treated surgically successful

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34
Q

In Johnson’s 2022 paper “Characterization and Classification of Keratinized Odontogenic Cysts in 29 Dogs,” what was the most common cyst location?

JVD 2022

A

Rostal maxilla 38%

59% invovled a canine tooth

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35
Q

In Johnson’s 2022 paper “Characterization and Classification of Keratinized Odontogenic Cysts in 29 Dogs,” what were the most common gross findings?

JVD 2022

A

Visualization of pore/intraluminal keratin 48%
Most cyst contents firm
Gross visible expansion of bone common 86%

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36
Q

In Johnson’s 2022 paper “Characterization and Classification of Keratinized Odontogenic Cysts in 29 Dogs,” what were the histologic findings in all cases?

JVD 2022

A
  • All lined with keratinized stratified squamous epithelium with organized maturation of cell layers and no nuclear atypia
  • both orthokeratotic (absence of nuclei) and parakeratotic (presence of nuclei) seen
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37
Q

In Clayton’s 2023 study “Clinical, Radiographic and Histologic Evaluation of 40 Cystic Oral Lesions in 37 Cats,” what lesions were stat sig noted in younger animals?

Bell JVD 2023

A

Feline inductive odontogenic tumors (FIOTs)
Dentigerous cysts

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38
Q

In Clayton’s 2023 study “Clinical, Radiographic and Histologic Evaluation of 40 Cystic Oral Lesions in 37 Cats,” what percent of odontogenic cysts could not be classified as a type of cyst currently described and recognized in cats?

bell JVD 2023

A

78%

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39
Q

In Clayton’s 2023 study “Clinical, Radiographic and Histologic Evaluation of 40 Cystic Oral Lesions in 37 Cats,” a definitive diagnosis was able to be made in what percent of cystic lesions and cystic tumors respectively?

Bell JVD 2023

A
  • Cystic lesions 49% cases
  • Cystic tumors 88% cases
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40
Q

In Clayton’s 2023 study “Clinical, Radiographic and Histologic Evaluation of 40 Cystic Oral Lesions in 37 Cats,” what percent of cystic lesions were unable to be identified due to insufficient diagnostic information?

Bell JVD 2023

A

52%

  • 58% of those cases not able to be classified due to not submitting tooth associated with cyst
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41
Q

In Clayton’s 2023 study “Clinical, Radiographic and Histologic Evaluation of 40 Cystic Oral Lesions in 37 Cats,” what was the name and defining characteristics of the previously unidentified cystic entity described in this study?

Bell JVD 2023

A

Unclassified collateral cyst (UCC)
- Tooth vital with absence of pulpitis
- All formed collateral to tooth with TR

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42
Q

In Clayton’s 2023 study “Clinical, Radiographic and Histologic Evaluation of 40 Cystic Oral Lesions in 37 Cats,” what were the defining features of feline inductive odontogenic tumors (FIOTs)?”

bell JVD 2023

A

Occur predominately in young cats, in the maxilla and all displace teeth

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43
Q

In Clayton’s 2023 study “Clinical, Radiographic and Histologic Evaluation of 40 Cystic Oral Lesions in 37 Cats,” what imaging and exam features can be used to differentiate cystic tumors from odontogenic cysts?

Bell JVD 2023

A

Cystic tumors more sig swelling 94%
Cystic tumors commonly have bone destruction 76%
Cystic tumors can displace teeth, odontogenic cysts do not
Cystic tumors multilocular 88%
Cystic tumors often do not have well defined borders (odontogenic cysts 91% well defined)
Cystic tumors expand beyond cortical plates 76%

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44
Q

The Epithelial Rests of Malassez are most abundant in what regions of the tooth?

Davis. A Review of the Epithelial Cell Rests of Malassez on the Bicentennial of Their Description. JVD 2018

A

Cervical and furcational portions of PDL

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45
Q

What is the precursor to the epithelial cell rests of Malassez?

Davis. A Review of the Epithelial Cell Rests of Malassez on the Bicentennial of Their Description. JVD 2018

A

Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath (HERS)

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46
Q

Transection of inferior alveolar nerve in rates has what effect on epithelial rests of Malassez and the PDL?

Davis. A Review of the Epithelial Cell Rests of Malassez on the Bicentennial of Their Description. JVD 2018

A

reduces distribution and size of ERM cell clusters, resulted in dentoalveolar ankylosis

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47
Q

What are the the arrows marked 1 and 2 pointing to?

A
  1. Mandibular fossa width
  2. Mandibular fossa depth
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48
Q

What are the definitions of thecodont and gomphosis?

Davis. A Review of the Epithelial Cell Rests of Malassez on the Bicentennial of Their Description. JVD 2018

A

thecodont → deep bony socket
gomphosis → collagen fibers that connect tooth root to surrounding bone
thecodonty → bony alveolus with depth that exceeds length of crown

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49
Q

What are the definitons of pluerodont and acrodont attachment?

Davis. A Review of the Epithelial Cell Rests of Malassez on the Bicentennial of Their Description. JVD 2018

A

Pleurodont attachment: lateral side of tooth fused to wall of jaw
Acrodont attachment: fused to the rest of the jawbone at the base of tooth

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50
Q

What structure/cells of the PDL are responsible for preventing ankylosis?

A

epithelial cell rests of Malassez

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51
Q

What are the widths of normal feline and canine PDLs?

Davis. A Review of the Epithelial Cell Rests of Malassez on the Bicentennial of Their Description. JVD 2018

A

Feline: mean width 150 micrometers
Canine: 150 micrometers (1mm apical to crestal bone), 200 micrometers (at level of crestal bone)

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52
Q

What is this image illustrating?

A

In a multiplanar view, the medial aspect of the TMJ, where the retroarticular process reaches its maximum extension (dashed circle. The * is the condylar process.

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53
Q

What are these sagittal reconstructions depicting?

A

The interjection point between the lines (small circle) was the estimated axis of rotation of the articular head of the condylar process (C).

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54
Q

What is the only source of odontogenic epithelium in the adult PDL?

A

Epithelial cells rests of Malassez

Davis. A Review of the Epithelial Cell Rests of Malassez on the Bicentennial of Their Description. JVD 2018

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55
Q

In Peralta’s 2020 study “Prevalence, Radiographic, and Demographic Features of Buccal Bone Expansion in Cats: A Cross-Sectional Study at a Referral Institution,” what factors were significantly associated with buccal bone expansion?

Fiani. JVD 2020

A

Pattern of vertical bone loss
common cause of canine tooth loss

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56
Q

In Peralta’s 2020 study “Prevalence, Radiographic, and Demographic Features of Buccal Bone Expansion in Cats: A Cross-Sectional Study at a Referral Institution,” what factors were not associated with BBE?

Fiani. JVD 2020

A

Breed, sex, age
Horizontal bone loss
Extrusion
Tooth resorption

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57
Q

In Peralta’s 2020 study “Prevalence, Radiographic, and Demographic Features of Buccal Bone Expansion in Cats: A Cross-Sectional Study at a Referral Institution,” what percent of cats had BBE and was 1 canine or 2 canines more commonly affected?

