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Perception Flashcards

1
Q

What is perception for?

A

Organism is adapt to environment to survive and reproduce

Animals movement regulated by environment

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2
Q

What is perception?

A

The ability to detect structures and events in surroundings
Indirect process involving construction based on sources of energy

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3
Q

Most animals use light as it provides a wide range of information:

A

Chemical diffusion cannot pinpoint exact location
Mechanical pressure only gives information about objects in immediate contact
Sound does not Usually signify environmental structure

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4
Q

Sensory modalities

A 
Vision
Hearing 
Touch 
Smell 
Taste
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5
Q

What is light?

A

One form of electromagnetic radiation- propagation of energy though space

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6
Q

Absorption:

A

Photons collide with particles of matter

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7
Q

Reflection:

A

Striking an opaque surface (other wavelengths may be absorbed)

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8
Q

Diffraction:

A

Passes through transparent media

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9
Q

Gibson’S light information

A

Ambient optic array

Light will converge from all directions

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10
Q

The Eye:

A

Enables directional sensitivity- can perceive the spatial structure rather than sum total of light

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11
Q

Cones:

A

Fine detail/colour

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12
Q

Rods:

A

Movement/coarse detail

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13
Q

Top-down processes:

A

Use knowledge about the structure of the world to influence perception ‘conceptually driven processes’

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14
Q

Bottom-up processes:

A

Take info coming into eye and make judgements about nature of visual world solely based on this info ‘data driven processes’

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15
Q

Helmoltz constructivist approach assumptions:

A

Perception is an active and constructive process
Perception is an end product of the presented stimulus and internal factors (hypotheses expectation and motivations)
As perception is influenced by hypotheses that will sometimes be incorrect it is prone to error

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16
Q

Gregory elaborated top down approach as perception as inference:

A

Perception is not determined simply by stimulus patterns rather it is a dynamic searching for the best interpretation of the available data, perception involves going beyond the immediately given evidence of senses

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17
Q

Two aspects of vision:

A

Perceptual constancy

Illusions

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18
Q

Types of constancy:

A 
Size
Colour 
Shape 
Orientation 
Location
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19
Q

Perceptual constancy:

A

Viewing objects under conditions such that their true properties (shape size) are not reflected in the retinal image they project

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20
Q

What does perception require?

A

Requires sensitivity to at least one form of energy that can provide info about the environment

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21
Q

Visual illusions caused by

A

Phenomenal phenomena

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22
Q

Geregory identified 4 types of optical illusions:

A

1) Distortions (Muller Lyer) a perceptual error
2) Ambiguous figures (Rubin’s vase) same input but different interpretations
3) Paradoxical figures (penrose triangle) assumptions about 3D structure
4) Fictions (Kanizsa triangle) perception of an absent form

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23
Q

Evaluation of Gregory’s Theory

A

Gordon- empiricism
But conceptual understanding seldom destroys illusions, why are we unable to modify our hypotheses in an adaptive way
Commonality in perceptions with idiosyncratic worlds?
Eysenck and Keane Gregory good at explaining illusions rather than perception as a whole

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24
Q

Milner and Goodale: info from primary visual cortex diverges into 2 anatomical streams…

