Attitude And Attitude Change

Question 1

Attitude

Answer 1

beliefs feelings and behavioural tendencies towards socially significant objects events or symbols

Question 2

Rosenberg and Hovland 3 components to attitude:

Answer 2

Affective
Cognitive
Behavioural

Question 3

Affective:

Answer 3

Expressions of feelings towards an object

Question 4

Cognitive:

Answer 4

Expression of beliefs about an object

Question 5

Behavioural:

Answer 5

Overt actions/verbal statements concerning behaviour

Question 6

Where do attitudes come from?

Answer 6

Mere exposure effect- Zajonc
Classical and instrumental conditioning
Self perception theory

Question 7

Zajonc’s mere exposure effect:

Answer 7

Repeated exposure of a stimulus- enhancement of preference for that stimulus

Question 8

Classical conditioning:

Answer 8

Repeated association, neutral stimulus elicits reaction

Question 9

Instrumental conditioning:

Answer 9

Behaviour followed by positive consequences reinforced and repeated

Question 10

Bem’s self perception theory:

Answer 10

Gain knowledge of ourselves by making self attributions

Infer attitudes from our behaviour

Question 11

Attitude functions

Answer 11

Knowledge
Utilitarian
Ego defensive
Value expressive

Question 12

How are attitudes revealed:

Answer 12

Self report and experimental paradigms
Physiological measures
Overt behaviour

Question 13

Self report and experimental paradigms:

Answer 13

Evaluation towards objects weighted by strength

Implicit association task

Question 14

Physiological measures:

Answer 14

Skin resistance, heart rate, pupil dilation

Question 15

Overt behaviour:

Answer 15

Frequency of behaviour
Trends and preferences over various objects
Non verbal behaviour

Question 16

Core of self concept:

Answer 16

Hobbies, beliefs, politics, music

Question 17

Crano and Prislin:

Answer 17

Because attitudes predict behaviour they are considered the crown jewel of social psychology

Question 18

Lapiere prejudice Study:

Answer 18

Responses did not affect attitudes

Question 19

Specificity:

Answer 19

This couple of all Chinese people in general

Question 20

Time:

Answer 20

The closer the stronger correlation

Question 21

Attitude accessibility and strength:

Answer 21

Information / direct experience

Question 22

Attitude - behaviour relationship. Wicker:

Answer 22

Attitudes weekly correlated with behaviour across 45 studies
Average correlation .15

Question 23

Attitude behaviour relationship Gregson and Stacey

Answer 23

Small positive correlation between attitudes and alcohol consumption

Question 24

Moderator variables-

Answer 24

Situation, habit, direct experience

Question 25

Other variables:

Answer 25

Strong indirect attitude behaviour relationships, eg through intentions

Question 26

Theory of planned behaviour:

Answer 26

``` Attitudes towards the behaviour Subjective norm Perceived behavioural control Intention Behaviour ```

Question 27

Armitage and Connor:

Answer 27

Reviewed 185 TPB studies until 1997 TPB accounted for 27% variance in behaviour 39% intentions

Question 28

Subjective norm:

Answer 28

Generally weak predictor

Question 29

Festinger, cognitive dissonance:

Answer 29

Person has two or more cognitions that are inconsistent

Question 30

Cognitive dissonance features:

Answer 30

Counter attitudinal behaviour | Strive to reduce tension

Question 31

Counter attitudinal behaviour:

Answer 31

Feel discomfort / dissonance

Question 32

Strive to reduce tension:

Answer 32

Can reduce dissonance by hanging inconsistent cognitions

Question 33

Attitudes as balance schema:

Answer 33

Heider Balanced triad Unbalanced triad

Question 34

Dual route models:

Answer 34

Elaboration likelihood model- petty and cacioppo | Heuristic systematic model chaiken

Question 35

Central route:

Answer 35

When message is followed closely considerable cognitive effort expended

Question 36

Peripheral route:

Answer 36

When arguments not well attended to, peripheral cues, attraction rather than info

Question 37

Central:

Answer 37

Argument quality

Question 38

Peripheral:

Answer 38

Attractiveness, source credibility

Question 39

Heuristic systematic model- chaiken features:

Answer 39

Systematic processing | Heuristic processing

Question 40

Systematic processing:

Answer 40

Careful, deliberate scanning and processing of available info

Question 41

Heurisric processing:

Answer 41

Use cognitive heuristics or short cuts