Fiani. JVD 2020

A

35%
2 canines more commonly affected

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58
Q

In Verstraete’s 1998 paper “Diagnostic value of full – mouth radiography in dogs,” radiographs of teeth with clinically evident dental disease provided further clinically relevant information in what percent of cases and incidental findings in what percent of cases?

Am J Vet Res 1998

A

Further clinically relevant info 72%
Incidental findings 42%

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59
Q

In Verstraete’s 1998 study “Diagnostic value of full-mouth radiography in cats,” radiographs provided additional information in what percent of perio and TR cases respectively?

Am J Vet Res 1998

A

Perio 93%
TR 98%

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60
Q

In Thielen’s 2012 paper “Cone Beam Computed Tomography in Veterinary Dentistry,” what slice thickness were evaluated and how did image quality of CBCT compare to dental rads at that time?

JVD 2012

A

Panoramic images → 5, 10, 15, 20mm
Parasagittal slices → 2mm
Moderate image quality inferior to diagnostic image quality of 2-D dental radiographs

No CBCT devices specifically for vet dentistry at that time.
Study considered CBCT better for research than clinical use

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61
Q

In Scherer’s 2018 study “A Volumetric Assessment Using Computed Tomography of Canine and First Molar Roots in Dogs of Varying Weight,” as patient weight increased the percentage of the canine and mandibular first molar tooth root volume to mandible volume decreased or increased?

Synder. JVD 2018

A

Decreased

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62
Q

In Scherer’s 2018 study “A Volumetric Assessment Using Computed Tomography of Canine and First Molar Roots in Dogs of Varying Weight,” what percent of the mandible does the canine root and mesial and distal mandibular first molar roots occupy?

Synder JVD 2018

A

Canine 28-34%
Mesial root M1: 17-26%
Distal root M1: 7.6-14.5%

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63
Q

In Scherer’s 2018 study “A Volumetric Assessment Using Computed Tomography of Canine and First Molar Roots in Dogs of Varying Weight,” did the slope (rate of increaasing change) of the canine or mesial or distal M1 increase more quickly?

Synder JVD 2018

A

Canine slope increased more quickly

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64
Q

In Berning’s 2020 article “Analysis of the Anatomic Relationship Between the Mandibular First Molar Roots and Mandibular Canal Using Cone-Beam Computed-Tomography in 101 Dogs,” what percent of tooth roots were found to be located closer to the lingual cortex?

Synder Frontiers 2020

A

73%

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65
Q

In Berning’s 2020 article “Analysis of the Anatomic Relationship Between the Mandibular First Molar Roots and Mandibular Canal Using Cone-Beam Computed-Tomography in 101 Dogs,” tooth root apical positions relative to the mandibular canal within the same tooth were found to be consistent in what percent of teeth?

Synder Frontiers 2020

A

52%

Tooth root apical positions were symmetric between right and left side of mouth in 93% mesial roots and 95% distal roots

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66
Q

In Chia’s 2021 study “Localization of the First Mandibular Molar Roots in Relationship to the Mandibular Canal in Small Breed Dogs – A Tomography Imaging Study,” what percent of all roots were located lingual to the canal?

Taney Frontiers 2021

A

83%

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67
Q

In Chia’s 2021 study “Localization of the First Mandibular Molar Roots in Relationship to the Mandibular Canal in Small Breed Dogs – A Tomography Imaging Study,” what breed had 100% of roots located lingual to the canal?

Taney, Frontiers 2021

A

Dachshunds

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68
Q

In Chia’s 2021 study “Localization of the First Mandibular Molar Roots in Relationship to the Mandibular Canal in Small Breed Dogs – A Tomography Imaging Study,” what percent of M1 roots were superimposed with the canal?

Taney. Frontiers 2021

A

97%
mesial root mean superimposition 100%
distal root mean superimposition 90%

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69
Q

In Chia’s 2021 study “Localization of the First Mandibular Molar Roots in Relationship to the Mandibular Canal in Small Breed Dogs – A Tomography Imaging Study,” what was the association of weight with superimposition of roots with the canal?

Taney. Frontiers 2021

A

as body weight increased by 1kg superimposition was decreased by 3-3.7% for mesial and distal roots respectively

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70
Q

In Greene’s 2022 article “The Anatomical Relationship Between the Mandibular First Molar Roots and the Mandibular Canal Based on Breed Size and Skull Type,” what percent of roots were located lingual to the canal and what percent of all dogs had at least 1 root lingual to the canal?

Goldschmidt Frontiers 2022

A

50% of all roots lingual
64% of all dogs had at least 1 lingual root

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71
Q

In Greene’s 2022 article “The Anatomical Relationship Between the Mandibular First Molar Roots and the Mandibular Canal Based on Breed Size and Skull Type,” lingual roots were most common in what skull types?

Goldschmidt Frontiers 2022

A

Mesaticephalic 58% of all roots
Brachycephalic 53% all roots

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72
Q

In Greene’s 2022 article “The Anatomical Relationship Between the Mandibular First Molar Roots and the Mandibular Canal Based on Breed Size and Skull Type,” what was the rarest root position and what skull type were they diagnosed in most frequently?

Goldschmidt Frontiers 2022

A

Buccal roots rarest (9.7% of all roots)
Most common in brachycephalic patients (84% of all buccal roots)

Buccal roots sig more likely to occur in brachycephalics than other skull types

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73
Q

In Greene’s 2022 article “The Anatomical Relationship Between the Mandibular First Molar Roots and the Mandibular Canal Based on Breed Size and Skull Type,” what was the most common root location in dolichocephalic dogs?

Goldschmidt Frontiers 2022

A

Dorsal to canal 65% of all dolichocephalic roots
79% dolichocephalic patients had at least one dorsal root

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74
Q

In Greene’s 2022 article “The Anatomical Relationship Between the Mandibular First Molar Roots and the Mandibular Canal Based on Breed Size and Skull Type,” what was the association of weight with root location and what skull type was an exception?

Goldschmidt. Frontiers 2022

A

Lingual root location sig less likely as size increased
Exception that large brachycephalic patients had rates of lingual roots similar to small dogs

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75
Q

In Greene’s 2022 article “The Anatomical Relationship Between the Mandibular First Molar Roots and the Mandibular Canal Based on Breed Size and Skull Type,” what skull type had straddle roots sig more commonly?

Goldschmidt. Frontiers 2022

A

Brachycephalic

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76
Q

What is the white arrowhead pointing to?

Villamizar-Martinez “Morphometry and Morphology of the Articular Surfaces of the Medial Region of the Temporomandibular Joint in the Felis Catus (Domestic cat) - A Cone Beam Computed Tomography Study. JVD 2023

A

Retroarticular process

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77
Q

In Villamizar-Martinez’s 2023 study “Morphometry and Morphology of the Articular Surfaces of the Medial Region of the Temporomandibular Joint in the Felis Catus (Domestic cat) - A Cone Beam Computed Tomography Study,” the margins of the mandibular fossa were rounded, regular and smooth in what percent of cases?

