Equine Papers Flashcards
SA Phase 1 Eq Review
In Rice’s 2017 step by step on blocks in horses, how many mLs was recommended per site?
JVD 2017 issue 2
3ml for middle mental and infraorbital
10 – 20ml for maxillary
10 – 12ml for inferior alveolar
What sinuses are visualized with a standard DV view in the horse?
Limone 2018 issue 1, standard rad views in the horse
CMS, RMS, VCS
The concave arrows represent what imaging finding/diagnosis?
JVD 2011, Issue 3 “Essential Considerations for Equine Oral Exam, Diagnosis and Treatmemt” Menzies, Lewis, Reiter, Lundstrom
Hypercementosis
What anatomic structure needs to be protected when performing a commisurotomy in a minature horse?
JVD 2012 issue 4
Salivary duct papilla
In Errige’s 2012 paper on equine peripheral caries, what class of caries was reportedly most difficult to accurately grade grossly when compared to histo?
JVD 2012, issue 3
Class 2 (invading cementum and underlying enamel)
True or false: Equine palatal depth is significantly correlated with breed
JVD 2012 issue 4
False - not assoc with age, breed or sex
In Listmann’s 2017 article “Occlusal Angles of Equine Incisors,” what structure could most accurately estimate incisor angle?
Listmann, Staszyk “Occlusal Angles of Equine Incisors,” JVD 2017, Issue 4.
The mandibular bars
Mandibular incisors showed significantly steeper sagittal angles than maxillary incisors
In Tanner’s 2019 study “A Retrospective Study of the Incidence and Management of Complications Associated with Regional Nerve Blocks in Equine Dental Patients,” what was the complication rate and what was the most common complication?
Tanner, Hubbell. “A Retrospective Study of the Incidence and Management of Complications Associated with Regional Nerve Blocks in Equine Dental Patients.” JVD 2019, Issue 1.
2.96% complication rate
Hematoma formation most common complication
What joint compartments of the equine TMJ are most accessible for arthroscopic exploration?
Standing Arthroscopic Treatment of Temporomandibular Joint Sepsis in a Horse. JVD 2020, Issue 2.
Larger dorsal compartment → caudolateral and rostrolateral synovial pouches
In Herren’s 2022 paper “Semi-Automatic Segmentation of Cone Beam Computed Tomography Datasets for Volume Measurements of Equine Cheek Teeth,” what was the relationship between CBCT segmentation and the water displacement method gold standard?
JVD 2022, Issue 1
There was a strong correlation between both methods with segmentation underestimating CT volume by 6%
Maxillary CT volumes were 40% greater than mandibular
In Kopp’s 2022 article “A Standard Method for Intraoral Dental Radiography With Dental Photo-Stimulative Phosphor (PSP) Plates in Big Cats,” what specific device was used to obtain the images and what radiographic technique/method was adapted for use in big cats?
JVD 2022
Equine intraoral plate
Stoll’s Hemisphere Model
In Errige’s 2012 paper on equine peripheral caries, what class of caries was reportedly most difficult to accurately grade grossly when compared to histo?
JVD 2012, issue 3
Class 2 (invading cementum and underlying enamel)
In the 2023 study “A Retrospective Observational Cohort Study on the Expiration of Maxillary Cheek Teeth Infundibula in 217 Horses” what is the time difference in the disappearance of the mesial and distal infundibula in maxillary cheek teeth and which dissapears first?
JVD 2023 issue 1
Mesial vs distal IF disappearance ~4.5 years apart
Mesial dissapears first
What is the most common site of skull fracture in the horse?
JVD 2023 issue 1, Treatment of a Mandibular Diastemal Fracture Using Locking Compression Plate and Cerclage Wire in a Mare
Diastema (interdental space…) between incisors and cheek teeth
What radiographic findings shown here are highly consistent with sinus feed impaction?
JVD 2013, Issue 3, Radiographic Appearance of Maxillary Sinus Feed Impaction in a Horse, Montgomery, Carmalt.