A

Dorsal- vision for action

Ventral- vision for identification

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25
Which stream do illusions tap?
Ventral stream
26
Why should the vision for action system be immune to illusions?
Needs to provide accurate info about the world
27
Haart et al tested whether the dorsal stream was immune to illusory effects by having participants grasp the...
Muller Lyer Figures
28
Constructivist approaches characterise perception as...
Inferences made on the basis of sparse material
29
Gibsons theory of direct perception
Ecological approach | Primary function of perception to facilitate interactions between individual and environment
30
Ambient optical array provides unambiguous info about layout of objects of three main forms:
Optic flow pattern Texture gradients Affordances
31
Optic flow patterns
Further a part is from the pole the faster its apparent movement Objects gradually move out of the visual field and are replaced by new objects emerging at the pole
32
Optic flow and driving
Lee- locomotor flow line | Destination point constantly changing
33
Texture gradients
Occur when a textured surface is viewed at an angle so that the individual elements are packed closer as distance from the observer increases Provide info about distance and depth Indicate orientation of surfaces
34
Why do texture gradients provide invariant info?
They remain constant during movement of observer
35
Monocular depth cues
Atmospheric perspective Linear perspective Occlusion Light and shade
36
Affordance
What it can offer
37
Humphreys and Riddoch neglect
Hemispatial neglect neuropsychological condition where patients fail to respond to items in contralesional visual field
38
How do percievers pick up this invariant info that is provided by visual world
Gibson: Resonance | Analogous to the workings of a radio
39
Trouble with illusions
Gibsons theory cannot account for non veridical perceptions brought about by illusory stimuli
40
Why is the hollow face illusion and the Ames room not examples of static and lab based illusions?
Movement of the observer or movement within the illusion does not disturb the effect They depend on the invocation of some kind of memory representation
41
What did Gibson propose?
The dynamic visual world contains a wealth of important info that can be directly perceived by the animal (without internal constructions)
42
What is optic flow?
The info produced by movement through an environment which can enable us to navigate obstacles and reach targets
43
What can provide invariant cues to depth info?
Texture gradients and other monocular cues
44
What is the way in which we might interact with objects provided by?
Affordances that are present in the visual stimulus
45
Problem with Gibsons theory?
Does not appreciate the difficulty of the processing problem or the role of internal representations
46
What is ambiguity used to argue for?
Top down processes
47
Gestalten Theory
Perceiving objects not as combinations of isolated sensations but as organised wholes The whole is greater than the sum of its parts
48
Perceptual organisation features:
``` Proximity Similarity Common fate Good continuation Closure Figure ground ```
49
Proximity:
Things that are close together group together
50
Similarity
Things that look 'similar' are grouped together | Shape / orientation
51
Common fate:
Things that appear to move together are grouped together
52
Good continuation:
Perceptual organisation will tend to preserve smooth continuity rather than trifling abrupt changes- a spatial analogue of common fate Dissimilar objects may be perceived as belonging together by virtue of a combination of proximity and good continuity
53
Closure
Geometrically possible perceptual organisations, that one will be seen which produces a 'closed' rather than 'open' figure
54
Figure-ground
Other things being equal, the smaller of 2 areas will be seen as a future against a larger background Influences by orientation
55
Problems with gestalt principles
Underlying every sensory experience is a brain event that is structurally similar If u perceive a circle there is a circular trace of magnetic fields established in the brain
56
Evidence for Gestalt organisation
Navon- tested hypothesis, perceived in preference to the individual components Distinguished between local and global processing Camouflage- background pattern matching and disruptive colouration
57
What is perceptual organisation used for?
Creation of apparent wholes from simple parts | Foundation of object recognition
58
What is visual agnosia?
Deficits of object recognition that can occur after stroke
59
What is integrative agnosia?
HJA unable to distinguish between real or novel objects, drew in a piecemeal fashion
60
Type of object recognition:
Marr's Computational Theory | Biederman's recognition
61
Marr's Computational Theory
Ultimate goal of vision is to derive a representation of shape Organised as an info processing system with a series of successive independent modules
62
Primal sketch:
Makes 2D properties explicit by transforming changes in intensity into a primitive representation of local geometry
63
2 and a half D Sketch:
Makes orientation and depth explicit and includes info about things in the world that provide the image- only from the view point of the observer (not fully 3D)
64
3D model representations
Makes shapes explicit as belonging to particular 3D objects independently of any particular position or orientation on the retina
65
Biederman's RBC theory
Allows more complex forms than basic cylinders, shapes known as geons
66
Invariant properties of edges
``` Curvature: points on a curve Parallel: set of points in parallel Co-termination: edges terminating at a common point Symmetry: versus asymmetry Co-linearity: points in a straight line ```
67
Objects defined as:
Relationships between geons
68
36 geons lead to
30,000 discriminable objects
69
What does object recognition require?
Edges | Not impaired by changes in colour, texture and fine detail
70
What are our perceptions of the world?
A stable and organised whole
71
What did Gestalt psychologists formulate?
A series of organisational principles that account for why some perceptions are more likely than others
72
Theories of object recognition have also been based on the organisation of part elements into stable perceptual wholes:
Code edges, group into features, match to stored structural knowledge, access to semantic knowledge
73
Positive and negative about Marr and Biderman's theories
Realistic about the complexities of recognition | But can only account for relatively basic and unsubtle distinctions
74
What does the retina do?
How the brain perceives information
75
Mental Imagery:
Visual perceptual experiences when there is no stimulus present
76
Re-presentation
Internal mental representation of the world in the mind
77
What does the difference show between written and graphical representations?
Proportional and analytical forms
78
Proportional representations:
Occur in an abstract form and capture conceptual content (e.g. Writing)
79
Analogical representations:
Closer to the world, with a steadier that resembles the thing being represented (e.g. Diagram)
80
LANGUAGE features:
Discrete symbols Explicit- needs symbol for relation Grammatical- clear rules of combination for types of symbol Abstract
81
PICTURES
1) no discrete symbols 2) implicit - no separate symbol for relation 3) no clear rules of combination or symbol types 4) concrete
82
Imagery debate issues:
1) are images really different from propositions? Some argued that images were distinct picture like entities whereas others saw them as prepositions in another guise 2) does imagery have a functional significance? Some argued that it occurs as an epiphenomenon
83
Mental chronmetry:
Measuring reaction times
84
What can be used to make inferences about the nature of the task undertaken?
Mental chronometry
85
How do visual images appear to have similar properties to actual perceptual experiences?
They preserve the relationships seen in the real world
86
Properties of mental images
Mental rotation | Mental scanning
87
Mental Rotation- Shepard and Metzler
Practise subjects find this task relatively easy to do Doesn't matter whether flatiron in depth or in 2D plane Time to answer is a linear function of angular rotation required around 60 degrees per second Results- subjects engaged in a constant rate of mental rotation
88
Mental scanning - Kosslyn, Ball and Reisser
Reaction time was a linear function of actual distance As if people really were visually scanning the image Time taken to scan from place to place depends on the actual distance in the picture Support for depictive (analogical) rather than a propositional account
89
Pylyshyn argued against the idea of images as picture like entities
When we forget parts of an image we forget meaningful bits rather than random parts You need to postulate some form of proportional code to mediate between verbal and non verbal codes Any proposed mechanisms could be mimicked by another mechanism
90
Kosslyn's Computational model of imagery
Images are represented in a special spatial movement
91
The medium has 4 properties:
A space with limited extent High central resolution A grain that obscures small detail The image fades after generation
92
LTM contains 2 forms of data:
Image files | Propositional files
93
What suggests a depictive mechanism for mental imagery?
Mental rotation Image scanning Epiphenomenon of proportional mechanisms at work
94
What are the most recent perception findings?
Modalities do not operate in isolation but visual processes recruit the motor system under certain circumstances
95
What is a reversible figure?
Rubin's vase
96
In Shepard and Metzler's study;
Time to answer was a linear function of the angular rotation required
97
Property of spatial medium in Kosslyns Computational model of imagery:
High central resolution
98
The Inability to detect a stimulus on the visual hemisfield opposite a brain lesion when presented simultaneously with another stimulus is called:
Extinction

Psychology (16 decks)

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