JVD 2023

A

97%

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78
Q

In Villamizar-Martinez’s 2023 study “Morphometry and Morphology of the Articular Surfaces of the Medial Region of the Temporomandibular Joint in the Felis Catus (Domestic cat) - A Cone Beam Computed Tomography Study,” what was the mean degree of coverage of the mandibular fossa over the head at the medial aspect?

JVD 2023

A

171 degrees

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79
Q

In Villamizar-Martinez’s 2016 study “Morphologic and Morphometric Description of the Temporomandibular Joint in the Domestic Dog Using Computed Tomography,” what three different morphologic conformations were identified?

A

A: Concave mandibular fossa and prominent retroarticular process (Labs, German shepherds, Boxers, English Bulldogs)
B: Less concave mandibular fossa, less prominent retroarticular process (Cocker Spaniels, Pug, Shih Tzus)
C: Shallow mandibular fossa, small or absent retroarticular process (Cavalier King Charles Spaniels)

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80
Q

In Villamizar-Martinez’s 2016 study “Morphologic and Morphometric Description of the Temporomandibular Joint in the Domestic Dog Using Computed Tomography,” line angles 2 (angle between line sements that connect the dorsal articular eminence of the mandibular fossa and the maximal ventral extension of the retroarticular process) less than how many degrees may be associated with loss of TMJ congruence?

JVD 2016

A

Less than 100 degrees

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81
Q

What does 4 represent?

Villamizar-Martinez “Morphologic and Morphometric Description of the Temporomandibular Joint in the Domestic Dog Using Computed Tomography.” JVD 2016

A

Nuchal crest

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82
Q

In Villamizar-Martinez’s 2016 study “Morphologic and Morphometric Description of the Temporomandibular Joint in the Domestic Dog Using Computed Tomography,” what breed was associated with the shallowest mandibular fossa and small or absent retroarticular processes?

JVD 2016

A

King Charles Cavalier Spaniel

No skull conformation necessarily correlated with TMJ morphology

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83
Q

In Soukup’s 2015 study “Comparison of the Diagnostic Image Quality of the Canine Maxillary Dentoalveolar Structures Obtained by Cone Beam Computed Tomography and 64-Multidetector Row Computed Tomography,” CBCT was superior to CT in all dentoalveolar structures except which?

JVD 2015

A

Pulp canal

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84
Q

In Southerden’s 2018 study “Three Dimensional Osteometric Analysis of Mandibular Symmetry and Morphologic Consistency in Cats,” what was the most consistent measurement?

Frontiers 2018

A

Lateral ramus inclination angle

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85
Q

In Southerden’s 2018 study “Three Dimensional Osteometric Analysis of Mandibular Symmetry and Morphologic Consistency in Cats,” what was the correlation between height, width and length of the ramus?

Frontiers 2018

A

As the height of the ramus increases, there is a proportional increase in its length and width

Low level of asymmetry between contralateral mandibles in cats

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86
Q

In Villamizar-Martinez’s 2021 study “Radiographic Assessment of the Feline Temporomandibular Joint with Oblique Projections: A Preliminary Ex Vivo Study,” what view did not allow adequate discrimination of all TMj anatomy at any angle?

Reiter. JVD 2021

A

Nose up lateral oblique view

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87
Q

In Villamizar-Martinez’s 2021 study “Radiographic Assessment of the Feline Temporomandibular Joint with Oblique Projections: A Preliminary Ex Vivo Study,” what angles were best for assessment of TMJ anatomy with the lateroventral-laterodorsal view?

Reiter. JVD 2021

A

10 and 20 degrees

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88
Q

What radiographic view of the feline TMJ is being shown?

Villamizar-Martinez, Reiter. “Radiographic Assessment of the Feline Temporomandibular Joint with Oblique Projections: A Preliminary Ex Vivo Study,” JVD 2021

A

LaV-LaDO (lateroventral-laterodorsal view)

TMJs in vertical plane relative to each other
Dependent TMJ projected ventrally

89
Q

The image shows what feline TMJ radiographic view?

Villamizar-Martinez, Reiter. “Radiographic Assessment of the Feline Temporomandibular Joint with Oblique Projections: A Preliminary Ex Vivo Study,” JVD 2021

A

Nose up lateral oblique

TMJs in horizontal plane relative to each other
Dependent TMJ projected rostrally

90
Q

In Ghirelli’s 2013 study “Comparison of Standard Radiography and Computed Tomography in 21 Dogs with Maxillary Masses,” bony changes and invasion of adjacent structures were noted on what percent of skull radiographs and CT respectively?

JVD 2013

A

Bony changes: skull rads 81%, CT 95%
Invasion of adjacent structures: skull rads 30%, CT 90%

91
Q

Conventional radiographs require what percent difference in tissue resolution for bony changes to be detected vs CT?

Ghirelli, Villamizar. “Comparison of Standard Radiography and Computed Tomography in 21 Dogs with Maxillary Masses,” JVD 2013

A

conventional rads: 5% difference
CT: 1% or less

92
Q

In Ruhnau’s 2023 article “A Trans-Orbital Projection for Radiological Evaluation of the Maxillary First Molar Tooth in Dogs,” what view was sig better for evaluation of the attachment loss and periapical pathology of 109/209?

JVD 2023

A

Transorbital

93
Q

What radiographic projection is shown below?

A

Trans-Orbital Projection

Ruhnau “A Trans-Orbital Projection for Radiological Evaluation of the Maxillary First Molar Tooth in Dogs,” JVD 2023

94
Q

In Nikolic-Jakoba’s 2021 paper “Effect of section thickness on cone beam computed tomography-based measurements of intrabony defects compared with clinical measurements,” what were stat sig differences between 0.25mm, 1mm and 3mm CBCT slice thicknesses and clinical measurements of intrabony defects?

J Periodontol 2021

A

No stat sig differences between clinical and radiographic bone level for any slice thickness

95
Q

In Nemec’s 2012 study “Prevalence and Types of Tooth Resorption in Dogs With Oral Tumors,” what was the association of tooth resorption type and non-odontogenic tumors?

Am J Vet Res 2012

A

No stat sig differences in tooth resorption type

96
Q

In Nemec’s 2012 study “Prevalence and Types of Tooth Resorption in Dogs With Oral Tumors,” what type of tooth resorption was most common in dogs with CAAs and POFs at the tumor site respectively?

Am J Vet Res 2012

A

CAA: external inflammatory resorption
POF: external replacement resorption

97
Q

What is the radiographic difference between condensing osteitis and osteosclerosis?

Menzies, Reiter. Assessment of Apical Periodontitis in Dogs and Humans: A Review. JVD 2014

A

Endodontically diseased teeth or those with previous endodontic treatment: condensing osteitis
Teeth with no evidence of endodontic disease or only superficial caries

98
Q

What is the red arrow pointing to?

A

The radicular groove

99
Q

In the study, “Comparison of Micro-Computed
Tomography and Digital Intraoral
Radiography to Determine the Accuracy
of Digital Radiographic Measurements
of Mandibular Molar Teeth in Dogs,” what pathology is being depicted in this following image?