Heterogenous mixed soft tissue and gas opacification with a stippled, granulation appearance of right maxillary and conchofrontal sinuses and nasal cavity
What is the % inorganic material for cementum, dentin and enamel respectively in the horse?
JVD 2014 issue 3
65%, 70%, 95-98%
What is the HU (radiological density) of horse cementum?
JVD 2014, issue 3
1200 - 1500 Hounsfield units
In Omura’s 2015 study “Measurement of Incisor Overjet and Physiological Diastemata Parameters in Quarter Horse Foals,” what were the main results?
JVD 2015, Issue 3
Overjet common in female Quarter horses of show lineage
Methods to measure diastemata lengths and overjet efficient and repeatable
Peak uniform growth of rostral maxillary and mandibular components between 4 and 5 months
In Jackson et al’s paper on diastema treatments in horses, which group was stat sig associated with reduction of pocket depth?
Feed removal and lavage
Feed removal and metronidazole placement
Feed removal, metro and PVS packing
Feed removal, diastema widening, PVS packing
JVD 2016 issue 2
all groups
In Hole’s 2016 paper “Dimensions of 65 Extracted Equine First Premolar Teeth,” which of the following is correct?
A. Crown height was correlated to crown width
B. Crown height was correlated to total tooth length
C. Total tooth length was correlated with root length
D.Crown height was correlated with root length
JVD 2016, issue 3
C. Total tooth length was correlated with root length
What was the outcome of the horse in this paper?
Horbal, Dixon, “Gingival Fibrosarcoma in a Horse: A Case Report,” JVD 2016, Issue 4.
Regression of tumor following repeated surgical debulking and intralesional cisplatin over course of 14 weeks
In Earley’s 2017 paper “Hematologic, Biochemical, and Endocrine
Parameters in Horses With Tooth
Resorption and Hypercementosis,” what was the most common abnormality on the CBC?
JVD 2017 issue 3
hypoalbuminemia (88%)
What is the radiological finding of metaplastic calcification in the sinus of horses typically associated with?
Successful Treatment of a Persistent Oroantral Fistula via Transbuccal and Transnasal Endoscopic Debridement in a Horse
JVD 2018 issue 1
reported previously as associated with dental fractures and attachment of the calcified mass to the sinus wall
In Johnson’s 2019 study “Ultrasound-Guided Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block in the Horse: Assessment of the Extraoral Approach in Cadavers,” what was the success rate for CT and methylene dye staining and what percent of blocks stained the lingual nerve?
Johnson et al, “Ultrasound-Guided Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block in the Horse: Assessment of the Extraoral Approach in Cadavers.” JVD 2019, Issue 1.
CT 81% success rate
methylene blue dye 68.8% success rate
lingual nerve stained in 68.8% cases
Smaller injection volume (2.5ml) successful in 75% injection compared to larger injection volume (5ml) 87.5% cases
In Wellman and Dixon’s 2019 paper on occlusal fissures relation to apical infection in horses, which of the following is correct?
A) Standard CT identified all OFs
B) >50% of OFs stained > 6mm below the occlusal surface
C) <50% of OFs stained > 6mm below the occlusal surface
D) None of the staining involved the adjacent pulp horn
JVD 2019 issue 3
C) <50% of OFs stained > 6mm below the occlusal surface
13 of the 39 stained teeth had subocclusal fissure fractures visually identified at approximately 6 mm beneath the surface
9 of these 13 teeth the fissure fractures had deeper staining to a level immediately above or into a pulp horn
In Birmingham’s 2019 study “The Effect of Sedation, Oral Examination, and Odontoplasty on Systemic Inflammation as Measured by Serum Amyloid A in the Adult Performance Horse,” what was the main finding?
JVD 2019, Issue 3
All SAA levels were normal following sedation, exam and float for all time peroids
In Pusterla’s 2020 study “Investigation of the Shedding of Selected Respiratory Pathogens in Healthy Horse Presented for Routine Dental Care,” true respiratory pathogens and commensal respiratory pathogens were detected in what percent of cases?
