Cognition And Emotion Flashcards by Alex Lord

Two approaches to emotions:

Basic emotions approach

Dimensional approach

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Why would Cognitive psychologists control lab studies?

To ignore emotional effects on cognitive tasks

Keep emotional state constant / calm unemotional state

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Affect:

The experience of feeling or emotion

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Emotion:

Brief but intense experience

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Affective judgement:

A decision on what a person likes / dislikes

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Watson and Clark’s 3 emotion systems:

Prototypic form of expression (facial)
Pattern of consistent autonomic changes
Distinct subjective feeling state

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Emotion response systems:

Behaviour (facial expressions)
Physiological bodily response (heart rate)
Feeling (fear)

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Basic emotions approach the big five emotions:

Anger 
Disgust
Fear 
Happiness 
Sadness

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What characteristics determine whether an emotion is a basic one?

Ekman:
Distinct universal signals
Distinct physiology 
Present in other primates 
Quick onset 
Brief duration 
Distinct thoughts, memories, images and subjective experience

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Dimensional Approach:

Lang

Affect-grid - valence and arousal

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IAPS stands for:

International Affective Picture System

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A 9 point rating scale:

Self assessment manikin

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Third dimension of IAPS image:

Dominance / control

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Theories of emotion:

James-Lange theory
Cannon- Bard theory
Schachter and Singer (2 factor theory)

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James-Lange Theory:

Stimulus, sensory perception, bodily changes (heart rate) particular emotion experience (fear)

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Cannon-Bard Theory:

Arousal and subjective experience of an emotion (feeling) occur simultaneously

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A Cognitive theory by…

Schachter and Singer

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Arousal Interpretation theory, 2 factors essential for experience of emotion:

High physiological arousal

An emotional interpretation of that arousal

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Schacter and Singer’s theory

Stimulus, sensory perception, general autonomic arousal, cognitive appraisals, particular emotional experience

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Schacter and Singer’s Classic Study Findings:

Despite identical physiological response in adrenaline groups, the experience of emotion was influence by info previously given and the situation / context that the participant was in

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Cognitive appraisal theory

Subjective experience of an emotion was the result of some interpretation (appraisal) of physiological arousal within a particular situational context

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Smith and Lazarus’s 6 appraisal components

Primary appraisal:
1) motivational relevance 
2) motivational congruence 
Secondary appraisal:
3) accountability 
4) problem focused coping potential
5) emotion focused coping potential 
6) future expectancy

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Mood congruity effect:

Effect of mood on memory

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Mood Induction:

Changing someone’s mood

Mood congruity effect:

The finding that learning is often best when the material learned has the same affective value as the learners mood state

Mood-state-dependent recall effect:

Recall is best when the mood state at learning / encoding is the same state at retrieval / recall

Mood induction procedures:

Hypnosis Listening to music Reading vignettes Gift giving

How to measure whether mood manipulation successful?

Rating scale questionnaires

Bower's semantic network theory of affect

Effects of mood on cognitive processes

Key assumptions of Bower's semantic network theory of affect:

Emotions are nodes in a semantic network having connections to related ideas, physiological systems, evens and expressive patterns

Thought congruity effect:

The finding that a persons thoughts, judgements, evaluations, free associations are often in line with their mood state

Congruity effect expectations:

Pleasant mood- recall more pleasant / positive memories

In the thought congruity explanation, what does mood state lead to?

Activation of the emotional node Spreads activation to other associated nodes Activation of related info increases chances of info entering consciousness

Clark and Teasdale's study:

Depression levels were severe Fewer happier memories reported Consistent with depression viscous cycle

Criticism of Bower's theory using arousal:

Mood changes results in physiological change | So mood congruity effect explained by arousal changes?

Varner and Ellis studied 4 groups in free recall test:

Depressed mood induction Schema induction (essay writing) Neutral mood induction Arousal induction

Varner and Ellis' results:

Arousal little impact on selective processing of mood related info But cognitive activity important

According to Bower's network model, emotionally loaded info:

Is more strongly associated with its congruent emotional node

What does bowers network model lead to:

Elaborative encoding of material | Superior long term memory

Memory can show some bias for certain types of:

Emotional information

Before uni can even be encoded into memory we need to:

Attend to the stimuli

Attentive processes may also show:

Emotional bias

Types of cognitive bias:

Attentional bias | Interpretative bias

Attentional bias can be seen using the:

Stroop task

Attentional bias is:

Selective attention to emotionally related stimuli presented at the same time as neutral ones

Interpretative bias:

A tendency to interpret a situation or ambiguous stimuli in a negative way

Different types of stroop:

Normal stroop | Emotional stroop

Normal stroop:

Shown the names of colours in congruent or incongruent ink and asked to report colour of ink Slower on incongruent trials

Emotional stroop is based on:

Anxiety related attentional bias

Target detection is more difficult when:

Features are shared with the distracters

What did Ohman state?

It is evolutionary adaptive for us to detect threat quickly and automatically

Visual threat stimuli

Should be detected faster than non threatening stimuli

Attentive processing can be biased by

Emotional content of stimuli

Attentive processing can be biased by emotional content of stimuli, this has been seen in:

Emotional stroop and Dotprobe paradigms

Some groups of 'emotional' individuals show

Interpretive biases

Search tasks allow us to

Examine efficiency of detection of emotional information

According to Bower activation of the happiness node does what to the activation of the sadness node?

Inhibits

The eysenck, Macleod and Matthews homonym task was used to:

Examine interpretative bias in anxious individuals