A

Root canal calcification

100
Q

In the study, “Comparison of Micro-Computed
Tomography and Digital Intraoral
Radiography to Determine the Accuracy
of Digital Radiographic Measurements
of Mandibular Molar Teeth in Dogs,” what pathology is being depicted in this following image?

A

Ankyloses and replacement resorption

101
Q

How soon can CBCT detect apical periodontitis in dogs vs periapical radiographs

Menzies, Reiter. Assessment of Apical Periodontitis in Dogs and Humans: A Review. JVD 2014

A

CBCT 7 days
Periapical rads 15 days

102
Q

In Bell’s 2015 study “Histologic, Clinical, and Radiologic Findings of Alveolar Bone Expansion and Osteomyelitis of the Jaws in Cats,” what percent of maxillary and mandibular sites had radiologic evidence of periodontitis?

Soukup. Vet Path 2015

A

Maxillary 100% PD
Mandibular 67% PD

103
Q

In Bell’s 2015 study “Histologic, Clinical, and Radiologic Findings of Alveolar Bone Expansion and Osteomyelitis of the Jaws in Cats,” what was the overal radiologic prevalence of tooth resorption?

Soukup. Vet Path 2015

A

83%

104
Q

In Bell’s 2015 study “Histologic, Clinical, and Radiologic Findings of Alveolar Bone Expansion and Osteomyelitis of the Jaws in Cats,” what were two common histologic findings?

Soukup Vet Path 2015

A

Woven bone in all samples
Rarifying osseous proliferation 96%

105
Q

In Bell’s 2015 study “Histologic, Clinical, and Radiologic Findings of Alveolar Bone Expansion and Osteomyelitis of the Jaws in Cats,” what percent of cases affected the caudal premolars or molars?

Soukup Vet Pathol 2015

A

53%

106
Q

In Mihaljevic’s 2012 study “Radiographic Changes Associated with Tooth Resorption Type 2 in Cats,” what percent of cats had a root remant visible with radiographic evidence of inflammation?

JVD 2012

A

3.6%

Crown amputation for teeth with TR type 2 adequate treatment but not perfect

107
Q

In Mihaljevic’s 2012 study “Radiographic Changes Associated with Tooth Resorption Type 2 in Cats,” what percent of cats had a root or root remnant partially visible with no rad evidence inflammation?

JVD 2012

A

68% (most common group - Group B)

108
Q

In Mestrinho’s 2013 study “Risk Assessment of Feline Tooth Resorption: A Portuguese Clinical Case Control Study,” what factors were significantly more likely to have tooth resorption?

JVD 2013

A

Older cats (10-15 yro cats 6.5x more likely to have have TR than 0-4 yro)
Presence of gingivitis (any index)
Canine teeth stat sig more likely to have TR Type 2

109
Q

In Mestrinho’s 2013 study “Risk Assessment of Feline Tooth Resorption: A Portuguese Clinical Case Control Study,” what teeth were most commonly affected by Type 1 lesions?

JVD 2013

A

mandibular third premolars
Mandibular first molar teeth

110
Q

In Mestrinho’s 2013 study “Risk Assessment of Feline Tooth Resorption: A Portuguese Clinical Case Control Study,” what was the most common type of TR and what percent of cats had more than one type of TR?

JVD 2013

A

Type 1 46%
50% of cats had more than 1 type of TR

111
Q

In Lommer’s 2000 study “Prevalence of odontoclastic resorption lesions and periapical radiographic lucencies in cats: 265 cases (1995-1998),” what percent of cats had TR and what percent had periapical lucencies?

Verstraete JAVMA 2002

A

TR prevalence 61%
Periapical lucencies 13%
No lucency associated with TR

Pulp involvement of TR does not appear to be associated with periapical lucency

112
Q

What are tooth resorption stages 4a, b and c respectively?

AVDC Nomenclature

A

Stage 4: Extensive dental hard tissue loss extending into pulp cavity with loss of structural integrity.
4a: crown and root equally affected
4b: Crown more severely affected
4c: Root more severely affected

113
Q

In Lommer’s 2000 study “Prevalence of odontoclastic resorption lesions and periapical radiographic lucencies in cats: 265 cases (1995-1998),” what percent of cases that had restorations performed for TR did not develop additional TR 24 months after treatment?

Verstraete JAVMA 2000

A

10-20%

114
Q

In Ingham’s 2001 article “Prevalence of odontoclastic resorptive lesions in a population of clinically healthy cats,” what was the prevalence of TR?

J Small Anim Prac 2001

A

29%

115
Q

In Ingham’s 2001 article “Prevalence of odontoclastic resorptive lesions in a population of clinically healthy cats,” what were the most commonly affected teeth and what factors were associated with an increased risk of TR?

A

Mandibular third premolars most commonly affected
Increasing age and clinically and radiographically missing teeth more likely to have TR

116
Q

In Wright’s 2023 paper “
Microspatial distribution of trace elements in feline dental hard tissues: early life exposure to essential and toxic elements,” what trace elements were found in higher accumulations in coronal dentin?

Frontiers 2023

A

Barium
Strontium
Lead

117
Q

In Lang’s 2016 study “Computed Tomography of Tooth Resorption in Cats,” was CT found to be a good screening tool for TR in cats?

Vet Rad Utra 2016

A

No

Used a 16 slice helical CT scanner

118
Q

In Lang’s 2016 study “Computed Tomography of Tooth Resorption in Cats,” did rads, exam or rads and exam identify more TR?

A

Rads + exam

119
Q

In Lang’s 2016 study “Computed Tomography of Tooth Resorption in Cats,” what was the sensitivity and specificity for CT to identify TR?

0.5mm, 1mm, 2mm, 3mm slice thicknesses

A

sensitivity: fair to poor 42-58%
specificity: good to excellent 93-96%

Difference between slice thickness sig for specificity but not sensitivity

120
Q

In Littles’ 2022 study “Analysis of the anatomic relationship of the infraorbital canal with the roots of the maxillary fourth premolar tooth in the three different skull types: Mesocephalic, brachycephalic, and dolichocephalic, using cone beam computed tomography,” what were the most common locations of the infraorbital canal in relation to the mesial roots?

Frontiers 2022 New Mexico private practice

A

Region 2: Apical to the furcation of the mesial roots
Region 5: In the furcation of the mesial roots

121
Q

In Littles’ 2022 study “Analysis of the anatomic relationship of the infraorbital canal with the roots of the maxillary fourth premolar tooth in the three different skull types: Mesocephalic, brachycephalic, and dolichocephalic, using cone beam computed tomography,” what was the most frequent position of the infraorbital canal for the mesocephalic skull type?

Frontiers 2022

A

Region 2: Apical to the furcation of the mesial roots

122
Q

In Littles’ 2022 study “Analysis of the anatomic relationship of the infraorbital canal with the roots of the maxillary fourth premolar tooth in the three different skull types: Mesocephalic, brachycephalic, and dolichocephalic, using cone beam computed tomography,” what were the most common configurations of the IOC for the brachycephalic and dolichocephalic skull types?