JVD 2020, Issue 2.
True respiratory pathogens: 22%
Commensal pathogens: 89%
In Pusterla’s 2020 study “Investigation of the Shedding of Selected Respiratory Pathogens in Healthy Horse Presented for Routine Dental Care,” what were the differences between the Wisconsin and Davis horse population results?
JVD 2020, Issue 2
Wisconsin horses younger, more Warmbloods with more nasal discharge and 3 fold higher detection rate of respiratory pathogens
Wisconsin horses sig higher colonization rate of MRSA
What joint compartments of the equine TMJ are most accessible for arthroscopic exploration?
Standing Arthroscopic Treatment of Temporomandibular Joint Sepsis in a Horse. JVD 2020, Issue 2.
Larger dorsal compartment → caudolateral and rostrolateral synovial pouches
In Kunz’s 2020 study “High Prevalence of Orodental Disorders in South Brazilian Cart Horses: Walking a Tightrope Between Animal Welfare and Socioeconomic Inevitability,” what was the most common dental disorder and was there a sex predilection for dental disorders?
JVD 2020, Issue 3.
Excessively sharp enamel points 97%
Males were more likely to have dental disorders than females
In Turner’s 2021 study on perio in horses related to tooth elongations, what tooth pairs were signficantly associated with PD1?
a. 106/107, 206/207
b. 106/107, 410/411
c. 310/311, 410/411
d. 206/207, 310/311
JVD 2021, issue 3
a. 106/107, 206/207
The image below shows what pathologic structure?
Temporal teratoma/dentigerous cyst with thinning of the temporal bone
Platt. “Heterotopic Polyodontia: Diagnosis and Surgical Removal of a Dentigerous Cyst Comprising 2 Dental Structures in a 14-Year-Old Horse.” JVD 2021, Issue 3
In the case series “Clinical, Diagnostic and Histological Findings Involving Cheek Teeth Hypercementosis in Nine Horses”, which type of hypercementosis was noted in all 9 cases?
A. Nodular HC
B. Peripheral HC
C. Neoplastic HC
JVD 2022 issue 4
B. Peripheral HC
In the 2023 study “A Retrospective Observational Cohort Study on the Expiration of Maxillary Cheek Teeth Infundibula in 217 Horses” what is the time difference in the disappearance of the mesial and distal infundibula in maxillary cheek teeth and which dissapears first?
JVD 2023 issue 1
Mesial vs distal IF disappearance ~4.5 years apart
Mesial dissapears first
What is the most common site of skull fracture in the horse?
JVD 2023 issue 1, Treatment of a Mandibular Diastemal Fracture Using Locking Compression Plate and Cerclage Wire in a Mare
Diastema (interdental space…) between incisors and cheek teeth
In Dixon’s 2014 paper “Critical evaluation of ex vivo restoration of carious equine maxillary cheek teeth infundibulae following high-pressure gas and micro-particle abrasion,” what percent of cheek teeth were fully cleaned and filled to full depth, and what percent of restored teeth had restorations without gross defects?
Vet J 2014
fully cleaned and restored to full depth: 46%
restorations without gross defects: 18%
In Liuti and Dixon’s 2017 paper “ comparison of computed tomographic, radiographic, gross and histological, dental, and alveolar findings in 30 abnormal cheek teeth from equine cadavers,” what percent correlation was present between CT and histology?
Front Vet Sci. 2018
94.6% of apically infected cheek teeth
confirms accuary of CT imaging in diagnosing equine pulpar/apical infections
There was an excellent correlation between CT and histological alveolar bone findings
In Nitzche’s 2022 article “The Gingiva of Horses with Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction: A Macroscopic Anatomical Evaluation,” what changes in gingival architecture were noted in the PPID group?
