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Psychology > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

1
Q

Primary memory:

A

Sensations outlast for some little time the objective stimulus which has occasioned them

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2
Q

Secondary memory:

A

The knowledge of a former state of mind after it has steady once dropped from consciousness

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3
Q

Types of episodic memory:

A

Sensory
Short term
Long term

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4
Q

Atkinson and shiffrin’s model is called

A

The modal multi-store model of memory

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5
Q

MSM 3 systems:

A

Sensory registers
Short term store
Long term store

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6
Q

Sensory registers

A

Brief sensory stores

Iconic and echoic

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7
Q

Short term store:

A

Primary memory held for seconds
Maintained by rehearsal
Limited capacity
Limited duration

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8
Q

Long term store:

A

Secondary memory

Unlimited capacity and duration

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9
Q

Sperling research:

A

Partial report procedure
12 item recall
Supports brief sensory store
Max recall 4/5 items

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10
Q

Sperling research if immediate recall in one row

A

Close to 100%

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11
Q

Sperling: recall delayed by 1 second after stimulus performance

A

30% recall

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12
Q

How can memory be tested?

A

Free recall
Cued recall
Recognition
Relearning

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13
Q

Studies supporting we have a limited capacity visual store:

A

Averbach

Sperling

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14
Q

The serial position curve

A

Primacy- rehearsal
Flat mid curve- transfer to LTS
Recency - capacity of STS

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15
Q

In the MSM what transfers info from STS to LTS

A

Rehearsal

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16
Q

Rehearsal not always necessary:

A

Flat part of serial position curve not at 0 even for unrehearsed items

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17
Q

Rehearsal not always sufficient:

A

Does not always work

Maintence vs Elaborative rehearsal

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18
Q

How is info lost out of STS

A

Decay

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19
Q

MSM model:

A

Sensory Input, short term store, long term store

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20
Q

What did Shallice and Warrington find?

A

STM deficits not as devastating to LTM as expected

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21
Q

How do Baddeley and Hitch simulate STM deficits?

A

By using tasks that should fill up the STS (string of digits)

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22
Q

Secondary tasks:

A

Sentence verification
Semantic judgements
List learning
Understanding of prose

23
Q

Baddeley and Hitch’s 3 components to the STS of Working Memory Model

A

Central executive
Visuospatial sketchpad
Phonological loop

24
Q

Central executive:

A 
General attentional controller 
Supervisory attentional system
Sensory perceptual structures 
Governing flow of info to 2 slave systems 
Flexible recourses 
Limited capacity
25
Q

Brooke’s research is on:

A

Dual task interference

26
Q

Evidence for phonological loop:

A

Phonological similarity effect
Irrelevant speech effect
Word length effect

27
Q

Phonological similarity effect:

A

Conrad and Hull
Poor recall of word lists where items sound similar even when items are presented visually
Items encoded according to how they sound

28
Q

Irrelevant speech effect:

A

Salame and Baddeley
Recall impaired by simultaneous speech
Involuntary phonological encoding

29
Q

Word length effect:

A

Baddeley et al

Subvocal rehearsal

30
Q

Role of central executive:

A

Control of behaviour based on action schemas
Low level contention scheduling chooses next schema
SAS overrides general process of contention scheduling by activating it inhibiting schemas
Baddeley random number generation

31
Q

Baddeley 2000’s working model addition

A

Episodic buffer

32
Q

Hedonic detector:

A

Emotional information

33
Q

Fluid systems:

A

Visuospatial sketchpad
Episodic buffer
Phonological loop

34
Q

Crystallised systems:

A

Visual semantics
Episodic LTM
Language

35
Q

Alternatives to working memory:

A

Embedded processed model

Simple model

36
Q

Embedded processes model:

A

STS currently activated component of LTS

37
Q

Simple Model:

A 
Scale 
Invariant 
Memory 
Perception 
Learning
38
Q

Short term memory is:

A

Our ability to hold items in memory for a few seconds

39
Q

What is STM’s limited capacity?

A

7 + - 2 items

40
Q

What helps us understand the properties of STM?

A

Serial position curve in free recall

Fractionation of system for different types of info

41
Q

Baddeley’s subsystems:

A

Central executive
Visuospatial sketchpad
Phonological loop

42
Q

What does the finding that memory performance reduces as a power function over time suggest?

A

Although initial forgetting is quite fast memory is never completely degraded

43
Q

Test of implicit memory:

A

Method of savings

Indirect

44
Q

Bahrick’s Study:

A

733 people
Spanish 50 years ago
Performance closely related to initial learning 50 years ago
Memory decayed rapidly over first few years

45
Q

Standing Research:

A 
Capacity of long term store 
Slides for 5 secs
Recognition test 2 days later 
10,000 items performance was as 83% 
Showing good visual memory
46
Q

Horowitz and Wolfe claim:

A

Visual search has no memory

47
Q

Bahrick: college teachers

A

8 years on, still evidence for recognition but no identification

48
Q

Schooler- can you improve face memory by describing faces you see?

A

No, giving verbal description of a face actually seems to impair subsequent memory for the face in a recognition test

49
Q

Power function:

A

Long term memory worsens rapidly but then levels out

50
Q

Long term memory capacity:

A

Limitless

51
Q

Long term memory performance:

A

Depends on exactly how you test memory

52
Q

How can stored detailed memories be biased?

A

By subsequent activities

53
Q

Effects that support baddeleys phonological loop:

A

Phonological similarity effect
Word length effect
Irrelevant speech effect

54
Q

In Melcher and Schooler’s study of wine recognition they found that:

A

Novices memory was enhanced by verbal describing wines

Psychology (16 decks)

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