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Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

What is perception for?

A

Organism is adapt to environment to survive and reproduce

Animals movement regulated by environment

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2
Q

What is perception?

A

The ability to detect structures and events in surroundings
Indirect process involving construction based on sources of energy

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3
Q

Most animals use light as it provides a wide range of information:

A

Chemical diffusion cannot pinpoint exact location
Mechanical pressure only gives information about objects in immediate contact
Sound does not Usually signify environmental structure

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4
Q

Sensory modalities

A 
Vision
Hearing 
Touch 
Smell 
Taste
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5
Q

What is light?

A

One form of electromagnetic radiation- propagation of energy though space

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6
Q

Absorption:

A

Photons collide with particles of matter

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7
Q

Reflection:

A

Striking an opaque surface (other wavelengths may be absorbed)

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8
Q

Diffraction:

A

Passes through transparent media

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9
Q

Gibson’S light information

A

Ambient optic array

Light will converge from all directions

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10
Q

The Eye:

A

Enables directional sensitivity- can perceive the spatial structure rather than sum total of light

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11
Q

Cones:

A

Fine detail/colour

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12
Q

Rods:

A

Movement/coarse detail

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13
Q

Top-down processes:

A

Use knowledge about the structure of the world to influence perception ‘conceptually driven processes’

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14
Q

Bottom-up processes:

A

Take info coming into eye and make judgements about nature of visual world solely based on this info ‘data driven processes’

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15
Q

Helmoltz constructivist approach assumptions:

A

Perception is an active and constructive process
Perception is an end product of the presented stimulus and internal factors (hypotheses expectation and motivations)
As perception is influenced by hypotheses that will sometimes be incorrect it is prone to error

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16
Q

Gregory elaborated top down approach as perception as inference:

A

Perception is not determined simply by stimulus patterns rather it is a dynamic searching for the best interpretation of the available data, perception involves going beyond the immediately given evidence of senses

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17
Q

Two aspects of vision:

A

Perceptual constancy

Illusions

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18
Q

Types of constancy:

A 
Size
Colour 
Shape 
Orientation 
Location
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19
Q

Perceptual constancy:

A

Viewing objects under conditions such that their true properties (shape size) are not reflected in the retinal image they project

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20
Q

What does perception require?

A

Requires sensitivity to at least one form of energy that can provide info about the environment

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21
Q

Visual illusions caused by

A

Phenomenal phenomena

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22
Q

Geregory identified 4 types of optical illusions:

A

1) Distortions (Muller Lyer) a perceptual error
2) Ambiguous figures (Rubin’s vase) same input but different interpretations
3) Paradoxical figures (penrose triangle) assumptions about 3D structure
4) Fictions (Kanizsa triangle) perception of an absent form

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23
Q

Evaluation of Gregory’s Theory

A

Gordon- empiricism
But conceptual understanding seldom destroys illusions, why are we unable to modify our hypotheses in an adaptive way
Commonality in perceptions with idiosyncratic worlds?
Eysenck and Keane Gregory good at explaining illusions rather than perception as a whole

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24
Q

Milner and Goodale: info from primary visual cortex diverges into 2 anatomical streams…

A

Dorsal- vision for action

Ventral- vision for identification

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25
Q

Which stream do illusions tap?

A

Ventral stream

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26
Q

Why should the vision for action system be immune to illusions?

A

Needs to provide accurate info about the world

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27
Q

Haart et al tested whether the dorsal stream was immune to illusory effects by having participants grasp the…

A

Muller Lyer Figures

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28
Q

Constructivist approaches characterise perception as…

A

Inferences made on the basis of sparse material

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29
Q

Gibsons theory of direct perception

A

Ecological approach

Primary function of perception to facilitate interactions between individual and environment

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30
Q

Ambient optical array provides unambiguous info about layout of objects of three main forms:

A

Optic flow pattern
Texture gradients
Affordances

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31
Q

Optic flow patterns

A

Further a part is from the pole the faster its apparent movement
Objects gradually move out of the visual field and are replaced by new objects emerging at the pole

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32
Q

Optic flow and driving

A

Lee- locomotor flow line

Destination point constantly changing

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33
Q

Texture gradients

A

Occur when a textured surface is viewed at an angle so that the individual elements are packed closer as distance from the observer increases
Provide info about distance and depth
Indicate orientation of surfaces

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34
Q

Why do texture gradients provide invariant info?