Frontiers 2022
Irregular and bulky appearance of gingival texture
irregular shape of gingival margin
Gingival sulcus depth greater than 1mm
In Mendez-Angulo’s 2014 case report “Extensive rostral mandibulectomy for treatment of ameloblastoma in a horse,” what was the main clinical conclusion?
Vet Surg 2014
Extensive rostral mandibulectomy to caudal edge of mandibular symphysis can be performed without internal or external stabilization even when the symphysis fractures.
What extraction technique(s) was utilized to extract the 109 and 209 in this Dwarf MIniature Pony?
JVD 2012, Issue 4.
Bilateral commissurotomies and intraoral extraction
JVD 2012, Issue 4. Commissurotomy for Oral Access and Tooth Extraction in a Dwarf Miniature Pony. Wilson.
What dental pathology was also being treated in the case of a 15 year old donkey with gingival hyperplasia buccal to the right maxillary arcade?
JVD 2015 issue 1
Shear mouth
What was this mass and its suspected etiology?
Gingival hyperplasia in a donkey secondary to shear mouth and the resultant feed entrapment
“Focal gingival hyperplasia in a donkey,” JVD 2015, Issue 1
In Rodrigues’ 2013 paper “Percutaneous Approach for Sialolith Removal in a Donkey,” what was determined to be the inciting cause of the sialolith?
JVD 2012, Issue 1.
A cereal grain - foreign body
In the 2022 case report on displacement of an alveolar plug after extraction of 210, what sinus was the plug located in this 4 yo TB mare?
JVD 2022 issue 3
Rostral maxillary sinus <– odd for a 210!
What is the occlusal table angle for incisors and cheek teeth in horses?
Equine anatomy
What are the eruption ages of the deciduous incisors? Permanent incisors?
Equine anatomy
What are the eruption ages of the equine molars?
Equine anatomy
What are the eruption ages of the deciduous premolars and permanent premolars in the horse?
Equine anatomy
Deciduous within 1st week of life
Permanent: 06 at 2.5 years, 07 at 3 years, 08 at 4 years
In “Fracture Resistance of Equine Cheek Teeth With and Without Occlusal Fissures: A Standardized ex vivo Model,” what were the fracture resistance sites?
Frontiers 2021 Pollaris
Fracture resistance sites were PH-2 for mand CT and PH-4 for maxillary CT
Define the types of occlusal fissures
Pollaris 2018
Type 1: Fissures that involve the secondary dentin on the occlusal surface
Type 1a: Fissure orientation is perpendicular to the surrounding enamel fold, variably involving the adjacent enamel or even the peripheral cementum
Type 1b: Fissure orientation does not follow a perpendicular orientation in relation to one surrounding enamel fold. Often this orientation is more mesio-distal.
Type 2: Fissures that do not involve the secondary dentin
In Pollaris’ 2018 paper, what was the overal prevalence of occlusal fissures, and the prev specific to max or mand CT?
72% prev, a similar fissure prevalence was found in mandibular and maxillary cheek teeth (51.1% and 45.9% respectively)
In Pollaris’ 2018 paper, what pulp horns were most commonly associated with OFs in the max and mandibular CT?
Predominant location of fissures on maxillary cheek teeth (92.1%) related to pulp horn 4, and in mandibular teeth to pulp horns 1 (57.6%) and 2 (38.1%)
Question: In Pollaris’ 2021 article, “Fracture Resistance of Equine Cheek Teeth With and Without Occlusal Fissures,” which of the following is correct?
A. Type 2 occlusal fissures were the most common in the sample population
B. Significantly more fractures below the simulated bone level were recorded in maxillary compared to mandibular cheek teeth
C. Mandibular cheek teeth were the most fracture resistant on the lingual side of the tooth
D. Maxillary cheek teeth were the most fracture resistant on the buccal side of the tooth
Frontiers 2021
B. Significantly more fractures below the simulated bone level were recorded in maxillary compared to mandibular cheek teeth
In Vlaminck’s paper, “Diagnosis and Surgical Treatment of Idiopathic Primary Sino-Nasal Obstruction in Miniature Horse Breeds: Long-Term Follow-Up of Seven Cases”, where was the silicone tube placed for long term drainage?
