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Psychology > Cognition And Emotion > Flashcards

Cognition And Emotion Flashcards

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1
Q

Two approaches to emotions:

A

Basic emotions approach

Dimensional approach

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2
Q

Why would Cognitive psychologists control lab studies?

A

To ignore emotional effects on cognitive tasks

Keep emotional state constant / calm unemotional state

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3
Q

Affect:

A

The experience of feeling or emotion

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4
Q

Emotion:

A

Brief but intense experience

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5
Q

Affective judgement:

A

A decision on what a person likes / dislikes

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6
Q

Watson and Clark’s 3 emotion systems:

A

Prototypic form of expression (facial)
Pattern of consistent autonomic changes
Distinct subjective feeling state

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7
Q

Emotion response systems:

A

Behaviour (facial expressions)
Physiological bodily response (heart rate)
Feeling (fear)

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8
Q

Basic emotions approach the big five emotions:

A 
Anger 
Disgust
Fear 
Happiness 
Sadness
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9
Q

What characteristics determine whether an emotion is a basic one?

A 
Ekman:
Distinct universal signals
Distinct physiology 
Present in other primates 
Quick onset 
Brief duration 
Distinct thoughts, memories, images and subjective experience
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10
Q

Dimensional Approach:

A

Lang

Affect-grid - valence and arousal

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11
Q

IAPS stands for:

A

International Affective Picture System

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12
Q

A 9 point rating scale:

A

Self assessment manikin

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13
Q

Third dimension of IAPS image:

A

Dominance / control

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14
Q

Theories of emotion:

A

James-Lange theory
Cannon- Bard theory
Schachter and Singer (2 factor theory)

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15
Q

James-Lange Theory:

A

Stimulus, sensory perception, bodily changes (heart rate) particular emotion experience (fear)

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16
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory:

A

Arousal and subjective experience of an emotion (feeling) occur simultaneously

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17
Q

A Cognitive theory by…

A

Schachter and Singer

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18
Q

Arousal Interpretation theory, 2 factors essential for experience of emotion:

A

High physiological arousal

An emotional interpretation of that arousal

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19
Q

Schacter and Singer’s theory

A

Stimulus, sensory perception, general autonomic arousal, cognitive appraisals, particular emotional experience

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20
Q

Schacter and Singer’s Classic Study Findings:

A

Despite identical physiological response in adrenaline groups, the experience of emotion was influence by info previously given and the situation / context that the participant was in

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21
Q

Cognitive appraisal theory

A

Subjective experience of an emotion was the result of some interpretation (appraisal) of physiological arousal within a particular situational context

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22
Q

Smith and Lazarus’s 6 appraisal components

A 
Primary appraisal:
1) motivational relevance 
2) motivational congruence 
Secondary appraisal:
3) accountability 
4) problem focused coping potential
5) emotion focused coping potential 
6) future expectancy
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23
Q

Mood congruity effect:

A

Effect of mood on memory

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24
Q

Mood Induction:

A

Changing someone’s mood

25
Q

Mood congruity effect:

A

The finding that learning is often best when the material learned has the same affective value as the learners mood state

26
Q

Mood-state-dependent recall effect:

A

Recall is best when the mood state at learning / encoding is the same state at retrieval / recall

27
Q

Mood induction procedures:

A

Hypnosis
Listening to music
Reading vignettes
Gift giving

28
Q

How to measure whether mood manipulation successful?

A

Rating scale questionnaires

29
Q

Bower’s semantic network theory of affect

A

Effects of mood on cognitive processes

30
Q

Key assumptions of Bower’s semantic network theory of affect:

A

Emotions are nodes in a semantic network having connections to related ideas, physiological systems, evens and expressive patterns

31
Q

Thought congruity effect:

A

The finding that a persons thoughts, judgements, evaluations, free associations are often in line with their mood state

32
Q

Congruity effect expectations:

A

Pleasant mood- recall more pleasant / positive memories

33
Q

In the thought congruity explanation, what does mood state lead to?

A

Activation of the emotional node
Spreads activation to other associated nodes
Activation of related info increases chances of info entering consciousness

34
Q

Clark and Teasdale’s study:

A

Depression levels were severe
Fewer happier memories reported
Consistent with depression viscous cycle

35
Q

Criticism of Bower’s theory using arousal:

A

Mood changes results in physiological change

So mood congruity effect explained by arousal changes?

36
Q

Varner and Ellis studied 4 groups in free recall test:

A

Depressed mood induction
Schema induction (essay writing)
Neutral mood induction
Arousal induction

37
Q

Varner and Ellis’ results:

A

Arousal little impact on selective processing of mood related info
But cognitive activity important

38
Q

According to Bower’s network model, emotionally loaded info:

A

Is more strongly associated with its congruent emotional node

39
Q

What does bowers network model lead to:

A

Elaborative encoding of material

Superior long term memory

40
Q

Memory can show some bias for certain types of:

A

Emotional information

41
Q

Before uni can even be encoded into memory we need to:

A

Attend to the stimuli

42
Q

Attentive processes may also show:

A

Emotional bias

43
Q

Types of cognitive bias:

A

Attentional bias

Interpretative bias

44
Q

Attentional bias can be seen using the:

A

Stroop task

45
Q

Attentional bias is:

A

Selective attention to emotionally related stimuli presented at the same time as neutral ones

46
Q

Interpretative bias:

A

A tendency to interpret a situation or ambiguous stimuli in a negative way

47
Q

Different types of stroop:

A

Normal stroop

Emotional stroop

48
Q

Normal stroop:

A

Shown the names of colours in congruent or incongruent ink and asked to report colour of ink
Slower on incongruent trials

49
Q

Emotional stroop is based on:

A

Anxiety related attentional bias

50
Q

Target detection is more difficult when:

A

Features are shared with the distracters

51
Q

What did Ohman state?

A

It is evolutionary adaptive for us to detect threat quickly and automatically

52
Q

Visual threat stimuli

A

Should be detected faster than non threatening stimuli

53
Q

Attentive processing can be biased by

A

Emotional content of stimuli

54
Q

Attentive processing can be biased by emotional content of stimuli, this has been seen in:

A

Emotional stroop and Dotprobe paradigms

55
Q

Some groups of ‘emotional’ individuals show

A

Interpretive biases

56
Q

Search tasks allow us to

A

Examine efficiency of detection of emotional information

57
Q

According to Bower activation of the happiness node does what to the activation of the sadness node?

A

Inhibits

58
Q

The eysenck, Macleod and Matthews homonym task was used to:

A

Examine interpretative bias in anxious individuals

Psychology (16 decks)

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