A

Each 40% Region 2 and 5

Region 2: Apical to the furcation of the mesial roots
Region 5: In the furcation of the mesial roots

123
Q

In Littles’ 2022 study “Analysis of the anatomic relationship of the infraorbital canal with the roots of the maxillary fourth premolar tooth in the three different skull types: Mesocephalic, brachycephalic, and dolichocephalic, using cone beam computed tomography,” what was the association between weight and location of the IOC in the furcation of the mesial roots (Section 5)?

Frontiers 2022

A

As weight increased, the portion of the IOF in Section 5 decreased

124
Q

In Littles’ 2022 study “Analysis of the anatomic relationship of the infraorbital canal with the roots of the maxillary fourth premolar tooth in the three different skull types: Mesocephalic, brachycephalic, and dolichocephalic, using cone beam computed tomography,” what was the total population’s most frequent position of the IOC in relation to the distal root?

A

Section 9: apical and palatal to distal root

125
Q

In Littles’ 2022 study “Analysis of the anatomic relationship of the infraorbital canal with the roots of the maxillary fourth premolar tooth in the three different skull types: Mesocephalic, brachycephalic, and dolichocephalic, using cone beam computed tomography,” the majority of the total population did not have IOF located in what section?

Frontiers 2022

A

Section 12: palatal to distal root

Section 5 (furcation) and 12 most likely to cause damage to IOC during extraction

126
Q

In Littles’ 2022 study “Analysis of the anatomic relationship of the infraorbital canal with the roots of the maxillary fourth premolar tooth in the three different skull types: Mesocephalic, brachycephalic, and dolichocephalic, using cone beam computed tomography,” the authors concluded that what skull types are at a higher risk for iatrogenic trauma to the IOC?

Frontiers 2022

A

Brachycephalic and dolichocephalic dogs

More likely to be in section 5 (in the furcation)

127
Q

In McKay’s 2021 study “The Diagnostic Yield of Cone-Beam Computed Tomography for Degenerative Changes of the Temporomandibular Joint in Dogs,” there was perfect agreement between CBCT and histology for what findings and what was the most common?

Verstraete, Arzi Frontiers 2021

A

Subchondral bone sclerosis- most common
Osteophytes

128
Q

In McKay’s 2021 study “The Diagnostic Yield of Cone-Beam Computed Tomography for Degenerative Changes of the Temporomandibular Joint in Dogs,” what was the association of severity of TMJ degeneration and agreement between CBCT and histology?

Verstraete, Arzi. Frontiers 2021

A

The more severe the changes, the more agreement

Authors deemed CBCT a suitable imaging modality to evaluate degenerative changes of the TMJ but more studies needed

129
Q

What is the following an image of?

A

A transorbital radiographic approach to visualize the mesiobuccal and distobuccal roots.

130
Q

What radiographic approach was applied in the following image?

A

Transorbital

131
Q

In the study, “Gape Angle in Asymptomatic Dogs with Normal Occlusion “ what was the mean gape angle for anesthetized and non-anesthetized dogs?

A

Conscious - 44 degrees
Anesthetized - 43.9 degrees

132
Q

In Ng’s 2019 study “Mandibular Carnassial Tooth Malformations in 6 Dogs—Micro-Computed Tomography and Histology Findings,” the condition was bilateral in what number of dogs and was the origin of the abnormal tissue able to be determined?

Fiani, Peralta. Frontiers 2019

A

bilateral 5/6 dogs
Origin of abnormal tissue unable to be determined

133
Q

In Heney’s 2019 study “Diagnostic Yield of Dental Radiography and Cone-Beam Computed Tomography for the Identification of Anatomic Structures in Cats,” were dental rad or CBCT scores lower for all 17 structures and what CBCT module had the highest scores?

Arzi, Verstraete. Frontiers 2019

A

DR scores significantly lower for all 17 anatomic structures
MPR scores highest

134
Q

In Heney’s 2019 study “Diagnostic Yield of Dental Radiography and Cone-Beam Computed Tomography for the Identification of Anatomic Structures in Cats,” dental rads were comparable to CBCT modalities for what structure?

Arzi, Verstraete. Frontiers 2019

A

Symphysis

135
Q

In Heney’s 2019 study “Diagnostic Yield of Dental Radiography and Cone-Beam Computed Tomography for the Identification of Anatomic Structures in Cats,” what CBCT modality was deemed unsuitable for evaluation of the cat skull due superimposition?

Arzi, Verstraete. Frontiers 2019

A

Panoramic view

136
Q

What diagnostic imaging methods are shown from top to bottom?

Heney “Diagnostic Yield of Dental Radiography and Cone-Beam Computed Tomography for the Identification of Anatomic Structures in Cats.” Frontiers 2019

A

dental radiographs
Panoramic
3-D
Multiplanar reconstruction (MPR)

137
Q

In Heney’s 2019 study “The Diagnostic Yield of Dental Radiography and Cone-Beam Computed Tomography for the Identification of Dentoalveolar Lesions in Cats,” CBCT (MPR) had significantly higher diagnostic yield for what 4 categories?

Arzi, Verstraete Frontiers 2019

A

Missing teeth
Horizontal bone loss
Loss of tooth integrity
Tooth Resorption

138
Q

In Heney’s 2019 study “The Diagnostic Yield of Dental Radiography and Cone-Beam Computed Tomography for the Identification of Dentoalveolar Lesions in Cats,” MPR was better at identifying what categories than dental rads (not necessarily stat sig)?

Arzi, Verstraete. Frontiers 2019

A

More sensitive for periapical lesions
Only method that identified supernumerary roots of PM3
Best for missing teeth and external replacement resorption

139
Q

What bones contribute to the structure of the orbit?

Winer “Clinical Features and Computed Tomography Findings Are Utilized to Characterize Retrobulbar Disease in Dogs,” Frontiers 2018

A

Frontal, lacrimal, maxillary, zygomatic, palatine, spheniod

140
Q

In the image below what are numbers 3, 4, 5 and 6?

Winer “Clinical Features and Computed Tomography Findings Are Utilized to Characterize Retrobulbar Disease in Dogs,” Frontiers 2018

A

3: ethmoid foramina
4: Optic canal
5: Orbital fissure
6: Rostral alar foramen

141
Q

In the image what do 9, 13, 14, 15, 16 represent?

Winer “Clinical Features and Computed Tomography Findings Are Utilized to Characterize Retrobulbar Disease in Dogs,” Frontiers 2018

A

9: Lateral rectus muscle
13: Maxillary nerve
14: Medial pterygoid muscle
15: Maxillary artery
16: Facial vein

142
Q

The ventral floor of the orbit is composed of what tissues?

Winer “Clinical Features and Computed Tomography Findings Are Utilized to Characterize Retrobulbar Disease in Dogs,” Frontiers 2018

A

Medial pterygoid muscle
zygomatic salivary gland
orbital adipose tissue

143
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary retrobulbar disorders?