A

They remain constant during movement of observer

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35
Q

Monocular depth cues

A

Atmospheric perspective
Linear perspective
Occlusion
Light and shade

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36
Q

Affordance

A

What it can offer

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37
Q

Humphreys and Riddoch neglect

A

Hemispatial neglect neuropsychological condition where patients fail to respond to items in contralesional visual field

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38
Q

How do percievers pick up this invariant info that is provided by visual world

A

Gibson: Resonance

Analogous to the workings of a radio

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39
Q

Trouble with illusions

A

Gibsons theory cannot account for non veridical perceptions brought about by illusory stimuli

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40
Q

Why is the hollow face illusion and the Ames room not examples of static and lab based illusions?

A

Movement of the observer or movement within the illusion does not disturb the effect
They depend on the invocation of some kind of memory representation

41
Q

What did Gibson propose?

A

The dynamic visual world contains a wealth of important info that can be directly perceived by the animal (without internal constructions)

42
Q

What is optic flow?

A

The info produced by movement through an environment which can enable us to navigate obstacles and reach targets

43
Q

What can provide invariant cues to depth info?

A

Texture gradients and other monocular cues

44
Q

What is the way in which we might interact with objects provided by?

A

Affordances that are present in the visual stimulus

45
Q

Problem with Gibsons theory?

A

Does not appreciate the difficulty of the processing problem or the role of internal representations

46
Q

What is ambiguity used to argue for?

A

Top down processes

47
Q

Gestalten Theory

A

Perceiving objects not as combinations of isolated sensations but as organised wholes
The whole is greater than the sum of its parts

48
Q

Perceptual organisation features:

A 
Proximity 
Similarity 
Common fate 
Good continuation 
Closure 
Figure ground
49
Q

Proximity:

A

Things that are close together group together

50
Q

Similarity

A

Things that look ‘similar’ are grouped together

Shape / orientation

51
Q

Common fate:

A

Things that appear to move together are grouped together

52
Q

Good continuation:

A

Perceptual organisation will tend to preserve smooth continuity rather than trifling abrupt changes- a spatial analogue of common fate
Dissimilar objects may be perceived as belonging together by virtue of a combination of proximity and good continuity

53
Q

Closure

A

Geometrically possible perceptual organisations, that one will be seen which produces a ‘closed’ rather than ‘open’ figure

54
Q

Figure-ground

A

Other things being equal, the smaller of 2 areas will be seen as a future against a larger background
Influences by orientation

55
Q

Problems with gestalt principles

A

Underlying every sensory experience is a brain event that is structurally similar
If u perceive a circle there is a circular trace of magnetic fields established in the brain

56
Q

Evidence for Gestalt organisation

A

Navon- tested hypothesis, perceived in preference to the individual components
Distinguished between local and global processing

Camouflage- background pattern matching and disruptive colouration

57
Q

What is perceptual organisation used for?

A

Creation of apparent wholes from simple parts

Foundation of object recognition

58
Q

What is visual agnosia?

A

Deficits of object recognition that can occur after stroke

59
Q

What is integrative agnosia?

A

HJA unable to distinguish between real or novel objects, drew in a piecemeal fashion

60
Q

Type of object recognition:

A

Marr’s Computational Theory

Biederman’s recognition

61
Q

Marr’s Computational Theory

A

Ultimate goal of vision is to derive a representation of shape
Organised as an info processing system with a series of successive independent modules

62
Q

Primal sketch:

A

Makes 2D properties explicit by transforming changes in intensity into a primitive representation of local geometry

63
Q

2 and a half D Sketch:

A

Makes orientation and depth explicit and includes info about things in the world that provide the image- only from the view point of the observer (not fully 3D)

64
Q

3D model representations

A

Makes shapes explicit as belonging to particular 3D objects independently of any particular position or orientation on the retina

65
Q

Biederman’s RBC theory

A

Allows more complex forms than basic cylinders, shapes known as geons

66
Q

Invariant properties of edges

A 
Curvature: points on a curve 
Parallel: set of points in parallel
Co-termination: edges terminating at a common point 
Symmetry: versus asymmetry 
Co-linearity: points in a straight line
67
Q

Objects defined as:

A

Relationships between geons

68
Q

36 geons lead to

A

30,000 discriminable objects

69
Q

What does object recognition require?

