Memory

Question 1

Primary memory:

Answer 1

Sensations outlast for some little time the objective stimulus which has occasioned them

Question 2

Secondary memory:

Answer 2

The knowledge of a former state of mind after it has steady once dropped from consciousness

Question 3

Types of episodic memory:

Answer 3

Sensory
Short term
Long term

Question 4

Atkinson and shiffrin’s model is called

Answer 4

The modal multi-store model of memory

Question 5

MSM 3 systems:

Answer 5

Sensory registers
Short term store
Long term store

Question 6

Sensory registers

Answer 6

Brief sensory stores

Iconic and echoic

Question 7

Short term store:

Answer 7

Primary memory held for seconds
Maintained by rehearsal
Limited capacity
Limited duration

Question 8

Long term store:

Answer 8

Secondary memory

Unlimited capacity and duration

Question 9

Sperling research:

Answer 9

Partial report procedure
12 item recall
Supports brief sensory store
Max recall 4/5 items

Question 10

Sperling research if immediate recall in one row

Answer 10

Close to 100%

Question 11

Sperling: recall delayed by 1 second after stimulus performance

Answer 11

30% recall

Question 12

How can memory be tested?

Answer 12

Free recall
Cued recall
Recognition
Relearning

Question 13

Studies supporting we have a limited capacity visual store:

Answer 13

Averbach

Sperling

Question 14

The serial position curve

Answer 14

Primacy- rehearsal
Flat mid curve- transfer to LTS
Recency - capacity of STS

Question 15

In the MSM what transfers info from STS to LTS

Answer 15

Rehearsal

Question 16

Rehearsal not always necessary:

Answer 16

Flat part of serial position curve not at 0 even for unrehearsed items

Question 17

Rehearsal not always sufficient:

Answer 17

Does not always work

Maintence vs Elaborative rehearsal

Question 18

How is info lost out of STS

Answer 18

Decay

Question 19

MSM model:

Answer 19

Sensory Input, short term store, long term store

Question 20

What did Shallice and Warrington find?

Answer 20

STM deficits not as devastating to LTM as expected

Question 21

How do Baddeley and Hitch simulate STM deficits?

Answer 21

By using tasks that should fill up the STS (string of digits)

Question 22

Secondary tasks:

Answer 22

Sentence verification
Semantic judgements
List learning
Understanding of prose

Question 23

Baddeley and Hitch’s 3 components to the STS of Working Memory Model

Answer 23

Central executive
Visuospatial sketchpad
Phonological loop

Question 24

Central executive:

Answer 24

General attentional controller 
Supervisory attentional system
Sensory perceptual structures 
Governing flow of info to 2 slave systems 
Flexible recourses 
Limited capacity

Question 25

Brooke's research is on:

Answer 25

Dual task interference

Question 26

Evidence for phonological loop:

Answer 26

Phonological similarity effect Irrelevant speech effect Word length effect

Question 27

Phonological similarity effect:

Answer 27

Conrad and Hull Poor recall of word lists where items sound similar even when items are presented visually Items encoded according to how they sound

Question 28

Irrelevant speech effect:

Answer 28

Salame and Baddeley Recall impaired by simultaneous speech Involuntary phonological encoding

Question 29

Word length effect:

Answer 29

Baddeley et al | Subvocal rehearsal

Question 30

Role of central executive:

Answer 30

Control of behaviour based on action schemas Low level contention scheduling chooses next schema SAS overrides general process of contention scheduling by activating it inhibiting schemas Baddeley random number generation

Question 31

Baddeley 2000's working model addition

Answer 31

Episodic buffer

Question 32

Hedonic detector:

Answer 32

Emotional information

Question 33

Fluid systems:

Answer 33

Visuospatial sketchpad Episodic buffer Phonological loop

Question 34

Crystallised systems:

Answer 34

Visual semantics Episodic LTM Language

Question 35

Alternatives to working memory:

Answer 35

Embedded processed model | Simple model

Question 36

Embedded processes model:

Answer 36

STS currently activated component of LTS

Question 37

Simple Model:

Answer 37

``` Scale Invariant Memory Perception Learning ```

Question 38

Short term memory is:

Answer 38

Our ability to hold items in memory for a few seconds

Question 39

What is STM's limited capacity?

Answer 39

7 + - 2 items

Question 40

What helps us understand the properties of STM?

Answer 40

Serial position curve in free recall | Fractionation of system for different types of info

Question 41

Baddeley's subsystems:

Answer 41

Central executive Visuospatial sketchpad Phonological loop

Question 42

What does the finding that memory performance reduces as a power function over time suggest?

Answer 42

Although initial forgetting is quite fast memory is never completely degraded

Question 43

Test of implicit memory:

Answer 43

Method of savings | Indirect

Question 44

Bahrick's Study:

Answer 44

733 people Spanish 50 years ago Performance closely related to initial learning 50 years ago Memory decayed rapidly over first few years

Question 45

Standing Research:

Answer 45

``` Capacity of long term store Slides for 5 secs Recognition test 2 days later 10,000 items performance was as 83% Showing good visual memory ```

Question 46

Horowitz and Wolfe claim:

Answer 46

Visual search has no memory

Question 47

Bahrick: college teachers

Answer 47

8 years on, still evidence for recognition but no identification

Question 48

Schooler- can you improve face memory by describing faces you see?

Answer 48

No, giving verbal description of a face actually seems to impair subsequent memory for the face in a recognition test

Question 49

Power function:

Answer 49

Long term memory worsens rapidly but then levels out

Question 50

Long term memory capacity:

Answer 50

Limitless

Question 51

Long term memory performance:

Answer 51

Depends on exactly how you test memory

Question 52

How can stored detailed memories be biased?

Answer 52

By subsequent activities

Question 53

Effects that support baddeleys phonological loop:

Answer 53

Phonological similarity effect Word length effect Irrelevant speech effect

Question 54

In Melcher and Schooler's study of wine recognition they found that:

Answer 54

Novices memory was enhanced by verbal describing wines