Winer “Clinical Features and Computed Tomography Findings Are Utilized to Characterize Retrobulbar Disease in Dogs,” Frontiers 2018

A

Primary arises from or within the retrobulbar tissues and remain confined to the orbit and expand outward
When disease occurs adjacent to and extends into the retrobulbar space –> secondary disorder

144
Q

Is masticatory muscle myositis considered a primary or secondary retrobulbar disease?

Winer “Clinical Features and Computed Tomography Findings Are Utilized to Characterize Retrobulbar Disease in Dogs,” Frontiers 2018

A

Primary because the temporalis mucles comprise the lateral wall of the orbit

145
Q

In Winer’s 2018 study “Clinical Features and Computed Tomography Findings Are Utilized to Characterize Retrobulbar Disease in Dogs,” what percent of dogs had primary disease of the retrobulbar space and what percent of those were neoplastic vs infectious?

Frontiers 2018

A

62% primary
46% primary neoplasia
46% infectious/inflammatory

146
Q

In Winer’s 2018 study “Clinical Features and Computed Tomography Findings Are Utilized to Characterize Retrobulbar Disease in Dogs,” what percent of cases were secondary and what percent of those were neoplastic?

A

38% secondary
84% secondary neoplasia

147
Q

In Winer’s 2018 study “Clinical Features and Computed Tomography Findings Are Utilized to Characterize Retrobulbar Disease in Dogs,” what imaging factors were significantly associated with neoplasia?

Frontiers 2018

A

Orbital osteolysis
Orbital periosteal reaction
Retrobulbar mass

148
Q

In Winer’s 2018 study “Clinical Features and Computed Tomography Findings Are Utilized to Characterize Retrobulbar Disease in Dogs,” what imaging findings were associated with infectious/inflammatory disease?

frontiers 2018

A

Zygomatic salivary gland enlargement
Retrobulbar mass effect
Mandibular lymphadenopathy

149
Q

In Winer’s 2018 study “Clinical Features and Computed Tomography Findings Are Utilized to Characterize Retrobulbar Disease in Dogs,” in what percent of cases was dental pathology the cause of retrobulbar disease?

Frontiers 2018

A

1.5%

150
Q

In the study. Hematologic, Biochemical, and Endocrine
Parameters in Horses With Tooth
Resorption and Hypercementosis” JVD 2017.3, what was the only consistent abnormality on bloodwork?

A

Hypoalbuminemia 88%

151
Q

What are the different colored arrows pointing to?

A

Red arrows - tooth resorption
Green arrows - hypercementosis
Yellow arrows - condensing osteitis
Orange arrow - blunting of reserve crown due to TR
Pink arrows - loss of alveolar bone, and expansion of cementum

152
Q

In humans, dentinal dysplasia is what type of genetic abnormality?

A

Autosomal-dominant

153
Q

What is the bracket depicting in the following image?

A

Osteodentin, in a dog with dentinal dysplasia

154
Q

What is the following an image of?

A

Dentinal Dysplasia

155
Q

What are the arrows pointing to and why is the apical third of the root so wide?

A

The arrows are pointing to a distinct demarcation between normal primary dentin and dysplastic secondary dentin. The apical portion of the root is wide because there was minimal deposition of secondary dentin.

156
Q

What is the dental follicle?

A

Ectomesenchymal tissue that surrounds the enamel organ.

157
Q

In the study, “Analysis of the anatomic relationship of the infraorbital canal with the roots of the maxillary fourth premolar tooth in the three different skull types: Mesocephalic, brachycephalic, and dolichocephalic, using cone beam computed tomography” for the brachycephalic skull type, where was the distal root most frequently position?

A

Caudal to the maxillary foramen/floor of the orbit 62.5%

158
Q

“Analysis of the anatomic relationship of the infraorbital canal with the roots of the maxillary fourth premolar tooth in the three different skull types: Mesocephalic, brachycephalic, and dolichocephalic, using cone beam computed tomography,” where was the infraorbitals’ canal most frequent position at the mesial roots?

A

Apical to the furcation of the mesial roots in the total population 38.8% and 53.8% for the mesocephalic skull.

For the brachycephalic and dolichocephalic it was partially in the furcation and partially apical, 40% & 40% respectively.

159
Q

In the study, “Analysis of the anatomic relationship of the infraorbital canal with the roots of the maxillary fourth premolar tooth in the three different skull types: Mesocephalic, brachycephalic, and dolichocephalic, using cone beam computed tomography,” where was the infraorbital canal most frequently positioned in relation to the distal root?

A

Apical and palatal to the distal root for the total population 36.7%, the mesocephalic skull type 42.5%, and the brachycephalic skull 35%.

For the dolichocephalic the IOC was both directly palatal and partially apical and palatal to the distal root (42.5%).

160
Q

What was the overall consensus for the study in, “Analysis of the anatomic relationship of the infraorbital canal with the roots of the maxillary fourth premolar tooth in the three different skull types: Mesocephalic, brachycephalic, and dolichocephalic, using cone beam computed tomography”?

A

Extra care must be taken with the dolichocephalic and the brachycephalic skull types to avoid iatrogenic trauma to the infraorbital canal and the orbit during surgical procedures on the maxillary fourth premolar tooth.

161
Q

What are the following images depicting?

A

C- A dogs mandibular fossa with joint space narrowing and subchondral bone sclerosis.

D. Bone sclerosis characterized by reduction of marrow cavities.

Usually these were found on the lateral aspects of the joints.

162
Q

What are the white arrows pointing to?

A

Osteophytes

163
Q

What are the following images of?

A

TMJ disc perforations

164
Q

In the study, “The Diagnostic Yield of Cone-Beam Computed Tomography for Degenerative Changes of the Temporomandibular Joint in Dogs” what was the most prevalent finding radiographically with excellent agreement histologically?

A

1.Subchondral sclerosis

Most common CBCT finding - 33/38 of the mandibular hears (86.8%) and 36/38 of the mandibular fossa (94.7)

Most common histo finding - 65.5% of mandibular heads and 96.8 % of fossa

  1. Osteophytes
165
Q

In the study, “The Diagnostic Yield of Cone-Beam Computed Tomography for Degenerative Changes of the Temporomandibular Joint in Dogs” what was the overall consensus?

A

The more severe the TMJ degenerative changes, the higher the agreement between CBCT and histology.

166
Q

In the study, “The Diagnostic Yield of Cone-Beam Computed Tomography for Degenerative Changes of the Temporomandibular Joint in Dogs” what was the association that was made between joint narrowing and sclerosis?

A

If a TMJ had joint space narrowing, it almost always had sclerosis. However, sclerosis could occur without joint space narrowing.

167
Q

What is the following image depicting?

A

Redundant IFR foramina. Four of the brachycephalics (67%) in the study “Computed Tomography Analysis of the Feline Infraorbital Foramen and Canal” were found to have redundant foramina that were smaller instead of a single foramen.

168
Q

In the study, “Computed Tomography Analysis of the Feline Infraorbital Foramen and Canal” did the IOC lengths differ between the mesatocephalic and brachycephalic breeds?