Frontiers 2021
Through medioventral wall of dorsal conchal sinus
In Rowley’s paper, “A computed tomographic study of endodontic and apical changes in 81 equine cheek teeth with sagittal fractures”, which of the following is correct?
A. < 50% teeth with fractures involving the infundibula had apical infection
B. > 50% teeth with fractures involving PH 1 and 2 (buccal) had apical infection
C. Palatal sagittal fractures were significantly assoc with sinusitis
D. Loss of lamina dura was significantly associated with apical infection
Rowley EVJ 2021
> 50% teeth with fractures involving PH 1 and 2 (buccal) had apical infection
In Rowley’s paper, “A computed tomographic study of endodontic and apical changes in 81 equine cheek teeth with sagittal fractures”, what types of saggital fracture were significantly assoc with sinusitis?
Rowley EVJ 2021
Midline sagittal fractures were significantly associated with sinusitis when compared with all other maxillary tooth fractures
In Sykora’s 2014 paper, “Isolation of Treponema and Tannerella spp. from equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis related periodontal disease” (EVJ 46, 358-363), which of the following is correct:
A. Hypercementosis and tooth resorption was noted in only the patient (P) group
B. Bacteria of the red complex were detected in 100% of the patient (P) group, and 80% of the further affected horses (F) group
C. No red complex bacteria were detected in the control (C) group
D. None of the above
2014 EVJ
None of the above
In Ramzan’s 2010 paper, Occlusal fissures of the equine cheek tooth (EVJ 2010, 42(2), 124-8), which of the following statements is correct:
A. Occlusal fissures were never confluent with the secondary dentine of a pulp horn
B. Most fissures were directed in a sagittal plane
C. Occlusal fissures are present in many asymptomatic teeth, therefore making it unlikely that they are a predictor of dental disease
D. The majority of teeth with occlusal fissures present were maxillary cheek teeth, and the majority of those teeth had 3 or more occlusal fissures
Ramzan 2010 EVJ
Occlusal fissures are present in many asymptomatic teeth, therefore making it unlikely that they are a predictor of dental disease
Prev 58%
In the Frontiers 2021 article on the communication of TMJ joints of the horse, where is the contrast present for the yellow, blue and white arrows?
Pimentel and Carmalt Frontiers 2021
radiopaque contrast material in the discotemporal joint (yellow), discomandibular joint (blue), and varying amounts outside the joints (white)
No communication between dorsal and ventral joints!
What is the lesion shape typical of a peripheal carious lesion invading cementum?
JVD 2012 Erridge
Flask-like
In the study, “Equine cheek teeth occlusal fissures: Prevalence, associated with dental wear abnormalities and occlusal angles,” what were the significant findings?
Mandibular fissures were significantly more commonly located on the buccal than lingual aspect.
Male horses (86.7% with fissures) demonstrated a significantly higher
fissure prevalence.
Horses less
than or equal to 13 years old demonstrated a significantly lower
prevalence than horses >13 years old.
The presence of exaggerated transverse ridges was associated
with a significantly lower prevalence of fissures.
In the study, “Equine cheek teeth occlusal fissures: Prevalence, associated with dental wear abnormalities and occlusal angles,” what percentages of horse heads had occlusal fissures?
72%
In Tanner’s 2019 study “A Retrospective Study of the Prevalence of First Premolars in 306 Thoroughbred Yearlings,” at what age did 73% and 90% of the TB yearlings have erupted maxillary first premolars?
JVD 2019
73% at 15 months old
90% at 18 months old
In Tanner’s 2019 study “A Retrospective Study of the Prevalence of First Premolars in 306 Thoroughbred Yearlings,” what was the association with sex and the presence of first premolars?
JVD 2019
Sig fewer males than females have first premolars