A

Edges

Not impaired by changes in colour, texture and fine detail

70
Q

What are our perceptions of the world?

A

A stable and organised whole

71
Q

What did Gestalt psychologists formulate?

A

A series of organisational principles that account for why some perceptions are more likely than others

72
Q

Theories of object recognition have also been based on the organisation of part elements into stable perceptual wholes:

A

Code edges, group into features, match to stored structural knowledge, access to semantic knowledge

73
Q

Positive and negative about Marr and Biderman’s theories

A

Realistic about the complexities of recognition

But can only account for relatively basic and unsubtle distinctions

74
Q

What does the retina do?

A

How the brain perceives information

75
Q

Mental Imagery:

A

Visual perceptual experiences when there is no stimulus present

76
Q

Re-presentation

A

Internal mental representation of the world in the mind

77
Q

What does the difference show between written and graphical representations?

A

Proportional and analytical forms

78
Q

Proportional representations:

A

Occur in an abstract form and capture conceptual content (e.g. Writing)

79
Q

Analogical representations:

A

Closer to the world, with a steadier that resembles the thing being represented (e.g. Diagram)

80
Q

LANGUAGE features:

A

Discrete symbols
Explicit- needs symbol for relation
Grammatical- clear rules of combination for types of symbol
Abstract

81
Q

PICTURES

A

1) no discrete symbols
2) implicit - no separate symbol for relation
3) no clear rules of combination or symbol types
4) concrete

82
Q

Imagery debate issues:

A

1) are images really different from propositions? Some argued that images were distinct picture like entities whereas others saw them as prepositions in another guise
2) does imagery have a functional significance? Some argued that it occurs as an epiphenomenon

83
Q

Mental chronmetry:

A

Measuring reaction times

84
Q

What can be used to make inferences about the nature of the task undertaken?

A

Mental chronometry

85
Q

How do visual images appear to have similar properties to actual perceptual experiences?

A

They preserve the relationships seen in the real world

86
Q

Properties of mental images

A

Mental rotation

Mental scanning

87
Q

Mental Rotation- Shepard and Metzler

A

Practise subjects find this task relatively easy to do
Doesn’t matter whether flatiron in depth or in 2D plane
Time to answer is a linear function of angular rotation required around 60 degrees per second
Results- subjects engaged in a constant rate of mental rotation

88
Q

Mental scanning - Kosslyn, Ball and Reisser

A

Reaction time was a linear function of actual distance
As if people really were visually scanning the image
Time taken to scan from place to place depends on the actual distance in the picture
Support for depictive (analogical) rather than a propositional account

89
Q

Pylyshyn argued against the idea of images as picture like entities

A

When we forget parts of an image we forget meaningful bits rather than random parts
You need to postulate some form of proportional code to mediate between verbal and non verbal codes
Any proposed mechanisms could be mimicked by another mechanism

90
Q

Kosslyn’s Computational model of imagery

A

Images are represented in a special spatial movement

91
Q

The medium has 4 properties:

A

A space with limited extent
High central resolution
A grain that obscures small detail
The image fades after generation

92
Q

LTM contains 2 forms of data:

A

Image files

Propositional files

93
Q

What suggests a depictive mechanism for mental imagery?

A

Mental rotation
Image scanning
Epiphenomenon of proportional mechanisms at work

94
Q

What are the most recent perception findings?

A

Modalities do not operate in isolation but visual processes recruit the motor system under certain circumstances

95
Q

What is a reversible figure?

A

Rubin’s vase

96
Q

In Shepard and Metzler’s study;

A

Time to answer was a linear function of the angular rotation required

97
Q

Property of spatial medium in Kosslyns Computational model of imagery:

A

High central resolution

98
Q

The Inability to detect a stimulus on the visual hemisfield opposite a brain lesion when presented simultaneously with another stimulus is called:

A

Extinction

Psychology (16 decks)

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