A

No

Mesa. - 4.6 mm mean; Brachy. - 4.4 mm mean

169
Q

In the study, “Computed Tomography Analysis of the Feline Infraorbital Foramen and Canal” what were the significant findings?

A

Skull length - Mesa 100 mm vs Brachy 89 mm

Skull width - Mesa 68 mm vs Brachy 70 mm

Oval foramen in 66% of brachy cats vs mesa cats had only 22% as oval foramen (88% were round)

Brachycephalic - Incisive bone to foramen - 18 mm; Mesaticephalic – incisive bone to foramen - 23 mm

Maxillary foramen to ventral eye - Brachy 3 mm vs Mesa 4 mm

Canal to 4th premolar furcation - Brachy 6 mm vs Mesa 5 mm

Length of maxillary orbital floor - Brachy 12 mm vs Mesa 13.5 mm

170
Q

What were the main takeaways in the study, “Cadaveric evaluation of injectate distribution for two maxillary nerve block techniques in cats.”?

A

There was no significant difference in the amount of nerve stained using either the infraorbital or percutaneous block.

And there was no significant difference between the two different injectate volumes ( 0.2 vs 0.4 ml). Thus a smaller volume resulted in adequate staining of the nerve.

171
Q

What is the black arrow pointing to?

A

An enamel fissure

172
Q

What are the white and black arrowheads pointing to?

A

Ectopic enamel

173
Q

What is the following a radiograph of?

A

Crown of the left mandibular M1 tooth malformation. Note the corono-apical oriented
channel connecting the abnormal tissue to the pulp (open arrow). The
entrance to another channel can be seen communicating with the furcational
periodontium (closed arrow).

174
Q

What imaging modalities are present?

A

3-D rendering of the bone left, and tooth mode (right)

175
Q

What image modality of CBCT is being depicted in the following image?

A

MPR or multiplanar reconstruction

176
Q

What image modality of CBCT is being depicted in the following image?

A

Panoramic (Pano)

177
Q

What is the following imaging modality for CBCT?

A

Standard panoramic view

178
Q

In the study, “Diagnostic Yield of Dental Radiography and Cone-Beam Computed Tomography for Identification of Anatomic Structures in Cats” what CBCT modality scored the highest for all 17 anatomic structures?

A

MPR or multiplanar reconstruction

179
Q

What are the black asterisks in this image depicting? What is the dashed line depicting?

A

Black asterisks are the salivary glands, note how the right salivary gland is enlarged compared to the left. The dashed lines are surrounding the mass effect aka abscess.

180
Q
A
181
Q

How much do rabiit maxillary and mandibular incisors grow per week?

A

Maxillary 2mm/week
Mandibular 2.4mm/week

182
Q

What is the difference in CBCT vs conventional CT voxels?

Riggs, Arzi, Verstraete. Clinical Application of cone-beam computed tomography of the rabbit head: Part 1 – Normal Dentition. Frontiers 2016

A

CBCT voxels isotropic (X,Y, Z dimension equal)
Conventional CT anisotropic (best resolution in transverse plane)

183
Q

In Riggs’ 2016 article, “Clinical Application of cone-beam computed tomography of the rabbit head: Part 1 – Normal Dentition,” what were the thinnest teeth?

Arzi, Verstraete. Frontiers 2016

A

maxillary 2nd incisor 1.3mm
Maxillary M3: 1.04mm

184
Q

In Riggs’ 2016 article, “Clinical Application of cone-beam computed tomography of the rabbit head: Part 1 – Normal Dentition,” what structure was significantly more visible on CBCT than conventional CT and in general which imaging modality was superior?

Arzi, Verstraete. Frontiers 2016

A

PDL sig more visible
CBCT superior to conventional CT when imaging dentition

185
Q

In Riggs’ 2017 article “Clinical Application of Cone Beam Computed Tomography of the Rabbit Head: Part 2—Dental Disease,” what were the three most common findings on CBCT?

Arzi, Verstraete. Frontiers 2017

A

PDL space widening (14/15)
Premolar and molar malocclusion (13/15)
Apical elongation (13/15)

186
Q

In Riggs’ 2017 article “Clinical Application of Cone Beam Computed Tomography of the Rabbit Head: Part 2—Dental Disease,” what clinical finding was significantly associated with what CBCT finding?

Arzi, Verstraete. Frontiers 2017

A

Coronal elongation significantly associated with apical elongation

187
Q

What is the normal occlusal angle of a rabbit?

Riggs, Arzi, Verstraete. “Clinical Application of Cone Beam Computed Tomography of the Rabbit Head: Part 2—Dental Disease,” frontiers 2017

A

10 degrees

188
Q

What does the white arrowhead and white arrow depict?

Riggs, Arzi, Verstraete. “Clinical Application of Cone Beam Computed Tomography of the Rabbit Head: Part 2—Dental Disease,” frontiers 2017

A

White arrowhead: apical elongation
White arrow: flat occlusal angle

189
Q

What structure is indicated by the asterisk?

Riggs, Arzi, Verstraete. “Clinical Application of Cone Beam Computed Tomography of the Rabbit Head: Part 2—Dental Disease,” frontiers 2017

A

Zygomatic salivary gland

190
Q

The white arrow and open arrows show what findings?

Riggs, Arzi, Verstraete. “Clinical Application of Cone Beam Computed Tomography of the Rabbit Head: Part 2—Dental Disease,” frontiers 2017

A

White arrows: Tooth resorption (inflammatory)
white open arrow: Tooth not fully in the the plane of the image appearing lucent and irregular due to volume average artifact

191
Q

In Riggs’ 2017 article “Clinical Application of Cone Beam Computed Tomography of the Rabbit Head: Part 2—Dental Disease,” what was the association of the known duration of dental disease with severity?

Arzi, Verstraete. Frontiers 2017

A

The known duration of the dental disease did not necessarily match the severity of the dental disease.

192
Q

In Cambell’s 2016 study “Comparing Intraoral Radiography and Computed Tomography for Detecting Radiographic Signs of Periodontitis and Endodontic Disease in Dogs: An Agreement Study,” what site had the most disagreement in scoring for periodontitis?

Peralta, Fiani. Frontiers 2016

A

Mandibular incisors (CT 50% disagreement, RAD 46% disagreement)

193
Q

In Cambell’s 2016 study “Comparing Intraoral Radiography and Computed Tomography for Detecting Radiographic Signs of Periodontitis and Endodontic Disease in Dogs: An Agreement Study,” what percent difference was present between RAD and CT for frequency of detection of endodontic lesions?

Peralta, Fiani. Frontiers 2016

A

10% higher frequency for CT

194
Q

In Cambell’s 2016 study “Comparing Intraoral Radiography and Computed Tomography for Detecting Radiographic Signs of Periodontitis and Endodontic Disease in Dogs: An Agreement Study,” the authors conclude that is only necessary to perform dental radiographs after CT (slice thickness 0.5-1mm) when looking for periodontal disease in what region?

Peralta, Fiani. Frontiers 2016

A

mandibular incisors
Unnecessary to perform RAD following CT when testing for endodontic disease due to high level of agreement between techniques and observers

195
Q

What are 1, 3, 4 and 9?

Durand. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance diagnosis of variations in the anatomical location of the major salivary glands in 1680 dogs and 187 cats. Vet Journal 2016.

A

1: parotid gland
3: Mandibular salivary gland
4: Digastricus muscle
9: Mandibular lymph nodes

196
Q

In the study, “Localization of the First Mandibular Molar Roots in Relationship to the Mandibular Canal in Small Breed Dogs—A Tomography Imaging Study,” how common was the following anatomy variation in this image?

A

Straddle tooth roots were not very common

197
Q

In the study, “Evaluation of the diagnostic yield of dental radiography and cone-beam computed tomography for the identification of anatomic landmarks in small to medium-sized brachycephalic dogs,” what CBCT imaging modalities scored the highest?

A

Serial CBCT slices scored the highest in 17/19 anatomic landmarks

Tridimensional rendering or 3D rendering scored the highest in 2/19 - nasal turbinates and the middle mental foramen

198
Q

In the study, “Evaluation of the diagnostic yield of dental radiography and cone-beam computed tomography for the identification of anatomic landmarks in small to medium-sized brachycephalic dogs,” what was the overall consensus?

A

CBCT methods were better suited than dental radiography for the identification of anatomic landmarks in brachycephalic dogs.

199
Q

In the study, “Evaluation of the diagnostic yield of dental radiography and cone-beam computed tomography for the identification of anatomic landmarks in small to medium-sized brachycephalic dogs,” what were 7 anatomic landmarks that were excluded due to lack of significant difference between the 2 different imaging modalities?

A

Mandibular symphysis, R/L mandibular canine, R/L mandibular M1, R/L mandibular canals

200
Q

In the study, “Evaluation of the diagnostic yield of dental radiography
and cone-beam computed tomography for the
identification of dental disorders in small to mediumsized brachycephalic dogs” when taking into account all 3 CBCT modalities it was found to be significantly better than radiographs in what categories?

A

4/ 10 categories
Abnormal eruption, abnormally shaped roots, periodontitis and tooth resorption

201
Q

In the study, “Evaluation of the diagnostic yield of dental radiography
and cone-beam computed tomography for the
identification of dental disorders in small to mediumsized brachycephalic dogs” radiographs scored higher than CBCT in ONE category. What was it and why?

A

Loss of tooth integrity
Rads - accuracy 96.5%, sensitivity 83%

The superior resolution provided by the rad
method aided in the detection of small crown defects,
such as enamel fractures or mild attrition or abrasions
that were commonly missed with the 3-D and slices
methods, especially since the slices method could not visualize the entire surface of the crown in this study.

202
Q

In Peralta’s 2010 study on the extent of TR lesions in dogs, what class of lesion and stage of lesion is depicted here?

AJVR 2010

A

Type: External replacement resorption
Stage: 3

I asked Peralta…it’s because the PDL is totally gone

203
Q

In Peralta’s 2010 study on the extent of TR lesions in dogs, what type and stage TR is the RmandP4 undergoing? How about the lesion on RmandM1?

AVJR 2010

A

RmandP4: External replacement resorption, stage 4c
RmandM1: External replacement resorption, stage 2

204
Q

What are the previously reported cystic odontogenic tumors in cats?

A

Ameloblastoma, amyloid-producing ameloblastoma, feline inductive odontogenic tumor in cats, and benign odontogenic tumors which are very uncommon in cats

205
Q

In Peralta’s 2010 study on TR in dogs, which type of TR is depicted here?

JAVMA 2010

A

External surface resorption

By results in AJVR 2010, only stage for this type is stage 2, and PDL still visible compared to ext replacement tooth

206
Q

What is a differential for the following radiograph?

A

Radicular or periapical cyst, note 203 has internal resorption

207
Q

In the study, “Clinical, Radiographic and Histologic Evaluation of 40 Cystic Oral Lesions in 37 Cats” they designate 6/23 cystic lesions as ______. What are they characteristics to this lesion?

A

Unspecified collateral cyst

The tooth is usually vital, has no pulpitis, and formed collateral to a tooth with tooth resorption.

208
Q

In the study, “Clinical, Radiographic and Histologic Evaluation of 40 Cystic Oral Lesions in 37 Cats”, what was the most commonly affected tooth by odontogenic cysts ?

A

Mandibular M1 - 30.4%

209
Q

In the study, “Clinical, Radiographic and Histologic Evaluation of 40 Cystic Oral Lesions in 37 Cats”, what percentage of FIOTS were in the maxilla?

A

80%

210
Q

What is craniomandibular osteopathy?

A

Occurs often in West Highland Terriers (autosomal recessive trait) and other terriers. There is periosteal new bone on the skull, especially the mandible and tympanic bullae.

211
Q

What is hyperostosis of the calvarium or calvarial hyperostosis?

A

Occurs in Bullmastiffs ~6-9 months, is characterized by thickening of the frontal, parietal and occipital bones; in lions this disease has been linked with hypovitaminosis A

212
Q

In the study, “Semi-automatic segmentation of cone beam computed tomography datasets for volume measurements of equine cheek teeth,” what were the three main take aways?

A
  1. Volumes acquired from the CBCT 3D model (Vs) were strongly correlated with volumes gained from the water displacement method (Vw). Although on average Vs was 6.1% less than Vw.
  2. There was no significant difference in VS between the right and left arcades in individual animals.
  3. Maxillary cheek teeth on average 40% larger than mandibular cheek teeth
213
Q

What are the following images all examples of?

A

Gemination

214
Q

What is the following an image of (white arrow)?

A

Fusion between 201 and 202

215
Q

In the study, “A standard method for intraoral dental radiography with dental photo-stimulative phosphor (PSP) plates in big cats [lions and tigers],” what was the main take away?

A

A hemisphere model used for horses was used to image and describe the path and position of the xray beam. All dentition was covered in 7 radiographs. This method can be used to acquire high-quality intraoral dental radiographs in big cats, aiding in the quick and reliable
diagnosis of dental diseases.

216
Q

In the study,” Age estimation in young dogs by radiographic assessment of the canine pulp cavity/tooth width ratio,” what did their results demonstrate?

A

Measuring P/T ratios of canine teeth
can be used in practice to assign dogs to age categories, with the highest accuracy in
young adult dogs. The highest predictable capacity was found in the youngest dogs until the age of 448 days, of which 84.4% of the canine teeth had a P/T
ratio above 0.39.

217
Q

What is the following diagnosis for this radiograph?

A

Myositis ossificans

218
Q

In the study, “Mathematical equation for prediction of cat mandibular canal height dimension based on canine tooth width measurement,” what two variables had a correlation?

A

Strong correlation only between wCGM and MCh

Canine tooth width at free gingival margin (wCGM)

Mandibular canal height MCh

219
Q
A

Phase 1 Boards Prep - SA (22 decks)

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